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Wong-Benito V, de Rijke J, Dixon B. Antigen presentation in vertebrates: Structural and functional aspects. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 144:104702. [PMID: 37116963 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Antigen presentation is a key process of the immune system and is responsible for the activation of T cells. The main characters are the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and class II (MHC-II) molecules, and accessory proteins that act as chaperones for these glycoproteins. Current knowledge of this process and also the elucidation of the structural features of these proteins, has been extensively reviewed in humans. Unfortunately, this is not the case for non-human species, wherein the function and structural characteristic of the antigen presentation proteins is far from being understood. The majority of previous studies in non-human species, especially in teleost fish and lower vertebrates, are limited to the transcriptomic level, which leads to gaps in the knowledge about the functional process of antigen presentation in these species. This review summarizes what is known so far about antigen presentation pathways in vertebrates from a structural and functional perspective. The focus is not only on the MHC receptors, but also, on the forgotten characters of these pathways such as the proteins of the peptide loading complex, and the MHC-II chaperone invariant chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill de Rijke
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Canada.
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Zimmerman LM. Adaptive Immunity in Reptiles: Conventional Components but Unconventional Strategies. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:1572-1583. [PMID: 35482599 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have established that the innate immune system of reptiles is broad and robust, but the question remains: What role does the reptilian adaptive immune system play? Conventionally, adaptive immunity is described as involving T and B lymphocytes that display variable receptors, is highly specific, improves over the course of the response, and produces a memory response. While reptiles do have B and T lymphocytes that utilize variable receptors, their adaptive response is relatively non-specific, generates a prolonged antibody response, and does not produce a typical memory response. This alternative adaptive strategy may allow reptiles to produce a broad adaptive response that complements a strong innate system. Further studies into reptile adaptive immunity cannot only clarify outstanding questions on the reptilian immune system but can shed light on a number of important immunological concepts, including the evolution of the immune system and adaptive immune responses that take place outside of germinal centers.
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Card DC, Van Camp AG, Santonastaso T, Jensen-Seaman MI, Anthony NM, Edwards SV. Structure and evolution of the squamate major histocompatibility complex as revealed by two Anolis lizard genomes. Front Genet 2022; 13:979746. [PMID: 36425073 PMCID: PMC9679377 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.979746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an important genomic region for adaptive immunity and has long been studied in ecological and evolutionary contexts, such as disease resistance and mate and kin selection. The MHC has been investigated extensively in mammals and birds but far less so in squamate reptiles, the third major radiation of amniotes. We localized the core MHC genomic region in two squamate species, the green anole (Anolis carolinensis) and brown anole (A. sagrei), and provide the first detailed characterization of the squamate MHC, including the presence and ordering of known MHC genes in these species and comparative assessments of genomic structure and composition in MHC regions. We find that the Anolis MHC, located on chromosome 2 in both species, contains homologs of many previously-identified mammalian MHC genes in a single core MHC region. The repetitive element composition in anole MHC regions was similar to those observed in mammals but had important distinctions, such as higher proportions of DNA transposons. Moreover, longer introns and intergenic regions result in a much larger squamate MHC region (11.7 Mb and 24.6 Mb in the green and brown anole, respectively). Evolutionary analyses of MHC homologs of anoles and other representative amniotes uncovered generally monophyletic relationships between species-specific homologs and a loss of the peptide-binding domain exon 2 in one of two mhc2β gene homologs of each anole species. Signals of diversifying selection in each anole species was evident across codons of mhc1, many of which appear functionally relevant given known structures of this protein from the green anole, chicken, and human. Altogether, our investigation fills a major gap in understanding of amniote MHC diversity and evolution and provides an important foundation for future squamate-specific or vertebrate-wide investigations of the MHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren C. Card
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Daren C. Card,
| | - Andrew G. Van Camp
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Trenten Santonastaso
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | | | - Nicola M. Anthony
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Scott V. Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Wei X, Li S, Wang S, Feng G, Xie X, Li Z, Zhang N. Peptidomes and Structures Illustrate How SLA-I Micropolymorphism Influences the Preference of Binding Peptide Length. Front Immunol 2022; 13:820881. [PMID: 35296092 PMCID: PMC8918614 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.820881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms can affect MHC-I binding peptide length preferences, but the mechanism remains unclear. Using a random peptide library combined with LC-MS/MS and de novo sequencing (RPLD-MS) technique, we found that two swine MHC-I molecules with high sequence homology, SLA-1*04:01 and SLA-1*13:01, had significant differences in length preference of the binding peptides. Compared with SLA-1*04:01, SLA-1*13:01 binds fewer short peptides with 8-10 amino acids, but more long peptides. A dodecapeptide peptide (RW12) can bind to both SLA-1*04:01 and SLA-1*13:01, but their crystal structures indicate that the binding modes are significantly different: the entirety of RW12 is embedded in the peptide binding groove of SLA-1*04:01, but it obviously protrudes from the peptide binding groove of SLA-1*13:01. The structural comparative analysis showed that only five differential amino acids of SLA-1*13:01 and SLA-1*04:01 were involved in the binding of RW12, and they determine the different ways of long peptides binding, which makes SLA-1*04:01 more restrictive on long peptides than SLA-1*13:01, and thus binds fewer long peptides. In addition, we found that the N terminus of RW12 extends from the groove of SLA-1*13:01, which is similar to the case previously found in SLA-1*04:01. However, this unusual peptide binding does not affect their preferences of binding peptide length. Our study will be helpful to understand the effect of polymorphisms on the length distribution of MHC-I binding peptides, and to screen SLA-I-restricted epitopes of different lengths and to design effective epitope vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Suqiu Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guojiao Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuolin Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Nianzhi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Nianzhi Zhang,
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Wang P, Yue C, Liu K, Lu D, Liu S, Yao S, Li X, Su X, Ren K, Chai Y, Qi J, Zhao Y, Lou Y, Sun Z, Gao GF, Liu WJ. Peptide Presentations of Marsupial MHC Class I Visualize Immune Features of Lower Mammals Paralleled with Bats. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2167-2178. [PMID: 34535575 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Marsupials are one of three major mammalian lineages that include the placental eutherians and the egg-laying monotremes. The marsupial brushtail possum is an important protected species in the Australian forest ecosystem. Molecules encoded by the MHC genes are essential mediators of adaptive immune responses in virus-host interactions. Yet, nothing is known about the peptide presentation features of any marsupial MHC class I (MHC I). This study identified a series of possum MHC I Trvu-UB*01:01 binding peptides derived from wobbly possum disease virus (WPDV), a lethal virus of both captive and feral possum populations, and unveiled the structure of marsupial peptide/MHC I complex. Notably, we found the two brushtail possum-specific insertions, the 3-aa Ile52Glu53Arg54 and 1-aa Arg154 insertions are located in the Trvu-UB*01:01 peptide binding groove (PBG). The 3-aa insertion plays a pivotal role in maintaining the stability of the N terminus of Trvu-UB*01:01 PBG. This aspect of marsupial PBG is unexpectedly similar to the bat MHC I Ptal-N*01:01 and is shared with lower vertebrates from elasmobranch to monotreme, indicating an evolution hotspot that may have emerged from the pathogen-host interactions. Residue Arg154 insertion, located in the α2 helix, is available for TCR recognition, and it has a particular influence on promoting the anchoring of peptide WPDV-12. These findings add significantly to our understanding of adaptive immunity in marsupials and its evolution in vertebrates. Our findings have the potential to impact the conservation of the protected species brushtail possum and other marsupial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyan Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Can Yue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Kefang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Dan Lu
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Sai Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Sijia Yao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Su
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Keyi Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Yingze Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yongliang Lou
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - George F Gao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; .,NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - William J Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; .,NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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