Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Cellulomonas massiliensis sp. nov

Cellulomonas alba sp. nov. and Cellulomonas edaphi sp. nov., isolated from wetland soils

Two novel strains were isolated from wetland soils in Goyang, Republic of Korea. The two Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterial-type strains were designated MW4T and MW9T. Phylogenomic analysis based on whole-genome sequences suggested that both strains belonged to the genus Cellulomonas. The cells of strain MW4T were non-motile and grew at 20-40 °C (optimum, 35 °C), at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and in the presence of 0-1.0% NaCl (optimum, 0 %). The cells of strain MW9T were non-motile and grew at 20-40 °C (optimum, 35 °C), at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and in the presence of 0-1.0% NaCl (optimum, 0 %). The average nucleotide identity (77.1-88.1 %) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values (21.0-34.8 %) between the two novel strains and with their closely related strains fell within the range for the genus Cellulomonas. The novel strains MW4T and MW9T and reference strains possessed alkane synthesis gene clusters (oleA, oleB, oleC and oleD). Phylogenomic, phylogenetic, average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization, physiological and biochemical data indicated that the novel strains were distinct from other members of the family Cellulomonadaceae. We propose the names Cellulomonas alba sp. nov. (type strain MW4T=KACC 23260T=TBRC 17645T) and Cellulomons edaphi sp. nov. (type strain MW9T=KACC 23261T=TBRC 17646T) for the two strains.

Identification, characteristics and rice growth promotion of a highly efficient cellulolytic bacterial strain, Cellulomonas iranensis ZJW-6, isolated from paddy soil in central China

The microbial degradation of lignocellulose is the best way to treat straw, which has a broad application prospect. It is consistent with the idea of agricultural sustainable development and has an important impact on the utilization of biomass resources. To explore and utilize the microbial resources of lignocellulose degradation, 27 lignocellulose degrading strains were screened from 13 regions in China. ZJW-6 was selected because of its 49.6% lignocellulose weight loss rate. According to the theoretical analysis of the experimental results, the following straw degradation conditions were obtained by ZJW-6: nitrogen source input of 8.45 g/L, a pH of 8.57, and a temperature of 31.63°C, the maximum weight loss rate of rice straw could reach 54.8%. It was concluded that ZJW-6 belonged to Cellulomonas iranensis according to 16S rRNA-encoding gene sequence comparison and identification. ZJW-6 is a Gram-positive bacterium that grows slowly and has a small yellowish green colony. To explain the degradation mechanism of lignocellulose, the experiment of enzymatic properties of the strain was prepared and carried out. It was discovered that ZJW-6 has an excellent ability to degrade cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, with cellulose and hemicellulose loss rates reaching almost 50% in 4 days and lignin loss rates reaching nearly 30%. Furthermore, ZJW-6 demonstrated lignocellulose degradation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, indicating the strain's broad application potential. ZJW-6 was found to be more effective than ordinary humic acid in improving rice soil (available phosphorus, available nitrogen, organic matter) and promoting rice growth in a rice pot experiment (increasing root-shoot ratio, root activity, chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate). ZJW-6 plays an important role in promoting the development and utilization of straw resources. It has important significance for the advancement of green agriculture.

Cellulomonas dongxiuzhuiae sp. nov., Cellulomonas wangleii sp. nov. and Cellulomonas fengjieae sp. nov., isolated from the intestinal contents of Marmota himalayana

Six Gram-stain-positive, aerobic or facultative anaerobic, catalase-positive, urease- and oxidase-negative, rod-shaped bacteria (zg-ZUI157T/zg-ZUI40, zg-ZUI222T/zg-ZUI199 and zg-ZUI188T/ zg-ZUI168) were characterized by a polyphasic approach. Optimal growth of the six strains was observed at pH 7.0 and 28 °C. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene and 247 core genes revealed that they belong to genus Cellulomonas . The three type strains have low digital DNA-DNA hybridization (19.3–30.1%) and average nucleotide identity values (78.0-85.5%) with all available genomes in the genus Cellulomonas , and a DNA G+C content range of 73.0-74.6 mol%. The major fatty acids detected in strain pairs zg-ZUI157T/zg-ZUI40 and zg-ZUI 222T/zg-ZUI199 were C16:0, anteiso-C15:0 and anteiso A-C15:1, and C16:0, anteiso-C15:0, anteiso A-C15:1 and anteiso-C17:0 in strain pair zg-ZUI188T/zg-ZUI168. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides were the major polar lipids detected in the three novel species. MK-9(H4) was the predominant quinone detected in strains zg-ZUI222T (87.4 %) and zg-ZUI188T (91.4 %), and MK-9(H4) (49.1 %) and MK-8 (43.4 %) in strain zg-ZUI157T. The cell-wall sugars detected in the three novel species mainly contained rhamnose. The cell-wall peptidoglycan type of the three novel species was A4β, with an inferred l-Orn–d-Asp interpeptide bridge for strains zg-ZUI157T and zg-ZUI222T, and l-Orn–d-Glu for strain zg-ZUI188T. Based on the results of the phenotypic, phylogenetic, genomic hybridization, average nucleotide identity and chemotaxonomic analyses, the six strains should be classified as belonging to three novel Cellulomonas species, for which the names Cellulomonas dongxiuzhuiae sp. nov. (zg-ZUI157T=GDMCC 1.2559T=KCTC 49678T), Cellulomonas wangleii sp. nov. (zg-ZUI222T=GDMCC 1.2501T=KCTC 49675T) and Cellulomonas fengjieae sp. nov. (zg-ZUI188T=GDMCC 1.2563T=KCTC 49674T) are proposed.

Vitreoscilla massiliensis sp. nov., Isolated From the Stool of an Amazonian Patient

Strain SN6^T is a non-motile and non-spore-forming gram-negative bacterium which was isolated from the stool sample of an Amazonian patient. The optimum growth was observed at 37 °C, pH 7, and 0–5 g/l of NaCl. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the strain SN6^T exhibited 97.5% identity with Vitreoscilla stercoraria strain ATCC_15218 (L06174), the phylogenetically closest species with standing in nomenclature. The predominant fatty acid was hexadecenoic acid (31%). The genomic DNA G + C content of the strain SN6^T was 49.4 mol %. After analysis of taxonogenomic data, phenotypic and biochemical characteristics, we concluded that strain SN6^T represents a new species of the genus Vitreoscilla for which the name Vitreoscilla massiliensis sp.nov is proposed. The type strain is SN6^T (=CSUR P2036 = LN870312 = DSM 100958).

Culturable Bacterial Community on Leaves of Assam Tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) in Thailand and Human Probiotic Potential of Isolated Bacillus spp

Assam tea plants (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) or Miang are found in plantations and forests of Northern Thailand. Leaf fermentation has been performed for centuries, but little information is available about their associated microbial community. One hundred and fifty-seven bacterial isolates were isolated from 62 Assam tea leaf samples collected from 6 provinces of Northern Thailand and classified within the phyla of Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Phayao and Phrae provinces exhibited the highest and the lowest bacterial diversities, respectively. The bacterial community structural pattern demonstrated significant differences between the west and the east sides. Since some Bacillus spp. have been reported to be involved in fermented Miang, Bacillus spp. isolated in this study were chosen for further elucidation. Bacillus siamensis ML122-2 exhibited a growth inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and MRSA DMST 20625, and the highest survival ability in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids (32.3 and 99.7%, respectively), autoaggregation (93.2%), cell surface hydrophobicity (50.0%), and bacterial adherence with Vero cells (75.8% of the control Lactiplantibacillusplantarum FM03-1). This B. siamensis ML122-2 is a promising probiotic to be used in the food industry and seems to have potential antibacterial properties relevant for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant infections.

Gorillibacterium timonense sp. nov., isolated from an obese patient

A Gram-negative and facultative anaerobic bacterium, designated strain SN4^T, was isolated from the stool sample of an obese Amazonian patient. The new isolate was characterized by the taxonogenomics approach. The strain SN4^T was beige-colored, circular and not haemolytic. Cells are rod shaped and motile with several flagella. Strain SN4^T grows optimally at pH 7 and can survive in the presence of a saline concentration of up to 75 g/l NaCl. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis of the novel strain SN4^T showed 95.28% similarity in nucleotide sequence with Gorillibacterium massiliense G5^T, the phylogenetically closest neighbor and the type species of this genus. Anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0 and C_16:0 were found as the major components in the cellular fatty acid analysis of this isolate. The genomic draft of strain SN4^T is 5,263,742 bp long with 53.33% of G+C content. The differences in physiological, biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic and genomic data make it possible to clearly distinguish the strain SN4^T from G. massiliense G5^T. Based on the taxonogenomic description and the phenotypic and biochemical characteristics of this bacterium presented in this article, we propose the SN4^T strain (= CSUR P2011 = DSM 100,698) as a new species, Gorillibacterium timonense sp. nov.

Optimization of Culturomics Strategy in Human Fecal Samples

Most bacteria in the human gut are difficult to culture, and culturomics has been designed to overcome this issue. Culturomics makes it possible to obtain living bacteria for further experiments, unlike metagenomics. However, culturomics is work-intensive, which prevents its wide application. In this study, we performed a 30-day continuous enrichment in blood culture bottles and cultured bacterial isolates from pre-cultures removed at different time points. We compared the bacteria isolated from the enriched culture with or without adding fresh medium after each pre-culture was removed. We also compared “experienced” colony picking (i.e., picking two to three colonies for each recognized colony type) and picking all the colonies from each plate. In total, from five fecal samples, 106 species were isolated, including three novel species and six that have not previously been isolated from the human body. Adding fresh medium to the culture increased the rate of bacterial species isolation by 22% compared with the non-supplemented culture. Picking all colonies increased the rate of bacterial isolation by only 8.5% compared with experienced colony picking. After optimization through statistical analysis and simulation, sampling aerobic and anaerobic enrichment cultures at six and seven time-points, respectively, is likely to isolate >90% of bacterial species, reducing the workload by 40%. In conclusion, an extended enrichment step ensures isolation of different bacterial species at different time-points, while adding the same quantity of fresh medium after sampling, the experienced picking and the optimized time-points favor the chance of isolating more bacterial species with less work.

Cellulomonas algicola sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from a freshwater alga

An actinomycete strain, TKZ-21^T, was isolated from a freshwater alga (Chetophoraceae) collected from the Takizawa River, Yamanashi, Japan, and examined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells were Gram-stain positive, aerobic, non-sporulating, motile, and coccoid or short rod-shaped. The strain grew in the presence of 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl, between pH 6-9.4, and over a temperature range of 15-40 °C, with optimum growth at 30 °C. The peptidoglycan type of strain TKZ-21^T was A4β, containing l-ornithine as diagnostic diamino acid and d-glutamic acid as the interpeptide bridge. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H₄). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, ninhydrin-positive glycolipid, and unidentified phospholipids. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C_15 : 0 and anteiso-C_17 : 0, and the DNA G+C content was 75.6 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain TKZ-21^T was closely related to Cellulomonas fimi (98.5 % sequence similarity) and Cellulomonas biazotea (98.3 %). The genome orthoANI value between strain TKZ-21^T and C. biazotea and C. fimi were 84.7 and 84.2 %, respectively. On the basis of fatty acid and MALDI-TOF MS profile analysis, phylogenetic analyses, genomic analysis, and phenotypic data, it is proposed that the isolate be classified as a representative of a novel species of the genus Cellulomonas, with the name Cellulomonas algicola sp. nov. The type strain is TKZ-21^T (=NBRC 112905^T=TBRC 8129^T).

Genome analysis and description of Xanthomonas massiliensis sp. nov., a new species isolated from human faeces

Xanthomonas massiliensis strain SN6T is a Gram-negative bacterium which is aerobic, motile and nonsporulating. This new species isolated from human faeces exhibited the characteristic traits of members of this genus, such as yellow pigmentation and viscosity. Here we present the main phenotypic characteristics and the taxonogenomics description of this strain. The genome is 3 690 720 bp long with DNA G + C content of about 70.52%.

Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria

The application of phylogenetic taxonomic procedures led to improvements in the classification of bacteria assigned to the phylum Actinobacteria but even so there remains a need to further clarify relationships within a taxon that encompasses organisms of agricultural, biotechnological, clinical, and ecological importance. Classification of the morphologically diverse bacteria belonging to this large phylum based on a limited number of features has proved to be difficult, not least when taxonomic decisions rested heavily on interpretation of poorly resolved 16S rRNA gene trees. Here, draft genome sequences of a large collection of actinobacterial type strains were used to infer phylogenetic trees from genome-scale data using principles drawn from phylogenetic systematics. The majority of taxa were found to be monophyletic but several orders, families, and genera, as well as many species and a few subspecies were shown to be in need of revision leading to proposals for the recognition of 2 orders, 10 families, and 17 genera, as well as the transfer of over 100 species to other genera. In addition, emended descriptions are given for many species mainly involving the addition of data on genome size and DNA G+C content, the former can be considered to be a valuable taxonomic marker in actinobacterial systematics. Many of the incongruities detected when the results of the present study were compared with existing classifications had been recognized from 16S rRNA gene trees though whole-genome phylogenies proved to be much better resolved. The few significant incongruities found between 16S/23S rRNA and whole genome trees underline the pitfalls inherent in phylogenies based upon single gene sequences. Similarly good congruence was found between the discontinuous distribution of phenotypic properties and taxa delineated in the phylogenetic trees though diverse non-monophyletic taxa appeared to be based on the use of plesiomorphic character states as diagnostic features.

'Cellulomonas timonensis' sp. nov., taxonogenomics description of a new bacterial species isolated from human gut

'Cellulomonas timonensis' sp. nov. strain sn7T is a new species within the Cellulomonas genus. We present the main phenotypic characteristics and provide a complete annotation of its genome sequence. This facultative anaerobic bacterium, isolated from the stool of 38-year-old obese Frenchman, is Gram-positive, has motile rods and is sporulating. The genome is 4 057 828 bp long with 72.42% G + C content. Of the 3732 predicted genes, 3667 were protein-coding genes and 65 were RNAs.

Genome sequence and description of Anaerosalibacter massiliensis sp. nov

Anaerosalibacter massiliensis sp. nov. strain ND1(T) (= CSUR P762 = DSM 27308) is the type strain of A. massiliensis sp. nov., a new species within the genus Anaerosalibacter. This strain, the genome of which is described here, was isolated from the faecal flora of a 49-year-old healthy Brazilian man. Anaerosalibacter massiliensis is a Gram-positive, obligate anaerobic rod and member of the family Clostridiaceae. With the complete genome sequence and annotation, we describe here the features of this organism. The 3 197 911 bp long genome (one chromosome but no plasmid) contains 3271 protein-coding and 62 RNA genes, including six rRNA genes.

Noncontiguous finished genome sequence and description of Nocardioides massiliensis sp. nov. GD13(T)

Nocardioides massiliensis sp. nov strain GD13^T is the type strain of N. massiliensis sp. nov., a new species within the genus Nocardioides. This strain was isolated from the faeces of a 62-year-old man admitted to intensive care for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Nocardioides massiliensis is a strictly aerobic Gram-positive rod. Herein we describe the features of this bacterium, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 4 006 620 bp long genome contains 4132 protein-coding and 47 RNA genes.

Noncontiguous finished genome sequence and description of Paenibacillus antibioticophila sp. nov. GD11(T), the type strain of Paenibacillus antibioticophila

Paenibacillus antibioticophila strain GD11^T sp. nov. is the type strain of a new species within the genus Paenibacillus. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from human faeces of a 63-year-old woman with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis who was receiving numerous antibiotics at the time of stool collection. P. antibioticophila is a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium. We describe here the features of this bacterium, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 5 562 631 bp long genome contains 5084 protein-coding and 71 RNA genes.

List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published

The purpose of this announcement is to effect the valid publication of the following effectively published new names and new combinations under the procedure described in the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision). Authors and other individuals wishing to have new names and/or combinations included in future lists should send three copies of the pertinent reprint or photocopies thereof, or an electronic copy of the published paper to the IJSEM Editorial Office for confirmation that all of the other requirements for valid publication have been met. It is also a requirement of IJSEM and the ICSP that authors of new species, new subspecies and new combinations provide evidence that types are deposited in two recognized culture collections in two different countries. Note that the date of valid publication of these new names and combinations is the date of publication of this list, not the date of the original publication of the names and combinations. The authors of the new names and combinations are as given below. Inclusion of a name on these lists validates the publication of the name and thereby makes it available in the nomenclature of prokaryotes. The inclusion of a name on this list is not to be construed as taxonomic acceptance of the taxon to which the name is applied. Indeed, some of these names may, in time, be shown to be synonyms, or the organisms may be transferred to another genus, thus necessitating the creation of a new combination.

A comprehensive repertoire of prokaryotic species identified in human beings

The compilation of the complete prokaryotic repertoire associated with human beings as commensals or pathogens is a major goal for the scientific and medical community. The use of bacterial culture techniques remains a crucial step to describe new prokaryotic species. The large number of officially acknowledged bacterial species described since 1980 and the recent increase in the number of recognised pathogenic species have highlighted the absence of an exhaustive compilation of species isolated in human beings. By means of a thorough investigation of several large culture databases and a search of the scientific literature, we built an online database containing all human-associated prokaryotic species described, whether or not they had been validated and have standing in nomenclature. We list 2172 species that have been isolated in human beings. They were classified in 12 different phyla, mostly in the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes phyla. Our online database is useful for both clinicians and microbiologists and forms part of the Human Microbiome Project, which aims to characterise the whole human microbiota and help improve our understanding of the human predisposition and susceptibility to infectious agents.

Identification of clinically relevant Corynebacterium strains by Api Coryne, MALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry and molecular approaches

We evaluated the Bruker Biotyper matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) for the identification of 97 Corynebacterium clinical in comparison to identification strains by Api Coryne and MALDI-TOF-MS using 16S rRNA gene and hypervariable region of rpoB genes sequencing as a reference method. C. striatum was the predominant species isolated followed by C. amycolatum. There was an agreement between Api Coryne strips and MALDI-TOF-MS identification in 88.65% of cases. MALDI-TOF-MS was unable to differentiate C. aurimucosum from C. minutissimum and C. minutissimum from C. singulare but reliably identify 92 of 97 (94.84%) strains. Two strains remained incompletely identified to the species level by MALDI-TOF-MS and molecular approaches. They belonged to Cellulomonas and Pseudoclavibacter genus. In conclusion, MALDI-TOF-MS is a rapid and reliable method for the identification of Corynebacterium species. However, some limits have been noted and have to be resolved by the application of molecular methods.

The rebirth of culture in microbiology through the example of culturomics to study human gut microbiota

Bacterial culture was the first method used to describe the human microbiota, but this method is considered outdated by many researchers. Metagenomics studies have since been applied to clinical microbiology; however, a "dark matter" of prokaryotes, which corresponds to a hole in our knowledge and includes minority bacterial populations, is not elucidated by these studies. By replicating the natural environment, environmental microbiologists were the first to reduce the "great plate count anomaly," which corresponds to the difference between microscopic and culture counts. The revolution in bacterial identification also allowed rapid progress. 16S rRNA bacterial identification allowed the accurate identification of new species. Mass spectrometry allowed the high-throughput identification of rare species and the detection of new species. By using these methods and by increasing the number of culture conditions, culturomics allowed the extension of the known human gut repertoire to levels equivalent to those of pyrosequencing. Finally, taxonogenomics strategies became an emerging method for describing new species, associating the genome sequence of the bacteria systematically. We provide a comprehensive review on these topics, demonstrating that both empirical and hypothesis-driven approaches will enable a rapid increase in the identification of the human prokaryote repertoire.

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Clostridium saudii sp. nov

Clostridium saudii strain JCC(T) sp. nov. is the type strain of C. saudii sp. nov., a new species within the genus Clostridia. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from a fecal sample collected from an obese 24-year-old (body mass index 52 kg/m2) man living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. C. saudii is a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacillus. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 3,653,762 bp long genome contains 3,452 protein-coding and 53 RNA genes, including 4 rRNA genes.

Methods for the discovery of emerging pathogens

Recently, there has been a steady increase in the number of recognized pathogenic microorganisms, specifically bacteria. The development of genetic technologies, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and new culturing techniques has significantly widened the repertoire of known microorganisms and therefore pathogenic microorganisms. The repertoire of infectious agents has been studied in various environments including water, soil, pets, livestock, wildlife and arthropods. Using different methods, many known pathogens can be identified in these samples; therefore, the impact of emergent pathogens on humans can be examined and novel pathogens can be identified. In this special issue, we discuss the identification of emerging pathogens in the environment and animals.

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Anaerococcus provenciensis sp. nov

Anaerococcus provenciensis strain 9402080(T) sp. nov. is the type strain of A. provenciensis sp. nov., a new species within the genus Anaerococcus. This strain was isolated from a cervical abscess sample. A. provenciensis is a Gram-positive anaerobic cocci. Here, we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 2.26 Mbp long genome contains 2099 protein-coding and 57 RNA genes including 8 rRNA genes and exhibits a G+C content of 33.48%.

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Halopiger goleamassiliensis sp. nov

Halopiger goleamassiliensis strain IIH3(T) sp. nov. is a novel, extremely halophilic archaeon within the genus Halopiger. This strain was isolated from an evaporitic sediment in El Golea Lake, Ghardaïa region (Algeria). The type strain is strain IIH3(T). H. goleamassiliensis is moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, non-motile and coccus-shaped. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 3,906,923 bp long genome contains 3,854 protein-encoding genes and 49 RNA genes (1 gene is 16S rRNA, 1 gene is 23S rRNA, 3 genes are 5S rRNA, and 44 are tRNA genes).

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Collinsella massiliensis sp. nov

Collinsella massiliensis strain GD3(T) is the type strain of Collinsella massiliensis sp. nov., a new species within the genus Collinsella. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from the fecal flora of a 53-year-old French Caucasoid woman who had been admitted to intensive care unit for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Collinsella massiliensis is a Gram-positive, obligate anaerobic, non motile and non sporulating bacillus. Here, we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The genome is 2,319,586 bp long (1 chromosome, no plasmid), exhibits a G+C content of 65.8% and contains 2,003 protein-coding and 54 RNA genes, including 1 rRNA operon.

Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Clostridium jeddahense sp. nov

Clostridium jeddahense strain JCD(T) (= CSUR P693 = DSM 27834) is the type strain of C. jeddahense sp. nov. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from the fecal flora of an obese 24 year-old Saudian male (BMI=52 kg/m(2)). Clostridium jeddahense strain JCD(T) is an obligate Gram-positive bacillus. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 3,613,503 bp long genome (1 chromosome, no plasmid) exhibits a G+C content of 51.95% and contains 3,462 protein-coding and 53 RNA genes, including 4 rRNA genes.

MALDI-TOF identification of the human Gut microbiome in people with and without diarrhea in Senegal

Background

In Africa, there are several problems with the specific identification of bacteria. Recently, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry has become a powerful tool for the routine microbial identification in many clinical laboratories.

Methodology/Principal Findings

This study was conducted using feces from 347 individuals (162 with diarrhea and 185 without diarrhea) sampled in health centers in Dakar, Senegal. Feces were transported from Dakar to Marseille, France, where they were cultured using different culture conditions. The isolated colonies were identified using MALDI-TOF. If a colony was unidentified, 16S rRNA sequencing was performed. Overall, 2,753 isolates were tested, allowing for the identification of 189 bacteria from 5 phyla, including 2 previously unknown species, 11 species not previously reported in the human gut, 10 species not previously reported in humans, and 3 fungi. 2,718 bacterial isolates (98.8%) out of 2,750 yielded an accurate identification using mass spectrometry, as did the 3 Candida albicans isolates. Thirty-two bacterial isolates not identified by MALDI-TOF (1.2%) were identified by sequencing, allowing for the identification of 2 new species. The number of bacterial species per fecal sample was significantly higher among patients without diarrhea (8.6±3) than in those with diarrhea (7.3±3.4; P = 0.0003). A modification of the gut microbiota was observed between the two groups. In individuals with diarrhea, major commensal bacterial species such as E. coli were significantly decreased (85% versus 64%), as were several Enterococcus spp. (E. faecium and E. casseliflavus) and anaerobes, such as Bacteroides spp. (B. uniformis and B. vulgatus) and Clostridium spp. (C. bifermentans, C. orbiscindens, C. perfringens, and C. symbosium). Conversely, several Bacillus spp. (B. licheniformis, B. mojavensis, and B. pumilus) were significantly more frequent among patients with diarrhea.

Conclusions/Significance

MALDI-TOF is a potentially powerful tool for routine bacterial identification in Africa, allowing for a quick identification of bacterial species.

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Corynebacterium jeddahense sp. nov

Corynebacterium jeddahense sp. nov., strain JCB^T, is the type strain of Corynebacterium jeddahense sp. nov., a new species within the genus Corynebacterium. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from fecal flora of a 24-year-old Saudi male suffering from morbid obesity. Corynebacterium jeddahense is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, nonsporulating bacillus. Here, we describe the features of this bacterium, together with the complete genome sequencing and annotation, and compare it to other member of the genus Corynebacterium. The 2,472,125 bp-long genome (1 chromosome but not plasmid) contains 2,359 protein-coding and 53 RNA genes, including 1 rRNA operon.

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Bacteroides neonati sp. nov., a new species of anaerobic bacterium

Bacteroides neonati strain MS4(T), is the type strain of Bacteroides neonati sp. nov., a new species within the genus Bacteroides. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from a premature neonate stool sample. B. neonati strain MS4(T) is an obligate anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 5.03 Mbp long genome exhibits a G+C content of 43.53% and contains 4,415 protein-coding and 91 RNA genes, including 9 rRNA genes.

Genome sequence and description of Nesterenkonia massiliensis sp. nov. strain NP1(T.)

Nesterenkonia massiliensis sp. nov., strain NP1^T, is the type strain of Nesterenkonia massiliensis sp. nov., a new species within the genus Nesterenkonia. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from the feces of a 32-year-old French woman suffering from AIDS and living in Marseille. Nesterenkonia massiliensis is a Gram-positive aerobic coccus. Here, we describe the features of this bacterium, together with the complete genome sequencing and annotation. The 2,726,371 bp long genome (one chromosome but no plasmid) contains 2,663 protein-coding and 51 RNA genes, including 1 rRNA operon.

Genome sequence and description of Corynebacterium ihumii sp. nov

Corynebacterium ihumii strain GD7^T sp. nov. is proposed as the type strain of a new species, which belongs to the family Corynebacteriaceae of the class Actinobacteria. This strain was isolated from the fecal flora of a 62 year-old male patient, as a part of the culturomics study. Corynebacterium ihumii is a Gram positive, facultativly anaerobic, nonsporulating bacillus. Here, we describe the features of this organism, together with the high quality draft genome sequence, annotation and the comparison with other member of the genus Corynebacteria. C. ihumii genome is 2,232,265 bp long (one chromosome but no plasmid) containing 2,125 protein-coding and 53 RNA genes, including 4 rRNA genes. The whole-genome shotgun sequence of Corynebacterium ihumii strain GD7^T sp. nov has been deposited in EMBL under accession number GCA_000403725.

Genome sequence and description of Bacteroides timonensis sp. nov

Bacteroides timonensis strain AP1^T (= CSUR P194 = DSM 26083) is the type strain of B. timonensis sp. nov. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from the fecal flora of a 21-year-old French Caucasoid female who suffered from severe anorexia nervosa. Bacteroides timonensis is a Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic bacillus. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 7,130,768 bp long genome (1 chromosome, no plasmid) exhibits a G+C content of 43.3% and contains 5,786 protein-coding and 59 RNA genes, including 2 rRNA genes.

Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Enorma timonensis sp. nov

Enorma timonensis strain GD5(T) sp. nov., is the type strain of E. timonensis sp. nov., a new member of the genus Enorma within the family Coriobacteriaceae. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from the fecal flora of a 53-year-old woman hospitalized for 3 months in an intensive care unit. E. timonensis is an obligate anaerobic rod. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 2,365,123 bp long genome (1 chromosome but no plasmid) contains 2,060 protein-coding and 52 RNA genes, including 4 rRNA genes.

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Alistipes ihumii sp. nov

Alistipes ihumii strain AP11^T sp. nov. is the type strain of A. ihumii sp. nov., a new species within the genus Alistipes. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from the fecal flora of a 21-year-old French Caucasian female, suffering from a severe restrictive form of anorexia nervosa since the age of 12 years. A. ihumii is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 2,753,264 bp long genome (one chromosome but no plasmid) contains 2,254 protein-coding and 47 RNA genes, including 3 rRNA genes.

A polyphasic strategy incorporating genomic data for the taxonomic description of novel bacterial species

Currently, bacterial taxonomy relies on a polyphasic approach based on the combination of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. However, the current situation is paradoxical in that the genetic criteria that are used, including DNA–DNA hybridization, 16S rRNA gene sequence nucleotide similarity and phylogeny, and DNA G+C content, have significant limitations, but genome sequences that contain the whole genetic information of bacterial strains are not used for taxonomic purposes, despite the decreasing costs of sequencing and the increasing number of available genomes. Recently, we diversified bacterial culture conditions with the aim of isolating uncultivated bacteria. To classify the putative novel species that we cultivated, we used a polyphasic strategy that included phenotypic as well as genomic criteria (genome characteristics as well as genomic sequence similarity). Herein, we review the pros and cons of genome sequencing for taxonomy and propose that the incorporation of genome sequences in taxonomic studies has the advantage of using reliable and reproducible data. This strategy, which we name taxono-genomics, may contribute to the taxonomic classification of bacteria.

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Holdemania massiliensis sp. nov

Holdemania massiliensis strain AP2(T) sp. nov. is the type strain of H. massiliensis sp. nov., a new species within the genus Holdemania. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from the fecal flora of a 21-year-old French Caucasian female suffering from severe restrictive anorexia nervosa. H. massiliensis is a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacillus. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 3,795,625 bp-long genome (one chromosome but no plasmid) contains 3,461 protein-coding and 49 RNA genes, including 3 rRNA genes.

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Nosocomiicoccus massiliensis sp. nov

Nosocomiicoccus massiliensis strain NP2(T) sp. nov. is the type strain of a new species within the genus Nosocomiicoccus. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from the fecal flora of an AIDS-infected patient living in Marseille, France. N. massiliensis is a Gram-positive aerobic coccus. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 1,645,244 bp long genome (one chromosome but no plasmid) contains 1,738 protein-coding and 45 RNA genes, including 3 rRNA genes.

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Halopiger djelfamassiliensis sp. nov

Halopiger djelfamassiliensis strain IIH2^T sp. nov. is the type strain of Halopiger djelfamassiliensis sp. nov., a new species within the genus Halopiger. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from evaporitic sediment of the hypersaline Lake Zahrez Gharbi in the Djelfa region (Algeria). H. Djelfamassiliensis is a Gram-negative, polymorphic-shaped and strictly aerobic archaeon. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 3,771,216 bp long genome-contains 3,761 protein-coding and 51 RNA genes, including 4 rRNA genes.

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Megasphaera massiliensis sp. nov

Megasphaera massiliensis strain NP3(T) sp. nov. is the type strain of Megasphaera massiliensis sp. nov., a new species within the genus Megasphaera. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from the fecal flora of an HIV-infected patient. M. massiliensis is a Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic coccobacillus. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 2,661,757 bp long genome (1 chromosome but no plasmid) contains 2,577 protein-coding and 61 RNA genes, including 5 rRNA genes.

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Bacillus massilioanorexius sp. nov

Bacillus massilioanorexius strain AP8(T) sp. nov. is the type strain of B. massilioanorexius sp. nov., a new species within the genus Bacillus. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from the fecal flora of a 21-year-old Caucasian French female suffering from a severe form of anorexia nervosa since the age of 12 years. B. massilioanorexius is a Gram-positive aerobic bacillus. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 4,616,135 bp long genome (one chromosome but no plasmid) contains 4,432 protein-coding and 87 RNA genes, including 8 rRNA genes.

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Kallipyga massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Clostridiales Incertae Sedis XI

Kallipyga massiliensis strain ph2(T) is the type strain of Kallipyga massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., the type species of the new genus Kallipyga within the family Clostridiales Incertae Sedis XI. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from the fecal flora of a 26-year-old woman suffering from morbid obesity. K. massiliensis is an obligate anaerobic coccus. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 1,770,679 bp long genome (1 chromosome but no plasmid) contains 1,575 protein-coding and 50 RNA genes, including 4 rRNA genes.

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Anaerococcus pacaensis sp. nov., a new species of anaerobic bacterium

Anaerococcus pacaensis strain 9403502(T), is the type strain of Anaerococcus pacaensis sp. nov., a new species within a new genus Anaerococcus. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from a blood sample. A. pacaensis strain 9403502(T) is an obligate anaerobic Gram-positive coccus. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 2.36 Mbp long genome exhibits a G+C content of 35.05% and contains 2,186 protein-coding and 72 RNA genes, including 3 rRNA genes.

Genome sequence and description of Timonella senegalensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the suborder Micrococcinae

Timonella senegalensis strain JC301(T) gen. nov., sp. nov. is the type strain of T. senegalensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new species within the newly proposed genus Timonella. This bacterial strain was isolated from the fecal flora of a healthy Senegalese patient. In this report, we detail the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. Timonella senegalensis strain JC301(T) exhibits the highest 16S rRNA similarity (95%) with Sanguibacter marinus, the closest validly published bacterial species. The genome of T. senegalensis strain JC301(T) is 3,010,102-bp long, with one chromosome and no plasmid. The genome contains 2,721 protein-coding genes and 72 RNA genes, including 5 rRNA genes. The genomic annotation revealed that T. senegalensis strain JC301(T) possesses the complete complement of enzymes necessary for the de novo biosynthesis of amino acids and vitamins (except for riboflavin and biotin), as well as the enzymes involved in the metabolism of various carbon sources, chaperone genes, and genes involved in the regulation of polyphosphate and glycogen levels.

Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Dielma fastidiosa gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the Family Erysipelotrichaceae

Dielma fastidiosa strain JC13(T) gen. nov., sp. nov. is the type strain of D. fastidiosa gen. nov., sp. nov., the type species of a new genus within the family Erysipelotrichaceae. This strain, whose draft genome is described here, was isolated from the fecal flora of a healthy 16-year-old male Senegalese volunteer. D. fastidiosa is a Gram-negative anaerobic rod. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 3,574,031 bp long genome comprises a 3,556,241-bp chromosome and a 17,790-bp plasmid. The chromosome contains 3,441 protein-coding and 50 RNA genes, including 3 rRNA genes, whereas the plasmid contains 17 protein-coding genes.

Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Enorma massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the Family Coriobacteriaceae

Enorma massiliensis strain phI(T) is the type strain of E. massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., the type species of a new genus within the family Coriobacteriaceae, Enorma gen. nov. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from the fecal flora of a 26-year-old woman suffering from morbid obesity. E. massiliensis strain phI(T) is a Gram-positive, obligately anaerobic bacillus. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 2,280,571 bp long genome (1 chromosome but no plasmid) exhibits a G+C content of 62.0% and contains 1,901 protein-coding and 51 RNA genes, including 3 rRNA genes.

Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Bacillus massiliosenegalensis sp. nov

Bacillus massiliosenegalensis strain JC6(T) sp. nov. is the type strain of Bacillus massiliosenegalensis sp. nov., a new species within the genus Bacillus. This strain was isolated from the fecal flora of a healthy Senegalese patient. B. massiliosenegalensis is an aerobic Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 4,981,278-bp long genome comprises a 4,957,301-bp chromosome and a 23,977-bp plasmid. The chromosome contains 4,925 protein-coding and 72 RNA genes, including 4 rRNA genes. The plasmid contains 29 protein-coding genes.

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Brevibacillus massiliensis sp. nov

Brevibacillus massiliensis strain phR(T) sp. nov. is the type strain of B. massiliensis sp. nov., a new species within the genus Brevibacillus. This strain was isolated from the fecal flora of a woman suffering from morbid obesity. B. massiliensis is a Gram-positive aerobic rod-shaped bacterium. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 5,051,018 bp long genome (1 chromosome but no plasmid) contains 5,051 protein-coding and 84 RNA genes, and exhibits a G+C content of 53.1%.