1
|
Xu H, Wang Z, Li Y, Xu Z. The distribution and function of teleost IgT. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109281. [PMID: 38092093 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Given the uniquely close relationship between fish and aquatic environments, fish mucosal tissues are constantly exposed to a wide array of pathogenic microorganisms in the surrounding water. To maintain mucosal homeostasis, fish have evolved a distinct mucosal immune system known as mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs). These MALTs consist of key effector cells and molecules from the adaptive immune system, such as B cells and immunoglobulins (Igs), which play crucial roles in maintaining mucosal homeostasis and defending against external pathogen infections. Until recently, three primary Ig isotypes, IgM, IgD, and IgT, have been identified in varying proportions within the mucosal secretions of teleost fish. Similar to the role of mucosal IgA in mammals and birds, teleost IgT plays a predominant role in mucosal immunity. Following the identification of the IgT gene in 2005, significant advances have been made in researching the origin, evolution, structure, and function of teleost IgT. Multiple IgT variants have been identified in various species of teleost fish, underscoring the remarkable complexity of IgT in fish. Therefore, this study provides a comprehensive review of the recent advances in various aspects of teleost IgT, including its genomic and structural features, the diverse distribution patterns within various fish mucosal tissues (the skin, gills, gut, nasal, buccal, pharyngeal, and swim bladder mucosa), its interaction with mucosal symbiotic microorganisms, and its immune responses towards diverse pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. We also highlight the existing research gaps in the study of teleost IgT, suggesting the need for further investigation into the functional aspects of IgT and IgT+ B cells. This research is aimed at providing valuable insights into the immune functions of IgT and the mechanisms underlying the immune responses of fish against infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Etayo A, Bjørgen H, Koppang EO, Lie KK, Bjelland RM, Hordvik I, Øvergård AC, Sæle Ø. The ontogeny of lymphoid organs and IgM + B-cells in ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) reveals a potential site for extrarenal B-cell lymphopoiesis: The pancreas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109273. [PMID: 38072139 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination of farmed fish is the most effective prophylactic measure against contagious diseases but requires specific knowledge on when the adaptive immune system is fully developed. The present work describes kidney and spleen morphogenesis as well as B-cell development in the ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta). The kidney was present at hatching (0 days pot hatching, dph) but was not lymphoid before larvae was 50-60 dph (stage 5), containing abundant Igμ+ cells. The spleen anlage was first observed in larvae at 20-30 dph and was later populated with B-cells. Unexpectedly, we found strong RAG1 signal together with abundant Igμ+ and IgM + cells in the exocrine pancreas of larvae from when the kidney was lymphoid and onwards, suggesting that B-cell lymphopoiesis occurs not only in the head kidney (HK) but also in pancreatic tissue. In this agastric fish, the pancreas is diffused along the intestine and the early presence of IgM+ B-cells in pancreatic tissue might have a role in maintain immune homeostasis in the peritoneal cavity, making a substantial contribution to early protection. IgM-secreting cells in HK indicate the presence of systemic IgM at stage 5, before the first IgM+ cells were identified in mucosal sites. This work together with our previous study on T-cell development in this species indicates that although T- and B-cells start to develop around the same time, B-cells migrate to mucosal tissues ahead of T-cells. This early migration likely involves the production of natural antibodies, contributing significantly to early protection. Moreover, a diet composed of barnacle nauplii did not result in an earlier onset of B-cell lymphopoiesis, as seen in the previous study analysing T-cell development. Nevertheless, components for adaptive immunity indicating putative immunocompetence is likely achieved in early juveniles (>100 dph). Additionally, maternal transfer of IgM to the offspring is also described. These findings provide important insights into the development of the immune system in ballan wrasse and lay the foundation for optimizing prophylactic strategies in the future. Furthermore, this work adds valuable information to broaden the knowledge on the immune system in lower vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Etayo
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; Fish Health group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway.
| | - Håvard Bjørgen
- Section of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Erling O Koppang
- Section of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Kai K Lie
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Reidun M Bjelland
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, 5392, Storebø, Norway
| | - Ivar Hordvik
- Fish Health group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Velázquez J, Cruz L, Pérez-Bernal M, Valdivia O, Haidar A, Rodríguez A, Herrera F, González O, Morales A, Ulloa L, Blanco R, Pérez J, Dorta D, Luna Y, Garay HE, Abreu DD, Ramos Y, Besada V, Cabrera Y, Estrada MP, Carpio Y. Monoclonal antibody generated against Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) IgT heavy chain using a peptide-based strategy. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 4:100093. [PMID: 37122444 PMCID: PMC10130216 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Teleost IgT/Z plays a principal role in the defense mechanisms against infectious agents in the mucosal compartments and in systemic immunity. Previously, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) IgT was discovered and characterized at transcription level. In this work, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that specifically recognized the Nile tilapia IgT. BALB/c mice were immunized with three synthetic peptides conjugated to KLH. The sequences of these peptides derived from the constant region of the Nile tilapia IgT heavy chain. ELISA and Western blotting confirmed the specificity of the polyclonal sera and the culture supernatant from a positive hybridoma clone. We observed immunoreactivity against a recombinant IgT fragment and native IgT in skin mucus. The anti-IgT mAb did not cross-react with purified tilapia IgM. Direct ELISA analysis allowed the quantification of skin mucus IgM and IgT concentrations. Flow cytometry analysis revealed differences in the percentage of IgT+ B cell populations between juveniles and adults in peripheral blood, head kidney and spleen lymphocytes and among the tissues analyzed. For further validation of the anti-IgT mAb utility, a recombinant vaccine candidate against sea lice (TT-P0 Ls) was injected into juvenile tilapia. Direct ELISA results revealed a differential secretion of skin mucus IgT and IgM after immunostimulation. In addition, the percentages of IgT+ B cells were determined at 7 days after booster and ex-vivo stimulation by flow cytometry. This mAb constitutes an important immunological tool to study the biological function and structural characteristics of tilapia IgT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Velázquez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Lynn Cruz
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Maylin Pérez-Bernal
- Research and Development Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Onel Valdivia
- Research and Development Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Arlette Haidar
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Alianet Rodríguez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Fidel Herrera
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Osmany González
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Antonio Morales
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Lisbet Ulloa
- Research and Development Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Reinaldo Blanco
- Production Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Joel Pérez
- Production Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Dayamí Dorta
- Production Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Yaramis Luna
- Production Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Hilda Elisa Garay
- Peptides Synthesis Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - David Diago Abreu
- Peptides Synthesis Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Yassel Ramos
- Proteomics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Vladimir Besada
- Proteomics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Yeosvany Cabrera
- Research and Development Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
- Corresponding authors.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stosik M, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Deptuła W. Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:108814. [PMID: 37211331 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Stosik
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Zielona Góra, Poland
| | | | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma J, Trushenski JT, Jones EM, Bruce TJ, McKenney DG, Kurath G, Cain KD. Characterization of maternal immunity following vaccination of broodstock against IHNV or Flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 137:108749. [PMID: 37062435 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) is a significant viral disease affecting salmonids, whereas Flavobacterium psychrophilum (Fp), the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD), remains one of the most significant bacterial pathogens of salmonids. We explored maternal immunity in the context of IHN and BCWD management in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture. Two experimental trials were conducted where different groups of female broodstock were immunized prior to spawning with an IHNV DNA vaccine or a live attenuated F. psychrophilum (Fp B.17-ILM) vaccine alone, or in combination. Progeny were challenged with either a low or high dose of IHNV at 13 days post hatch (dph) and 32 dph or challenged with F. psychrophilum at 13 dph. Mortality following a low-dose IHNV challenge at 13 dph was significantly lower in progeny from vaccinated broodstock vs. unvaccinated broodstock, but no significant differences were observed at 32 dph. Mortality due to BCWD was also significantly reduced in 13 dph fry that originated from broodstock immunized with the Fp B.17-ILM vaccine. After vaccination broodstock developed specific or neutralizing antibodies respectively to F. psychrophilum and IHNV; however, antibody titers in eggs and fry were undetectable. In the eggs and fry mRNA transcripts of the complement components C3 and C5 were detected at much higher levels in progeny from vaccinated broodstock and showed a significantly increased and rapid response post-challenge compared with unvaccinated broodstock. After challenges pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was immediately and considerably elevated in the fry from vaccinated broodstock vs. unvaccinated broodstock, whereas adaptive immune genes were elevated to a lesser degree. Results suggest that maternal transfer of innate and adaptive factors at the transcript level occurred because development of lymphomyeloid organs is not complete in such young fry. In addition to documenting maternally derived immunity in teleosts, this study demonstrates that broodstock vaccination can confer some degree of protection to progeny against viral and bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | | | - Evan M Jones
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Timothy J Bruce
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA; School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Doug G McKenney
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | - Gael Kurath
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | - Kenneth D Cain
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Viana F, Boucontet L, Laghi V, Schator D, Ibranosyan M, Jarraud S, Colucci-Guyon E, Buchrieser C. Hiding in the yolk: A unique feature of Legionella pneumophila infection of zebrafish. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011375. [PMID: 37155695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish has become a powerful model organism to study host-pathogen interactions. Here, we developed a zebrafish model to dissect the innate immune response to Legionella pneumophila during infection. We show that L. pneumophila cause zebrafish larvae death in a dose dependent manner. Additionally, we show that macrophages are the first line of defence and cooperate with neutrophils to clear the infection. Immunocompromised humans have an increased propensity to develop pneumonia, when either macrophages or neutrophils are depleted, these "immunocompromised" larvae become lethally sensitive to L. pneumophila. Also, as observed in human infections, the adaptor signalling molecule Myd88 is not required to control disease in the larvae. Furthermore, proinflammatory cytokine genes il1β and tnf-α were upregulated during infection, recapitulating key immune responses seen in human infection. Strikingly, we uncovered a previously undescribed infection phenotype in zebrafish larvae, whereby bloodborne, wild type L. pneumophila invade and grow in the larval yolk region, a phenotype not observed with a type IV secretion system deficient mutant that cannot translocate effectors into its host cell. Thus, zebrafish larva represents an innovative L. pneumophila infection model that mimics important aspects of the human immune response to L. pneumophila infection and will allow the elucidation of mechanisms by which type IV secretion effectors allow L. pneumophila to cross host cell membranes and obtain nutrients from nutrient rich environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Viana
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Boucontet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité and CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Valerio Laghi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité and CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Schator
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Marine Ibranosyan
- National Reference Centre of Legionella, Institute of Infectious Agents, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Jarraud
- National Reference Centre of Legionella, Institute of Infectious Agents, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5308, Inserm U1111, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emma Colucci-Guyon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité and CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Buchrieser
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Su N, Jin CY, Hu CB, Shao T, Ji JF, Qin LL, Fan DD, Lin AF, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. Extensive involvement of CD40 and CD154 costimulators in multiple T cell-mediated responses in a perciform fish Larimichthys crocea. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 134:104460. [PMID: 35667467 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CD40 and CD154 are well-characterized costimulatory molecules involved in adaptive humoral immunity in humans and other mammals. These two costimulatory molecules were found to be originated from teleost fish during vertebrate evolution. However, the functionality of fish CD40 and CD154 remains to be explored. In this study, we identified the CD40 and CD154 homologs (LcCD40 and LcCD154) from large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), a marine species of the perciform fish family. The LcCD40 and LcCD154 share conserved structural features to their mammalian counterparts, and are widely expressed in immune-relevant tissues and leukocytes at different transcriptional levels. Immunofluorescence staining and FCM analysis showed that LcCD40 and LcCD154 proteins are distributed on MHC-II+ APCs and CD4-2+ T cells, and are significantly upregulated in response to antigen stimulation. Co-IP assay exhibited strong association between LcCD40 and LcCD154 proteins. Blockade of LcCD154 with anti-LcCD154 antibody (Ab) or recombinant soluble LcCD40-Ig fusion protein remarkably decreased the MHC-II+ APC-initiated CD4+ T cell response upon Aeromonas hydrophila stimulation, and alloreactive T cell activation as examined by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). These findings highlight the costimulatory role of LcCD40 and LcCD154 in T cell activities in Larimichthys crocea. Thus, the CD40 and CD154 costimulators may extensively participate in the regulation of multiple T cell-mediated immune responses in teleost fish. It is anticipated that this study would provide a cross-species understanding of the evolutionary history of CD40 and CD154 costimulatory signals from fish to mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Su
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chun-Yu Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong-Bin Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Fei Ji
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Lu Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Dong Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Fu Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xin Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Zhong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Su N, Hu CB, Shao T, Jin CY, Li H, Ji JF, Qin LL, Fan DD, Lin AF, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. Functional role of CD40 and CD154 costimulatory signals in IgZ-mediated immunity against bacterial infection. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
|