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Isaacs JF, Degefu HN, Chen T, Kleist SA, Musial SC, Ford MA, Searles TG, Lin CC, Skorput AGJ, Shirai K, Turk MJ, Zanazzi GJ, Rosato PC. CD39 is expressed on functional effector and tissue resident memory CD8+ T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.15.585252. [PMID: 38559200 PMCID: PMC10980075 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.585252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The ecto-ATPase CD39 is expressed on exhausted CD8+ T cells in chronic viral infection and has been proposed as a marker of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in cancer, but the role of CD39 in an effector and memory T cell response has not been clearly defined. We report that CD39 is expressed on antigen-specific CD8+ short-lived effector cells (SLECs), while it's co-ecto-enzyme, CD73, is found on memory precursor effector cells (MPEC) in vivo . Inhibition of CD39 enzymatic activity during in vitro T cell priming enhances MPEC differentiation in vivo after transfer and infection. The enriched MPEC phenotype is associated with enhanced tissue resident memory (T RM ) establishment in the brain and salivary gland following an acute intranasal viral infection, suggesting that CD39 ATPase activity plays a role in memory CD8+ T cell differentiation. We also show that CD39 is expressed on human and murine T RM across several non-lymphoid tissues and melanoma, while CD73 is expressed on both circulating and resident memory subsets in mice. In contrast to exhausted CD39+ T cells in chronic infection, CD39+ T RM are fully functional when stimulated ex vivo with cognate antigen. This work further expands the identity of CD39 beyond a T cell exhaustion marker.
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Phelps A, Pazos-Castro D, Urselli F, Grydziuszko E, Mann-Delany O, Fang A, Walker TD, Guruge RT, Tome-Amat J, Diaz-Perales A, Waserman S, Boonyaratanakornkit J, Jordana M, Taylor JJ, Koenig JFE. Production and use of antigen tetramers to study antigen-specific B cells. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:727-751. [PMID: 38243093 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
B cells generate antibodies that provide protection from infection, but also cause pathology in autoimmune and allergic conditions. Antigen-specific B cells can be detected by binding their surface antibody receptors with native antigens conjugated to fluorescent probes, a technique that has revealed substantial insight into B cell activation and function. This protocol describes the process of generating fluorescent antigen tetramer probes and delineates a process of enriching large samples based on antigen-specificity for high-resolution analyses of the antigen-specific B cell repertoire. Enrichment of tetramer-binding cells allows for detection of antigen-specific B cells as rare as 1 in 100 million cells, providing sufficient resolution to study naive B cells and IgE-expressing cells by flow cytometry. The generation of antigen tetramers involves antigen biotinylation, assessment of biotin:antigen ratio for optimal tetramer loading and polymerization around a streptavidin-fluorophore backbone. We also describe the construction of a control tetramer to exclude B cells binding to the tetramer backbone. We provide a framework to validate whether tetramer probes are detecting true antigen-specific B cells and discuss considerations for experimental design. This protocol can be performed by researchers trained in basic biomedical/immunological research techniques, using instrumentation commonly found in most laboratories. Constructing the antigen and control tetramers takes 9 h, though their specificity should be assessed before experimentation and may take weeks to months depending on the method of validation. Sample enrichment requires ~2 h but is generally time and cost neutral as fewer cells are run through the flow cytometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyssa Phelps
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diego Pazos-Castro
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas (ETSIAAB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Urselli
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily Grydziuszko
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivia Mann-Delany
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison Fang
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tina D Walker
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rangana Talpe Guruge
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaime Tome-Amat
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Araceli Diaz-Perales
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas (ETSIAAB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susan Waserman
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Manel Jordana
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Joshua F E Koenig
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Immink LE, Guthmiller JJ. Isolation of Rare Antigen-Specific Memory B Cells via Antigen Tetramers. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2826:95-115. [PMID: 39017888 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3950-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Immunological memory, which sets the foundation for the adaptive immune response, plays a key role in disease protection and prevention. Obtaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon can aide in research aimed to improve vaccines and therapies. Memory B cells (MBCs) are a fundamental component of immunological memory but can exist in rare populations that prove challenging to study. By combining fluorescent antigen tetramers with multiple enrichment processes, a highly streamlined method for identifying and sorting antigen-specific MBCs from human blood and lymphoid tissues can be achieved. With the output of this process being viable cells, there is a multitude of downstream operations that can be used in conjunction with the antigen-specific cell sorting outlined in this chapter. Single-cell RNA-sequencing paired with B cell repertoire sequencing, which can be linked to distinct antigens in a high-throughput fashion, is a downstream application widely used in disease and vaccination research. Incorporation of this protocol can lead to a variety of applications and a diversity of outcomes aiding in a deeper understanding of how immunological memory not only forms but is recalled and impacted by infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Immink
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jenna J Guthmiller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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