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Kolhatkar NS, Brahmandam A, Thouvenel CD, Becker-Herman S, Jacobs HM, Schwartz MA, Allenspach EJ, Khim S, Panigrahi AK, Luning Prak ET, Thrasher AJ, Notarangelo LD, Candotti F, Torgerson TR, Sanz I, Rawlings DJ. Altered BCR and TLR signals promote enhanced positive selection of autoreactive transitional B cells in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1663-77. [PMID: 26371186 PMCID: PMC4577851 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked immunodeficiency disorder frequently associated with systemic autoimmunity, including autoantibody-mediated cytopenias. WAS protein (WASp)-deficient B cells have increased B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, suggesting that these pathways might impact establishment of the mature, naive BCR repertoire. To directly investigate this possibility, we evaluated naive B cell specificity and composition in WASp-deficient mice and WAS subjects (n = 12). High-throughput sequencing and single-cell cloning analysis of the BCR repertoire revealed altered heavy chain usage and enrichment for low-affinity self-reactive specificities in murine marginal zone and human naive B cells. Although negative selection mechanisms including deletion, anergy, and receptor editing were relatively unperturbed, WASp-deficient transitional B cells showed enhanced proliferation in vivo mediated by antigen- and Myd88-dependent signals. Finally, using both BCR sequencing and cell surface analysis with a monoclonal antibody recognizing an intrinsically autoreactive heavy chain, we show enrichment in self-reactive cells specifically at the transitional to naive mature B cell stage in WAS subjects. Our combined data support a model wherein modest alterations in B cell-intrinsic, BCR, and TLR signals in WAS, and likely other autoimmune disorders, are sufficient to alter B cell tolerance via positive selection of self-reactive transitional B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S Kolhatkar
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Archana Brahmandam
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Christopher D Thouvenel
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Shirly Becker-Herman
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Holly M Jacobs
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Marc A Schwartz
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Eric J Allenspach
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Socheath Khim
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Anil K Panigrahi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Section of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Centre for Immunodeficiency, University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, England, UK
| | | | - Fabio Candotti
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Troy R Torgerson
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 Lowance Center for Human Immunology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - David J Rawlings
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
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Palmer VL, Aziz-Seible R, Kassmeier MD, Rothermund M, Perry GA, Swanson PC. VprBP Is Required for Efficient Editing and Selection of Igκ+ B Cells, but Is Dispensable for Igλ+ and Marginal Zone B Cell Maturation and Selection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1524-37. [PMID: 26150531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
B cell development past the pro-B cell stage in mice requires the Cul4-Roc1-DDB1 E3 ubiquitin ligase substrate recognition subunit VprBP. Enforced Bcl2 expression overcomes defects in distal VH-DJH and secondary Vκ-Jκ rearrangement associated with VprBP insufficiency in B cells and substantially rescues maturation of marginal zone and Igλ(+) B cells, but not Igκ(+) B cells. In this background, expression of a site-directed Igκ L chain transgene increases Igκ(+) B cell frequency, suggesting VprBP does not regulate L chain expression from a productively rearranged Igk allele. In site-directed anti-dsDNA H chain transgenic mice, loss of VprBP function in B cells impairs selection of Igκ editor L chains typically arising through secondary Igk rearrangement, but not selection of Igλ editor L chains. Both H and L chain site-directed transgenic mice show increased B cell anergy when VprBP is inactivated in B cells. Taken together, these data argue that VprBP is required for the efficient receptor editing and selection of Igκ(+) B cells, but is largely dispensable for Igλ(+) B cell development and selection, and that VprBP is necessary to rescue autoreactive B cells from anergy induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Palmer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178
| | - Razia Aziz-Seible
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178
| | - Michele D Kassmeier
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178
| | - Mary Rothermund
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178
| | - Greg A Perry
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178
| | - Patrick C Swanson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178
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de Almeida CR, Hendriks RW, Stadhouders R. Dynamic Control of Long-Range Genomic Interactions at the Immunoglobulin κ Light-Chain Locus. Adv Immunol 2015; 128:183-271. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Peterson LK, Pennington LF, Shaw LA, Brown M, Treacy EC, Friend SF, Hatlevik Ø, Rubtsova K, Rubtsov AV, Dragone LL. SLAP deficiency decreases dsDNA autoantibody production. Clin Immunol 2014; 150:201-9. [PMID: 24440645 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Src-like adaptor protein (SLAP) adapts c-Cbl, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, to activated components of the BCR signaling complex regulating BCR levels and signaling in developing B cells. Based on this function, we asked whether SLAP deficiency could decrease the threshold for tolerance and eliminate development of autoreactive B cells in two models of autoantibody production. First, we sensitized mice with a dsDNA mimetope that causes an anti-dsDNA response. Despite equivalent production of anti-peptide antibodies compared to BALB/c controls, SLAP(-/-) mice did not produce anti-dsDNA. Second, we used the 56R tolerance model. SLAP(-/-) 56R mice had decreased levels of dsDNA-reactive antibodies compared to 56R mice due to skewed light chain usage. Thus, SLAP is a critical regulator of B-cell development and function and its deficiency leads to decreased autoreactive B cells that are otherwise maintained by inefficient receptor editing or failed negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Peterson
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Luke F Pennington
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Laura A Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Meredith Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Eric C Treacy
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Samantha F Friend
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Øyvind Hatlevik
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Kira Rubtsova
- Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Anatoly V Rubtsov
- Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Leonard L Dragone
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Colorado Children's Hospital, 13123 E. 16th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Makdasi E, Eilat D. L chain allelic inclusion does not increase autoreactivity in lupus-prone New Zealand Black/New Zealand White mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1472-80. [PMID: 23319731 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
L chain allelic inclusion has been proposed as a B cell tolerance mechanism in addition to clonal deletion, clonal anergy, and receptor editing. It is said to rescue autoreactive B cells from elimination by diluting out the self-reactive BCR through the expression of a second innocuous L chain. In autoimmune animals, such as lupus-prone mice, allelically included B cells could be activated and produce pathogenic autoantibodies. We have previously shown that anti-DNA hybridomas from diseased New Zealand Black/New Zealand White F1 mice exhibit nearly perfect allelic exclusion. In the current study, we have analyzed single B cells from these and from nonautoimmune mice. In addition, we have cloned and expressed the Ig variable regions of several L chain-included B cells in cell culture. We find that although the number of L chain-included B cells increases as a result of receptor editing, the majority of such cells do not retain an autoreactive HxL chain combination and, therefore, allelic inclusion in itself does not serve as a B cell tolerance mechanism in these autoimmune mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efi Makdasi
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Apoptotic marginal zone deletion of anti-Sm/ribonucleoprotein B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:7811-6. [PMID: 22547827 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204509109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40L is excessively produced in both human and murine lupus and plays a role in lupus pathogenesis. To address how excess CD40L induces autoantibody production, we crossed CD40L-transgenic mice with the anti-DNA H-chain transgenic mouse lines 3H9 and 56R, well-characterized models for studying B-cell tolerance to nuclear antigens. Excess CD40L did not induce autoantibody production in 3H9 mice in which anergy maintains self-tolerance, nor did it perturb central tolerance, including deletion and receptor editing, of anti-DNA B cells in 56R mice. In contrast, CD40L/56R mice restored a large number of marginal zone (MZ) B cells reactive to Sm/ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and produced autoantibody, whereas these B cells were deleted by apoptosis in MZ of 56R mice. Thus, excess CD40L efficiently blocked tolerance of Sm/RNP-reactive MZ B cells, leading to production of anti-Sm/RNP antibody implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus. These results suggest that self-reactive B cells such as anti-Sm/RNP B cells, which somehow escape tolerance in the bone marrow and migrate to MZ, are tolerized by apoptotic deletion in MZ and that a break in this tolerance may play a role in the pathogenesis of lupus.
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Luning Prak ET, Monestier M, Eisenberg RA. B cell receptor editing in tolerance and autoimmunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1217:96-121. [PMID: 21251012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Receptor editing is the process of ongoing antibody gene rearrangement in a lymphocyte that already has a functional antigen receptor. The expression of a functional antigen receptor will normally terminate further rearrangement (allelic exclusion). However, lymphocytes with autoreactive receptors have a chance at escaping negative regulation by "editing" the specificities of their receptors with additional antibody gene rearrangements. As such, editing complicates the Clonal Selection Hypothesis because edited cells are not simply endowed for life with a single, invariant antigen receptor. Furthermore, if the initial immunoglobulin gene is not inactivated during the editing process, allelic exclusion is violated and the B cell can exhibit two specificities. Here, we describe the discovery of editing, the pathways of receptor editing at the heavy (H) and light (L) chain loci, and current evidence regarding how and where editing happens and what effects it has on the antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Ota M, Duong BH, Torkamani A, Doyle CM, Gavin AL, Ota T, Nemazee D. Regulation of the B cell receptor repertoire and self-reactivity by BAFF. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4128-36. [PMID: 20817867 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The TNF-family cytokine BAFF (BLyS) promotes B lymphocyte survival and is overexpressed in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's Syndrome. BAFF can rescue anergic autoreactive B cells from death, but only when competition from nonautoreactive B cells is lacking. Yet, high BAFF levels promote autoantibody formation in individuals possessing diverse B cells. To better understand how excess BAFF promotes autoimmunity in a polyclonal immune system, Ig L chain usage was analyzed in 3H9 site-directed IgH chain transgenic mice, whose B cells recognize DNA and chromatin when they express certain endogenous L chains. BAFF levels were manipulated in 3H9 mice by introducing transgenes expressing either BAFF or its natural inhibitor ΔBAFF. B cells in BAFF/3H9 mice were elevated in number, used a broad L chain repertoire, including L chains generating high-affinity autoreactivity, and produced abundant autoantibodies. Comparison of spleen and lymph node B cells suggested that highly autoreactive B cells were expanded. By contrast, ΔBAFF/3H9 mice had reduced B cell numbers with a repertoire similar to that of 3H9 mice, but lacking usage of a subset of Vκ genes. The results show that limiting BAFF signaling only slightly selects against higher affinity autoreactive B cells, whereas its overexpression leads to broad tolerance escape and positive selection of autoreactive cells. The results have positive implications for the clinical use of BAFF-depleting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyo Ota
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Bromage E, Stephens R, Hassoun L. The third dimension of ELISPOTs: quantifying antibody secretion from individual plasma cells. J Immunol Methods 2009; 346:75-9. [PMID: 19465022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) is a technique widely used to enumerate the number of immune cells secreting a specific protein, such as antibodies or cytokines. A limitation with the ELISPOT assay is that it can only be used to detect a single protein of interest. Recently, the ELISPOT technique has been modified to use fluorophores allowing multiple secreted proteins to be detected simultaneously. This technique has greatly enhanced the ability to identify cells secreting multiple proteins, but has not been used to its fullest potential. We wished to accurately quantify the expression of antigen-specific antibody from a single plasma cell and to determine whether plasma cells recovered from different locations had different secretion rates. To achieve this we analyzed fluorospot images quantitatively using Mira MX 7 UL Astronomy software, and coupled this data with a quantitative ELISA to determine secretion rates from individual cells. Using this technique we were able to determine that plasma cells recovered from the peripheral blood secreted the most antibody (1.667 ng/cell/12 h) while splenic antibody secreting cells the least (0.399 ng/cell/12 h). We were able to quantify a 150 fold difference in antibody secretion between cells, with most plasma cells divided into two groups, low secretors (<0.1 ng/cell) or high secretors (>2 ng/cell). We believe this technique will be particularly useful for examining the secretion ratio of two proteins secreted from an individual cell, allowing us to determine if secretion is fixed or variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Bromage
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA.
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Makdasi E, Fischel R, Kat I, Eilat D. Autoreactive Anti-DNA Transgenic B Cells in Lupus-Prone New Zealand Black/New Zealand White Mice Show Near Perfect L Chain Allelic Exclusion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6143-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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