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Song N, Welsh RA, Sadegh-Nasseri S. Proper development of long-lived memory CD4 T cells requires HLA-DO function. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1277609. [PMID: 37908352 PMCID: PMC10613709 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1277609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction HLA-DO (DO) is an accessory protein that binds DM for trafficking to MIIC and has peptide editing functions. DO is mainly expressed in thymic medulla and B cells. Using biochemical experiments, our lab has discovered that DO has differential effects on editing peptides of different sequences: DO increases binding of DM-resistant peptides and reduces the binding of DM-sensitive peptides to the HLA-DR1 molecules. In a separate line of work, we have established that appropriate densities of antigen presentation by B cells during the contraction phase of an infection, induces quiescence in antigen experienced CD4 T cells, as they differentiate into memory T cells. This quiescence phenotype helps memory CD4 T cell survival and promotes effective memory responses to secondary Ag challenge. Methods Based on our mechanistic understanding of DO function, it would be expected that if the immunodominant epitope of antigen is DM-resistant, presentation of decreased densities of pMHCII by B cells would lead to faulty development of memory CD4 T cells in the absence of DO. We explored the effects of DO on development of memory CD4 T cells and B cells utilizing two model antigens, H5N1-Flu Ag bearing DM-resistant, and OVA protein, which has a DM-sensitive immunodominant epitope and four mouse strains including two DO-deficient Tg mice. Using Tetramers and multiple antibodies against markers of memory CD4 T cells and B cells, we tracked memory development. Results We found that immunized DR1+DO-KO mice had fewer CD4 memory T cells and memory B cells as compared to the DR1+DO-WT counterpart and had compromised recall responses. Conversely, OVA specific memory responses elicited in HA immunized DR1+DO-KO mice were normal. Conclusion These results demonstrate that in the absence of DO, the presentation of cognate foreign antigens in the DO-KO mice is altered and can impact the proper development of memory cells. These findings provide new insights on vaccination design leading to better immune memory responses.
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Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Lymphoma: Focus on Epigenetics. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061469. [PMID: 35326620 PMCID: PMC8946119 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is a neoplasm arising from B or T lymphocytes or natural killer cells characterized by clonal lymphoproliferation. This tumor comprises a diverse and heterogeneous group of malignancies with distinct clinical, histopathological, and molecular characteristics. Despite advances in lymphoma treatment, clinical outcomes of patients with relapsed or refractory disease remain poor. Thus, a deeper understanding of molecular pathogenesis and tumor progression of lymphoma is required. Epigenetic alterations contribute to cancer initiation, progression, and drug resistance. In fact, over the past decade, dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms has been identified in lymphomas, and the knowledge of the epigenetic aberrations has led to the emergence of the promising epigenetic therapy field in lymphoma tumors. However, epigenetic aberrations in lymphoma not only have been found in tumor cells, but also in cells from the tumor microenvironment, such as immune cells. Whereas the epigenetic dysregulation in lymphoma cells is being intensively investigated, there are limited studies regarding the epigenetic mechanisms that affect the functions of immune cells from the tumor microenvironment in lymphoma. Therefore, this review tries to provide a general overview of epigenetic alterations that affect both lymphoma cells and infiltrating immune cells within the tumor, as well as the epigenetic cross-talk between them.
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Welsh RA, Song N, Sadegh-Nasseri S. How Does B Cell Antigen Presentation Affect Memory CD4 T Cell Differentiation and Longevity? Front Immunol 2021; 12:677036. [PMID: 34177919 PMCID: PMC8224923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.677036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are the antigen presenting cells that process antigens effectively and prime the immune system, a characteristic that have gained them the spotlights in recent years. B cell antigen presentation, although less prominent, deserves equal attention. B cells select antigen experienced CD4 T cells to become memory and initiate an orchestrated genetic program that maintains memory CD4 T cells for life of the individual. Over years of research, we have demonstrated that low levels of antigens captured by B cells during the resolution of an infection render antigen experienced CD4 T cells into a quiescent/resting state. Our studies suggest that in the absence of antigen, the resting state associated with low-energy utilization and proliferation can help memory CD4 T cells to survive nearly throughout the lifetime of mice. In this review we would discuss the primary findings from our lab as well as others that highlight our understanding of B cell antigen presentation and the contributions of the MHC Class II accessory molecules to this outcome. We propose that the quiescence induced by the low levels of antigen presentation might be a mechanism necessary to regulate long-term survival of CD4 memory T cells and to prevent cross-reactivity to autoantigens, hence autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Welsh
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nianbin Song
- Department of Biology, Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Scheherazade Sadegh-Nasseri
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Schmitz R, Fitch ZW, Schroder PM, Choi AY, Jackson AM, Knechtle SJ, Kwun J. B cells in transplant tolerance and rejection: friends or foes? Transpl Int 2021; 33:30-40. [PMID: 31705678 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the role of B cells in organ transplantation remains incomplete and continues to grow. The majority of research has focused on the detrimental role of antibodies that drive the development of pathogenesis of the transplanted organ. However, it has been shown that not all donor-specific antibodies are harmful and in some circumstances can even promote tolerance through the mechanism of accommodation. Furthermore, B cells can have effects on transplanted organs through their interaction with T cells, namely antigen presentation, cytokine production, and costimulation. More recently, the role and importance of Bregs was introduced to the field of transplantation. Due to this functional and ontogenetic heterogeneity, targeting B cells in transplantation may bring undesired immunologic side effects including increased rejection. Therefore, the selective control of B cells that contribute to the humoral response against donor antigens will continue to be an important and challenging area of research and potentially lead to improved long-term transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schmitz
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zachary W Fitch
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul M Schroder
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ashley Y Choi
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Annette M Jackson
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stuart J Knechtle
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean Kwun
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Desmirean M, Rauch S, Jurj A, Pasca S, Iluta S, Teodorescu P, Berce C, Zimta AA, Turcas C, Tigu AB, Moldovan C, Paris I, Steinheber J, Richlitzki C, Constantinescu C, Sigurjonsson OE, Dima D, Petrushev B, Tomuleasa C. B Cells versus T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment of Malignant Lymphomas. Are the Lymphocytes Playing the Roles of Muhammad Ali versus George Foreman in Zaire 1974? J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113412. [PMID: 33114418 PMCID: PMC7693982 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of malignancies that develop both in nodal and extranodal sites. The different tissues involved and the highly variable clinicopathological characteristics are linked to the association between the lymphoid neoplastic cells and the tissues they infiltrate. The immune system has developed mechanisms to protect the normal tissue from malignant growth. In this review, we aim to explain how T lymphocyte-driven control is linked to tumor development and describe the tumor-suppressive components of the resistant framework. This manuscript brings forward a new insight with regard to intercellular and intracellular signaling, the immune microenvironment, the impact of therapy, and its predictive implications. A better understanding of the key components of the lymphoma environment is important to properly assess the role of both B and T lymphocytes, as well as their interplay, just as two legendary boxers face each other in a heavyweight title final, as was the case of Ali versus Foreman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minodora Desmirean
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (S.R.); (A.J.); (S.P.); (S.I.); (P.T.); (C.T.); (J.S.); (C.R.); (C.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Constantin Papilian Military Hospital, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania;
| | - Sebastian Rauch
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (S.R.); (A.J.); (S.P.); (S.I.); (P.T.); (C.T.); (J.S.); (C.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Ancuta Jurj
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (S.R.); (A.J.); (S.P.); (S.I.); (P.T.); (C.T.); (J.S.); (C.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Sergiu Pasca
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (S.R.); (A.J.); (S.P.); (S.I.); (P.T.); (C.T.); (J.S.); (C.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Sabina Iluta
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (S.R.); (A.J.); (S.P.); (S.I.); (P.T.); (C.T.); (J.S.); (C.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Patric Teodorescu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (S.R.); (A.J.); (S.P.); (S.I.); (P.T.); (C.T.); (J.S.); (C.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristian Berce
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (A.-A.Z.); (A.-B.T.); (C.M.); (B.P.)
| | - Alina-Andreea Zimta
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (A.-A.Z.); (A.-B.T.); (C.M.); (B.P.)
| | - Cristina Turcas
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (S.R.); (A.J.); (S.P.); (S.I.); (P.T.); (C.T.); (J.S.); (C.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Adrian-Bogdan Tigu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (A.-A.Z.); (A.-B.T.); (C.M.); (B.P.)
| | - Cristian Moldovan
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (A.-A.Z.); (A.-B.T.); (C.M.); (B.P.)
| | - Irene Paris
- Department of Pathology, Constantin Papilian Military Hospital, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania;
| | - Jakob Steinheber
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (S.R.); (A.J.); (S.P.); (S.I.); (P.T.); (C.T.); (J.S.); (C.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Cedric Richlitzki
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (S.R.); (A.J.); (S.P.); (S.I.); (P.T.); (C.T.); (J.S.); (C.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Catalin Constantinescu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (S.R.); (A.J.); (S.P.); (S.I.); (P.T.); (C.T.); (J.S.); (C.R.); (C.C.)
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Olafur Eysteinn Sigurjonsson
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali—The National University Hospital of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland;
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Delia Dima
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania;
| | - Bobe Petrushev
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (A.-A.Z.); (A.-B.T.); (C.M.); (B.P.)
- Department of Pathology, Octavian Fodor Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (S.R.); (A.J.); (S.P.); (S.I.); (P.T.); (C.T.); (J.S.); (C.R.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40741337489
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Song N, Sengupta S, Khoruzhenko S, Welsh RA, Kim A, Kumar MR, Sønder SU, Sidhom JW, Zhang H, Jie C, Siliciano RF, Sadegh-Nasseri S. Multiple genetic programs contribute to CD4 T cell memory differentiation and longevity by maintaining T cell quiescence. Cell Immunol 2020; 357:104210. [PMID: 32987276 PMCID: PMC7737224 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
While memory T-cells represent a hallmark of adaptive immunity, little is known about the genetic mechanisms regulating the longevity of memory CD4 T cells. Here, we studied the dynamics of gene expression in antigen specific CD4 T cells during infection, memory differentiation, and long-term survival up to nearly a year in mice. We observed that differentiation into long lived memory cells is associated with increased expression of genes inhibiting cell proliferation and apoptosis as well as genes promoting DNA repair response, lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance. We identified several transmembrane proteins in long-lived murine memory CD4 T cells, which co-localized exclusively within the responding antigen-specific memory CD4 T cells in human. The unique gene signatures of long-lived memory CD4 T cells, along with the new markers that we have defined, will enable a deeper understanding of memory CD4 T cell biology and allow for designing novel vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianbin Song
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - Srona Sengupta
- The Graduate Program in Immunology, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, USA
| | - Stanislav Khoruzhenko
- MaxCyte, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | | | - AeRyon Kim
- The Graduate Program in Immunology, USA; Amgen, South San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - Mithra R Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Søren Ulrik Sønder
- Amerimmune LLC, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - John-William Sidhom
- Medical Scientist Training Program, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chunfa Jie
- Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Chong AS. B cells as antigen-presenting cells in transplantation rejection and tolerance. Cell Immunol 2020; 349:104061. [PMID: 32059816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of fully allogeneic organs into immunocompetent recipients invariably elicits T cell and B cell responses that lead to the production of donor-specific antibodies (DSA). When immunosuppression is inadequate donor-specific T cell and B cell responses escape, leading to T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR), antibody mediated (ABMR) rejection, or mixed rejection (MR) exhibiting features of both TCMR and ABMR. Current literature suggests that ABMR is a major cause of late graft loss, and that new therapies to curtail the donor-specific humoral response are necessary. The majority of research into B cell responses elicited by allogeneic allografts in both preclinical models and clinical studies, has focused on the function of B cells as antibody-secreting cells and the pathogenic effects of DSA as mediators of ABMR. However, it has long been recognized that the DSA response to allografts is T cell-dependent, and that B cells engage in cognate interactions with T cells that provide "help" and promote B cell differentiation into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). This review focusses the function of B cells as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to T cells in lymphoid organs, how they may be critical APCs to T cell in the allograft, and the functional consequences of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Chong
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Sadegh-Nasseri S. How a Proposed Hypothesis during My PhD Training Shaped My Career. Crit Rev Immunol 2020; 40:449-464. [PMID: 33463956 PMCID: PMC11014643 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2020035324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this memoir-style essay, I have narrated the evolution of my scientific career, as deeply influenced by my PhD training and the mentorship of Professor Eli Sercarz. Starting in his lab, and continuing to my own laboratory, many of the questions we have pursued link in some way to Eli's ideas. In this essay, I have summarized the path that I followed after graduating from his lab and highlight findings along the way. I apologize to my colleagues whose work was not discussed here due to the nature of this review and space limitations.
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Suboptimal stimulation by weak agonist epitope variants does not drive dysfunction of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones. AIDS 2019; 33:1565-1574. [PMID: 31306165 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether weakly recognized epitope variants induce anergy in HIV-1-specific CD8 T lymphocyte (CTL) clones as a mechanism of dysfunction. DESIGN HIV-1-specific CTL clones were exposed to suboptimally recognized epitope variants, and screened for anergy and other T-cell dysfunction markers, and subsequent capability to kill target cells bearing index epitope. METHODS In addition to the optimally recognized index epitope, two suboptimally recognized epitope variants were selected based on titration curves for killing of peptide-labeled target cells by three HIV-1-specific CTL clones targeting the epitopes SLYNTVATL (Gag 77-85, A02-restricted), RPAEPVPLQL (Rev 66-75, B07-restricted), and KRWIIMGLNK (Gag 263-272, B27-restricted). Consequences of suboptimal stimulation were assessed by cytokine secretion, gene expression, and capacity to kill index epitope-labeled target cells upon rechallenge. RESULTS Suboptimal recognition of epitope variants reduced cytokine production by CTL similarly to reduction in killing of target cells. Gene expression profiles after suboptimal stimulation demonstrated no patterns consistent with T-cell dysfunction due to anergy, exhaustion, or apoptosis. Preexposure of CTL to epitope variants had no discernable impact on their subsequent capacity to kill index epitope-bearing target cells. CONCLUSION Our data explore the hypothesis that poorly recognized epitope variants not only facilitate HIV-1 evasion of CTL recognition, but also induce CTL dysfunction through suboptimal signaling causing anergy. However, the results do not suggest that suboptimal signaling induces anergy (or exhaustion or apoptosis), indicating that the major role of CTL epitope variation is likely viral escape.
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Reeves PL, Rudraraju R, Liu X, Wong FS, Hamilton-Williams EE, Steptoe RJ. APC-targeted proinsulin expression inactivates insulin-specific memory CD8 + T cells in NOD mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:765-774. [PMID: 28611473 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from T-cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. Effector T-cell responses emerge early in disease development and expand as disease progresses. Following β-cell destruction, a long-lived T-cell memory is generated that represents a barrier to islet transplantation and other cellular insulin-replacement therapies. Development of effective immunotherapies that control or ablate β-cell destructive effector and memory T-cell responses has the potential to prevent disease progression and recurrence. Targeting antigen expression to antigen-presenting cells inactivates cognate CD8+ effector and memory T-cell responses and has therapeutic potential. Here we investigated this in the context of insulin-specific responses in the non-obese diabetic mouse where genetic immune tolerance defects could impact on therapeutic tolerance induction. Insulin-specific CD8+ memory T cells transferred to mice expressing proinsulin in antigen-presenting cells proliferated in response to transgenically expressed proinsulin and the majority were rapidly deleted. A small proportion of transferred insulin-specific Tmem remained undeleted and these were antigen-unresponsive, exhibited reduced T cell receptor (TCR) expression and H-2Kd/insB15-23 tetramer binding and expressed co-inhibitory molecules. Expression of proinsulin in antigen-presenting cells also abolished the diabetogenic capacity of CD8+ effector T cells. Therefore, destructive insulin-specific CD8+ T cells are effectively inactivated by enforced proinsulin expression despite tolerance defects that exist in diabetes-prone NOD mice. These findings have important implications in developing immunotherapeutic approaches to T1D and other T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta Ls Reeves
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xiao Liu
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - F Susan Wong
- Institute of Molecular &Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales
| | | | - Raymond J Steptoe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Chen YT, Su YC, Chang ML, Tsai PF, Kung JT. Low-Level MHC Class II Expression Leads to Suboptimal Th Cell Response, Increased Autoaggression, and Heightened Cytokine Inducibility. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1928-1943. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Simon Q, Pers JO, Cornec D, Le Pottier L, Mageed RA, Hillion S. In-depth characterization of CD24 high CD38 high transitional human B cells reveals different regulatory profiles. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:1577-1584.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Successful immunotherapy induces previously unidentified allergen-specific CD4+ T-cell subsets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E1286-95. [PMID: 26811452 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520180113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy can desensitize even subjects with potentially lethal allergies, but the changes induced in T cells that underpin successful immunotherapy remain poorly understood. In a cohort of peanut-allergic participants, we used allergen-specific T-cell sorting and single-cell gene expression to trace the transcriptional "roadmap" of individual CD4+ T cells throughout immunotherapy. We found that successful immunotherapy induces allergen-specific CD4+ T cells to expand and shift toward an "anergic" Th2 T-cell phenotype largely absent in both pretreatment participants and healthy controls. These findings show that sustained success, even after immunotherapy is withdrawn, is associated with the induction, expansion, and maintenance of immunotherapy-specific memory and naive T-cell phenotypes as early as 3 mo into immunotherapy. These results suggest an approach for immune monitoring participants undergoing immunotherapy to predict the success of future treatment and could have implications for immunotherapy targets in other diseases like cancer, autoimmune disease, and transplantation.
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Nassef Kadry Naguib Roufaiel M, Wells JW, Steptoe RJ. Impaired T-Cell Function in B-Cell Lymphoma: A Direct Consequence of Events at the Immunological Synapse? Front Immunol 2015; 6:258. [PMID: 26082776 PMCID: PMC4451642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors can escape immune destruction through the development of antigen loss variants and loss of antigen processing/presentation pathways, thereby rendering them invisible to T cells. Alternatively, mechanisms of peripheral T-cell tolerance that would normally be important for protection from the development of autoimmunity may also be co-opted to (i) generate an immuno-inhibitory tumor environment, (ii) promote development of regulatory cell populations, or (iii) cell-intrinsically inactivate tumor-specific T cells. Emerging evidence suggests that T-cell function is impaired in hematological malignancies, which may manifest from cognate interactions between T cells and the tumor. The immunological synapse forms the cognate T-cell and antigen-presenting cell interaction and is the site where key signalling events, including those delivered by co-inhibitory receptors, that determine the fate of T cells occur. Here, we review evidence that events at the immune synapse between T cells and malignant B cells and alterations in immune synapse function may contribute to loss of T-cell function in B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Nassef Kadry Naguib Roufaiel
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - James W Wells
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Raymond J Steptoe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
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15
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Poluektov YO, Kim A, Sadegh-Nasseri S. HLA-DO and Its Role in MHC Class II Antigen Presentation. Front Immunol 2013; 4:260. [PMID: 24009612 PMCID: PMC3756479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper T cells are stimulated to fight infections or diseases upon recognition of peptides from antigens that are processed and presented by the proteins of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class II molecules. Degradation of a full protein into small peptide fragments is a lengthy process consisting of many steps and chaperones. Malfunctions during any step of antigen processing could lead to the development of self-reactive T cells or defective immune response to pathogens. Although much has been accomplished regarding how antigens are processed and presented to T cells, many questions still remain unanswered, preventing the design of therapeutics for direct intervention with antigen processing. Here, we review published work on the discovery and function of a MHC class II molecular chaperone, HLA-DO, in human, and its mouse analog H2-O, herein called DO. While DO was originally discovered decades ago, elucidating its function has proven challenging. DO was discovered in association with another chaperone HLA-DM (DM) but unlike DM, its distribution is more tissue specific, and its function more subtle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri O Poluektov
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
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16
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Poluektov YO, Kim A, Hartman IZ, Sadegh-Nasseri S. HLA-DO as the optimizer of epitope selection for MHC class II antigen presentation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71228. [PMID: 23951115 PMCID: PMC3738515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of antigens for presentation to helper T cells by MHC class II involves HLA-DM (DM) and HLA-DO (DO) accessory molecules. A mechanistic understanding of DO in this process has been missing. The leading model on its function proposes that DO inhibits the effects of DM. To directly study DO functions, we designed a recombinant soluble DO and expressed it in insect cells. The kinetics of binding and dissociation of several peptides to HLA-DR1 (DR1) molecules in the presence of DM and DO were measured. We found that DO reduced binding of DR1 to some peptides, and enhanced the binding of some other peptides to DR1. Interestingly, these enhancing and reducing effects were observed in the presence, or absence, of DM. We found that peptides that were negatively affected by DO were DM-sensitive, whereas peptides that were enhanced by DO were DM-resistant. The positive and negative effects of DO could only be measured on binding kinetics as peptide dissociation kinetics were not affected by DO. Using Surface Plasmon Resonance, we demonstrate direct binding of DO to a peptide-receptive, but not a closed conformation of DR1. We propose that DO imposes another layer of control on epitope selection during antigen processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri O. Poluektov
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - AeRyon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Isamu Z. Hartman
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Scheherazade Sadegh-Nasseri
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Mannoor K, Xu Y, Chen C. Natural autoantibodies and associated B cells in immunity and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.748753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Induction of antigen-specific tolerance through hematopoietic stem cell-mediated gene therapy: the future for therapy of autoimmune disease? Autoimmun Rev 2012; 12:195-203. [PMID: 23047179 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on the principle that immune ablation followed by HSC-mediated recovery purges disease-causing leukocytes to interrupt autoimmune disease progression, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been increasingly used as a treatment for severe autoimmune diseases. Despite clinically-relevant outcomes, HSCT is associated with serious iatrogenic risks and is suitable only for the most serious and intractable diseases. A further limitation of autologous HSCT is that relapse rates can be high, suggesting disease-causing leukocytes are incompletely purged or the environmental and genetic determinants that drive disease remain active. Incorporation of antigen-specific tolerance approaches that synergise with autologous HSCT could reduce or prevent relapse. Further, by reducing the requirement for highly toxic immune-ablation and instead relying on antigen-specific tolerance, the clinical utility of HSCT could be significantly diversified. Substantial progress has been made exploring HSCT-mediated induction of antigen-specific tolerance in animal models but studies have focussed on primarily on prevention of autoimmune diseases. However, as diagnosis of autoimmune disease is often not made until autoimmune disease is well developed and populations of autoantigen-specific pathogenic effector and memory T cells have become well established, immunotherapies must be developed to address effector and memory T-cell responses which have traditionally been considered the key impediment to immunotherapy. Here, focusing on T-cell mediated autoimmune diseases we review progress made in antigen-specific immunotherapy using HSCT-mediated approaches, induction of tolerance in effector and memory T cells and the challenges for progression and clinical application of antigen-specific 'tolerogenic' HSCT therapy.
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19
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Guilbride DL, Guilbride PD, Gawlinski P. Malaria's deadly secret: a skin stage. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:142-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Mannoor K, Matejuk A, Xu Y, Beardall M, Chen C. Expression of Natural Autoantibodies in MRL-lpr Mice Protects from Lupus Nephritis and Improves Survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3628-38. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Watson ARO, Janik DK, Lee WT. Superantigen-induced CD4 memory T cell anergy. I. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B induces Fyn-mediated negative signaling. Cell Immunol 2012; 276:16-25. [PMID: 22386537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD4 T cells must provide robust protection for an organism while still maintaining self-tolerance. Superantigens reveal a memory cell-specific regulatory pathway, by which signaling through the TCR can lead to clonal tolerance (anergy). Here we show that the src kinase Fyn is a critical regulator of anergy in murine memory CD4 T cells induced by the bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Exposure to SEB results in impaired TCR signaling due to failed CD3/ZAP-70 complex formation. Further, signal transduction through the TCR remains similarly blocked when anergic memory cells are subsequently exposed to agonist peptide antigen. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic elimination of Fyn kinase reverses memory cell anergy, resulting in SEB-induced cell proliferation. The mechanism underlying impaired TCR signaling and subsequent memory cell anergy must involve a Fyn signaling pathway given that the suppression of Fyn activity restores CD3/ZAP-70 complex formation and TCR proximal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R O Watson
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
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22
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Dalai SK, Khoruzhenko S, Drake CG, Jie CC, Sadegh-Nasseri S. Resolution of infection promotes a state of dormancy and long survival of CD4 memory T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 89:870-81. [PMID: 21358746 PMCID: PMC3131418 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells survive throughout the lifetime of an individual and are protective upon recall. It is not clear how memory T cells can live so long. Here, we demonstrate that at the resolution of a viral infection, low levels of antigen are captured by B cells and presented to specific CD4+ memory T cells to render a state of unresponsiveness. We demonstrate in two systems that this process occurs naturally during the fall of antigen and is associated with a global gene expression program initiated with the clearance of antigen. Our study suggests that in the absence of antigen, a state of dormancy associated with low energy utilization and proliferation can help memory CD4+ T cells to survive nearly throughout the lifetime of mice. The dormant CD4+ memory T cells become activated by stimulatory signals generated by a subsequent infection. We propose that quiescence might be a mechanism necessary to regulate long-term survival of CD4 memory T cells and to prevent cross-reactivity to self, hence autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarat K Dalai
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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23
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Nasreen M, Waldie TM, Dixon CM, Steptoe RJ. Steady-state antigen-expressing dendritic cells terminate CD4+ memory T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2016-25. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200940085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Kenna TJ, Waldie T, McNally A, Thomson M, Yagita H, Thomas R, Steptoe RJ. Targeting antigen to diverse APCs inactivates memory CD8+ T cells without eliciting tissue-destructive effector function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:598-606. [PMID: 19995901 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells develop early during the preclinical stages of autoimmune diseases and have traditionally been considered resistant to tolerance induction. As such, they may represent a potent barrier to the successful immunotherapy of established autoimmune diseases. It was recently shown that memory CD8+ T cell responses are terminated when Ag is genetically targeted to steady-state dendritic cells. However, under these conditions, inactivation of memory CD8+ T cells is slow, allowing transiently expanded memory CD8+ T cells to exert tissue-destructive effector function. In this study, we compared different Ag-targeting strategies and show, using an MHC class II promoter to drive Ag expression in a diverse range of APCs, that CD8+ memory T cells can be rapidly inactivated by MHC class II+ hematopoietic APCs through a mechanism that involves a rapid and sustained downregulation of TCR, in which the effector response of CD8+ memory cells is rapidly truncated and Ag-expressing target tissue destruction is prevented. Our data provide the first demonstration that genetically targeting Ag to a broad range of MHC class II+ APC types is a highly efficient way to terminate memory CD8+ T cell responses to prevent tissue-destructive effector function and potentially established autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J Kenna
- Diamantina Institute for Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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25
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Sadegh-Nasseri S, Dalai SK, Korb Ferris LC, Mirshahidi S. Suboptimal engagement of the T-cell receptor by a variety of peptide-MHC ligands triggers T-cell anergy. Immunology 2009; 129:1-7. [PMID: 20002785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells recognize antigen via the T-cell receptor (TCR) and produce a spectrum of responses that range from activation to anergy or cell death. The variety of outcomes may be dictated by the strength of the signals transmitted upon cognate recognition of the TCR. The physiological outcome of TCR engagement is determined by several factors, including the avidity of the ligand for TCR, the duration of engagement, and the presence and nature of accessory molecules present on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this review, we discuss a model of anergy induced by presentation of low densities of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ligand in CD4(+) T cells and compare it to anergy induced by altered peptide ligands in an effort to identify a unifying mechanism. We suggest that altered peptide ligand (APL) and low densities of agonist ligands induce anergy by engaging less than optimal numbers of TCRs. The physiological impacts of anergy in memory CD4(+) T cells are discussed.
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