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Roles of Gangliosides in Hypothalamic Control of Energy Balance: New Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155349. [PMID: 32731387 PMCID: PMC7432706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are essential components of cell membranes and are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and receptor-mediated signal transduction. They regulate functions of proteins in membrane microdomains, notably receptor tyrosine kinases such as insulin receptor (InsR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), through lateral association. Studies during the past two decades using knockout (KO) or pharmacologically inhibited cells, or KO mouse models for glucosylceramide synthase (GCS; Ugcg), GM3 synthase (GM3S; St3gal5), and GD3 synthase (GD3S; St8sia1) have revealed essential roles of gangliosides in hypothalamic control of energy balance. The a-series gangliosides GM1 and GD1a interact with leptin receptor (LepR) and promote LepR signaling through activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Studies of GM3S KO cells have shown that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, downstream of the LepR signaling pathway, is also modulated by gangliosides. Recent studies have revealed crosstalk between the LepR signaling pathway and other receptor signaling pathways (e.g., InsR and EGFR pathways). Gangliosides thus have the ability to modulate the effects of leptin by regulating functions of such receptors, and by direct interaction with LepR to control signaling.
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Abstract
More than 100 years have passed since Elie Metchnikoff discovered phagocytes. As molecular biological techniques have been developed and improved, we have gained deeper knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of immunological responses to invasion. The innate immune system is the inborn defense mechanism and the first line of defense against all kinds of pathogenic organisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc. Innate immunity was originally considered to comprise non-specific reactions. However, we now know that innate immune systems develop molecular mechanisms specific to pathogenic microorganisms. In the 1970s, a neutral glycosphingolipid lactosylceramide (LacCer) was found to bind specifically to several kinds of microorganisms. LacCer is highly expressed in phagocytes and epithelial cells. LacCer forms lipid rafts on human neutrophils and is involved in neutrophil migration, phagocytosis, and superoxide generation. In contrast, mouse neutrophils express relatively little LacCer on their cell surfaces. Thus, it is difficult to observe LacCer-mediated innate immunological reactions in mice. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a typical pathogen for humans but not mice in general. Interestingly, M. tuberculosis can escape killing by neutrophils through regulation of the LacCer-enriched lipid raft-mediated immunological reactions of these cells. These observations indicate that LacCer-enriched lipid rafts play an essential role in human innate immunity. This review describes LacCer-mediated innate immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Iwabuchi
- Infection-control Nursing, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Health-Care and Nursing.,Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine
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Inokuchi JI, Inamori KI, Kabayama K, Nagafuku M, Uemura S, Go S, Suzuki A, Ohno I, Kanoh H, Shishido F. Biology of GM3 Ganglioside. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:151-195. [PMID: 29747813 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the successful molecular cloning in 1998 of GM3 synthase (GM3S, ST3GAL5), the enzyme responsible for initiating biosynthesis of all complex gangliosides, the efforts of our research group have been focused on clarifying the physiological and pathological implications of gangliosides, particularly GM3. We have identified isoforms of GM3S proteins having distinctive lengths of N-terminal cytoplasmic tails, and found that these cytoplasmic tails define subcellular localization, stability, and in vivo activity of GM3S isoforms. Our studies of the molecular pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, focused on interaction between insulin receptor and GM3 in membrane microdomains, led to a novel concept: type 2 diabetes and certain other lifestyle-related diseases are membrane microdomain disorders resulting from aberrant expression of gangliosides. This concept has enhanced our understanding of the pathophysiological roles of GM3 and related gangliosides in various diseases involving chronic inflammation, such as insulin resistance, leptin resistance, and T-cell function and immune disorders (e.g., allergic asthma). We also demonstrated an essential role of GM3 in murine and human auditory systems; a common pathological feature of GM3S deficiency is deafness. This is the first direct link reported between gangliosides and auditory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ichi Inokuchi
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Kei-Ichiro Inamori
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Masakazu Nagafuku
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uemura
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinji Go
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akemi Suzuki
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Isao Ohno
- Center for Medical Education, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kanoh
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Fumi Shishido
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Fried ES, Li YM, Gilchrist ML. Phase Composition Control in Microsphere-Supported Biomembrane Systems. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:3028-3039. [PMID: 28198634 PMCID: PMC5568755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The popularization of studies in membrane protein lipid phase coexistence has prompted the development of new techniques to construct and study biomimetic systems with cholesterol-rich lipid microdomains. Here, microsphere-supported biomembranes with integrated α-helical peptides, referred to as proteolipobeads (PLBs), were used to model peptide/protein partitioning within DOPC/DPPC/cholesterol phase-separated membranes. Due to the appearance of compositional heterogeneity and impurities in the formation of model PLB assemblies, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to characterize and sort PLB populations on the basis of disordered phase (Ld) content. In addition, spectral imaging was used to assess the partitioning of FITC-labeled α-helical peptide between fluorescently labeled Ld phase and unlabeled ordered phase (Lo) phase lipid microdomains. The apparent peptide partition coefficient, Kp,app, was measured to be 0.89 ± 0.06, indicating a slight preference of the peptide for the Lo phase. A biomimetic motif of the Lo phase concentration enhancement of the biotinyl-peptide ligand display in proteolipobeads was also observed. Finally, peptide mobility was measured by FRAP separately in each lipid phase, yielding diffusivities of 0.036 ± 0.005 and 0.014 ± 0.003 μm2/s in the Ld and Lo phases, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Fried
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, 140th Street and Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - M. Lane Gilchrist
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, 140th Street and Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, 140th Street and Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031
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Escribá PV, Busquets X, Inokuchi JI, Balogh G, Török Z, Horváth I, Harwood JL, Vígh L. Membrane lipid therapy: Modulation of the cell membrane composition and structure as a molecular base for drug discovery and new disease treatment. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 59:38-53. [PMID: 25969421 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays we understand cell membranes not as a simple double lipid layer but as a collection of complex and dynamic protein-lipid structures and microdomains that serve as functional platforms for interacting signaling lipids and proteins. Membrane lipids and lipid structures participate directly as messengers or regulators of signal transduction. In addition, protein-lipid interactions participate in the localization of signaling protein partners to specific membrane microdomains. Thus, lipid alterations change cell signaling that are associated with a variety of diseases including cancer, obesity, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular pathologies, etc. This article reviews the newly emerging field of membrane lipid therapy which involves the pharmacological regulation of membrane lipid composition and structure for the treatment of diseases. Membrane lipid therapy proposes the use of new molecules specifically designed to modify membrane lipid structures and microdomains as pharmaceutical disease-modifying agents by reversing the malfunction or altering the expression of disease-specific protein or lipid signal cascades. Here, we provide an in-depth analysis of this emerging field, especially its molecular bases and its relevance to the development of innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo V Escribá
- Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Xavier Busquets
- Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jin-ichi Inokuchi
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gábor Balogh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Török
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ibolya Horváth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
| | - László Vígh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.
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Ledeen RW, Wu G, André S, Bleich D, Huet G, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, Gabius HJ. Beyond glycoproteins as galectin counterreceptors: tumor-effector T cell growth control via ganglioside GM1. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1253:206-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Membrane lateral heterogeneity is accepted as a requirement for the function of biological membranes, and the notion of the "raft/microdomain" gives specificity to this concept. Recently, fluorescence-based techniques such as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), single particle tracking (SPT), and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) have shown promise for application to the dynamics of membrane molecules in microdomains. We previously revealed, by performing live-cell FRAP and SPT studies, a mechanism of insulin resistance in which dissociation of the insulin receptor (IR)-caveolin-1 (Cav1) complex was caused by an interaction between the IRβ subunit and the ganglioside GM3 cluster, a glycolipid-enriched membrane microdomain. We hoped to demonstrate that an alteration in the lipid component of microdomains affects lateral diffusion of membrane receptors. We therefore established an experimental system for monitoring the membrane organization of receptors by analyzing their lateral diffusion parameters in the plasma membranes of living cells using FRAP and SPT. In this study, measurement of the lateral diffusion of the IR was performed by fitting analysis to fluorescence recovery curves and trace analysis to individual fluorescent spots, which provided the diffusion constant. The results show how fast IR molecules diffuse before and after a change in membrane environment, such as stimulation by cholesterol depression or treatment with a glycosphingolipid (GSL) inhibitor. Using these techniques, we have established a method for determining the diffusion constant for the lateral movement of IR-EGFP, expressed in CHO-K1 cells. We will use these techniques for the lateral diffusion analysis of membrane receptors under other assay conditions, such as use of GSL-deficient cells or pathologic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kabayama
- Institute of Glycoscience, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Inokuchi JI. Physiopathological function of hematoside (GM3 ganglioside). PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2011; 87:179-98. [PMID: 21558756 PMCID: PMC3149380 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.87.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Since I was involved in the molecular cloning of GM3 synthase (SAT-I), which is the primary enzyme for the biosynthesis of gangliosides in 1998, my research group has been concentrating on our efforts to explore the physiological and pathological implications of gangliosides especially for GM3. During the course of study, we demonstrated the molecular pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance focusing on the interaction between insulin receptor and gangliosides in membrane microdomains and propose a new concept: Life style-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, are a membrane microdomain disorder caused by aberrant expression of gangliosides. We also encountered an another interesting aspect indicating the indispensable role of gangliosides in auditory system. After careful behavioral examinations of SAT-I knockout mice, their hearing ability was seriously impaired with selective degeneration of the stereocilia of hair cells in the organ of Corti. This is the first observation demonstrating a direct link between gangliosides and hearing functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-ichi Inokuchi
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembranes and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan.
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