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Abstract
Despite decades of research on Alzheimer disease, understanding the complexity of the genetic and molecular interactions involved in its pathogenesis remains far from our grasp. Methyl-CpG Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2) is an important epigenetic regulator enriched in the brain, and recent findings have implicated MeCP2 as a crucial player in Alzheimer disease. Here, we provide comprehensive insights into the pathophysiological roles of MeCP2 in Alzheimer disease. In particular, we focus on how the alteration of MeCP2 expression can impact Alzheimer disease through risk genes, amyloid-β and tau pathology, cell death and neurodegeneration, and cellular senescence. We suggest that Alzheimer disease can be adversely affected by upregulated MeCP2-dependent repression of risk genes (MEF2C, ADAM10, and PM20D1), increased tau accumulation, and neurodegeneration through neuronal cell death (excitotoxicity and apoptosis). In addition, we propose that the progression of Alzheimer disease could be caused by reduced MeCP2-mediated enhancement of astrocytic and microglial senescence and consequent glial SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype)-dependent neuroinflammation. We surmise that any imbalance in MeCP2 function would accelerate or cause Alzheimer disease pathogenesis, implying that MeCP2 may be a potential drug target for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer disease.
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2
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Meakin PJ, Mezzapesa A, Benabou E, Haas ME, Bonardo B, Grino M, Brunel JM, Desbois-Mouthon C, Biddinger SB, Govers R, Ashford MLJ, Peiretti F. The beta secretase BACE1 regulates the expression of insulin receptor in the liver. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1306. [PMID: 29610518 PMCID: PMC5880807 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor (IR) plays a key role in the control of glucose homeostasis; however, the regulation of its cellular expression remains poorly understood. Here we show that the amount of biologically active IR is regulated by the cleavage of its ectodomain, by the β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), in a glucose concentration-dependent manner. In vivo studies demonstrate that BACE1 regulates the amount of IR and insulin signaling in the liver. During diabetes, BACE1-dependent cleavage of IR is increased and the amount of IR in the liver is reduced, whereas infusion of a BACE1 inhibitor partially restores liver IR. We suggest the potential use of BACE1 inhibitors to enhance insulin signaling during diabetes. Additionally, we show that plasma levels of cleaved IR reflect IR isoform A expression levels in liver tumors, which prompts us to propose that the measurement of circulating cleaved IR may assist hepatic cancer detection and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Meakin
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, DD19SY, UK
| | - Anna Mezzapesa
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Eva Benabou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Mary E Haas
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Michel Grino
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Brunel
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, CRCM, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Christèle Desbois-Mouthon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Sudha B Biddinger
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Roland Govers
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Michael L J Ashford
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, DD19SY, UK
| | - Franck Peiretti
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, 13385, Marseille, France.
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3
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Kaniowski D, Ebenryter-Olbińska K, Sobczak M, Wojtczak B, Janczak S, Leśnikowski ZJ, Nawrot B. High Boron-loaded DNA-Oligomers as Potential Boron Neutron Capture Therapy and Antisense Oligonucleotide Dual-Action Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091393. [PMID: 28832537 PMCID: PMC6151803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Boron cluster-modified therapeutic nucleic acids with improved properties are of interest in gene therapy and in cancer boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). High metallacarborane-loaded antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were synthesized through post-synthetic Cu (I)-assisted “click” conjugation of alkyne-modified DNA-oligonucleotides with a boron cluster alkyl azide component. The obtained oligomers exhibited increased lipophilicity compared to their non-modified precursors, while their binding affinity to complementary DNA and RNA strands was slightly decreased. Multiple metallacarborane residues present in the oligonucleotide chain, each containing 18 B-H groups, enabled the use of IR spectroscopy as a convenient analytical method for these oligomers based on the diagnostic B-H signal at 2400–2650 cm−1. The silencing activity of boron cluster-modified ASOs used at higher concentrations was similar to that of unmodified oligonucleotides. The screened ASOs, when used in low concentrations (up to 50 μM), exhibited pro-oxidative properties by inducing ROS production and an increase in mitochondrial activities in HeLa cells. In contrast, when used at higher concentrations, the ASOs exhibited anti-oxidative properties by lowering ROS species levels. In the HeLa cells (tested in the MTT assay) treated (without lipofectamine) or transfected with the screened compounds, the mitochondrial activity remained equal to the control level or only slightly changed (±30%). These findings may be useful in the design of dual-action boron cluster-modified therapeutic nucleic acids with combined antisense and anti-oxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Kaniowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Ebenryter-Olbińska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Milena Sobczak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Błażej Wojtczak
- Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, 106 Lodowa St., 92-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Janczak
- Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, 106 Lodowa St., 92-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew J Leśnikowski
- Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, 106 Lodowa St., 92-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Barbara Nawrot
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
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4
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Kwiatkowska A, Sobczak M, Mikolajczyk B, Janczak S, Olejniczak AB, Sochacki M, Lesnikowski ZJ, Nawrot B. siRNAs Modified with Boron Cluster and Their Physicochemical and Biological Characterization. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1017-26. [DOI: 10.1021/bc400059y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Slawomir Janczak
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology
and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 92-232
Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka B. Olejniczak
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology
and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 92-232
Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Zbigniew J. Lesnikowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology
and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 92-232
Lodz, Poland
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Hong Q, Yang L, Zhang M, Pan XQ, Guo M, Fei L, Tong ML, Chen RH, Guo XR, Chi X. Increased locomotor activity and non-selective attention and impaired learning ability in SD rats after lentiviral vector-mediated RNA interference of Homer 1a in the brain. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:90-102. [PMID: 23289010 PMCID: PMC3534882 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.4892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies found that Homer 1a, a scaffolding protein localized at the post-synaptic density (PSD) of glutamatergic excitatory synapses, is significantly down-regulated in the brain of spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR), an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Furthermore, a first-line treatment drug for ADHD, methylphenidate, can up-regulate the expression of Homer 1a. To investigate the possible role of Homer 1a in the etiology and pathogenesis of ADHD, a lentiviral vector containing miRNA specific for Homer 1a was constructed in this study. Intracerebroventricular injection of this vector into the brain of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats significantly decreased Homer 1a mRNA and protein expression levels. Compared to their negative controls, these rats displayed a range of abnormal behaviors, including increased locomotor activity and non-selective attention and impaired learning ability. Our results indicated that Homer 1a down-regulation results in deficits in control over behavioral output and learning similar to ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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6
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Yang X, Sierant M, Janicka M, Peczek L, Martinez C, Hassell T, Li N, Li X, Wang T, Nawrot B. Gene silencing activity of siRNA molecules containing phosphorodithioate substitutions. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1214-20. [PMID: 22512638 DOI: 10.1021/cb300078e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemically synthesized small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been widely used to identify gene function and hold great potential in providing a new class of therapeutics. Chemical modifications are desired for therapeutic applications to improve siRNA efficacy. Appropriately protected ribonucleoside-3'-yl S-[β-(benzoylmercapto)ethyl]pyrrolidino-thiophosphoramidite monomers were prepared for the synthesis of siRNA containing phosphorodithioate (PS2) substitutions in which the two non-bridging oxygen atoms are replaced by sulfur atoms. A series of siRNAs containing PS2 substitutions have been strategically designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their gene silencing activities. These PS2-siRNA duplexes exhibit an A-form helical structure similar to unmodified siRNA. The effect of PS2 substitutions on gene silencing activity is position-dependent, with certain PS2-siRNAs showing activity significantly higher than that of unmodified siRNA. The relative gene silencing activities of siRNAs containing either PS2 or phosphoromonothioate (PS) linkages at identical positions are variable and depend on the sites of modification. 5'-Phosphorylation of PS2-siRNAs has little or no effect on gene silencing activity. Incorporation of PS2 substitutions into siRNA duplexes increases their serum stability. These results offer preliminary evidence of the potential value of PS2-modified siRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbin Yang
- AM Biotechnologies LLC, 12521 Gulf Freeway, Houston, Texas 77034, United
States
| | - Malgorzata Sierant
- Department of Bioorganic
Chemistry,
Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Janicka
- Department of Bioorganic
Chemistry,
Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lukasz Peczek
- Department of Bioorganic
Chemistry,
Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Carlos Martinez
- Sigma Life Science, 9186 Six Pines, The Woodlands, Texas 77380, United States
| | - Tom Hassell
- Sigma Life Science, 9186 Six Pines, The Woodlands, Texas 77380, United States
| | - Na Li
- AM Biotechnologies LLC, 12521 Gulf Freeway, Houston, Texas 77034, United
States
| | - Xin Li
- AM Biotechnologies LLC, 12521 Gulf Freeway, Houston, Texas 77034, United
States
| | - Tianzhi Wang
- The Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Barbara Nawrot
- Department of Bioorganic
Chemistry,
Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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Sierant M, Paduszynska A, Kazmierczak-Baranska J, Nacmias B, Sorbi S, Bagnoli S, Sochacka E, Nawrot B. Specific Silencing of L392V PSEN1 Mutant Allele by RNA Interference. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:809218. [PMID: 21559198 PMCID: PMC3090069 DOI: 10.4061/2011/809218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) technology provides a powerful molecular tool to reduce an expression of selected genes in eukaryotic cells. Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are the effector molecules that trigger RNAi. Here, we describe siRNAs that discriminate between the wild type and mutant (1174 C→G) alleles of human Presenilin1 gene (PSEN1). This mutation, resulting in L392V PSEN1 variant, contributes to early onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Using the dual fluorescence assay, flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy we identified positions 8th–11th, within the central part of the antisense strand, as the most sensitive to mismatches. 2-Thiouridine chemical modification introduced at the 3′-end of the antisense strand improved the allele discrimination, but wobble base pairing adjacent to the mutation site abolished the siRNA activity. Our data indicate that siRNAs can be designed to discriminate between the wild type and mutant alleles of genes that differ by just a single nucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Sierant
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Lodz, Sienkiewicza 112, Poland
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