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Vidyadharani G, Vijaya Bhavadharani HK, Sathishnath P, Ramanathan S, Sariga P, Sandhya A, Subikshaa S, Sugumar S. Present and pioneer methods of early detection of food borne pathogens. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:2087-2107. [PMID: 35602455 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Food-borne pathogens are a severe threat to human illness and death world-wide. Researchers have reported more than 250 food-borne diseases. Most of these are infections caused by a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, and parasites. It has a significant economic impact also. Detection of pathogenic microbes is thus essential for food safety. Such identification techniques could meet the following parameters viz., the accuracy of detection techniques that are quick, efficient, economical, highly sensitive, specific, and non-labor intensive. The various available methods for detecting food pathogens are classified into different groups, each having its advantages and disadvantages. The conventional methods are usually the first choice of detection even though they are laborious. Modern techniques such as biosensors, immunological assays, and macromolecule-based (nucleic acid) methods are being developed and refined to overcome traditional methods' limitations. Early detection of pathogens and secure food safety at each stage of food processing to storage, utilizing improved methodologies are mandatory. This review summarizes the deadly food pathogens leading to significant outbreaks and discusses the importance of early detection methods and advanced detection methods in comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vidyadharani
- Department of Microbiology, Valliammal College for Women, Chennai, TamilNadu 600102 India
| | - H K Vijaya Bhavadharani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamilnadu 603203 India
| | - P Sathishnath
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamilnadu 603203 India
| | - Shruti Ramanathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamilnadu 603203 India
| | - P Sariga
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamilnadu 603203 India
| | - A Sandhya
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamilnadu 603203 India
| | - S Subikshaa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamilnadu 603203 India
| | - Shobana Sugumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamilnadu 603203 India
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Zdolec N, Kiš M, Jankuloski D, Blagoevska K, Kazazić S, Pavlak M, Blagojević B, Antić D, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Pažin V. Prevalence and Persistence of Multidrug-Resistant Yersinia enterocolitica 4/O:3 in Tonsils of Slaughter Pigs from Different Housing Systems in Croatia. Foods 2022; 11:1459. [PMID: 35627029 PMCID: PMC9140555 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is one of the priority biological hazards in pork inspection. Persistence of the pathogen, including strains resistant to antimicrobials, should be evaluated in pigs from different housing systems for risk ranking of farms. In this 2019 study, tonsils were collected from 234 pigs, of which 69 (29.5%) were fattened on 3 big integrated farms, 130 (55.5%) on 10 medium-sized farms, and 35 (15%) on 13 small family farms. In addition, 92 pork cuts and minced meat samples from the same farms were tested for the presence of Y. enterocolitica using the culture method. Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the isolates were compared with previously collected isolates from 2014. The overall prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in pig tonsils was 43% [95% CI 36.7−49.7]. In pigs from big integrated, medium-sized, and small family farms, the prevalence was 29%, 52%, and 40%, respectively. All retail samples of portioned and minced pork tested negative for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica, likely due to high hygienic standards in slaughterhouses/cutting meat or low sensitivity of culture methods in these matrices. The highest recovery rate of the pathogen from tonsils was found when alkali-treated PSB and CIN agar were combined. The biosecurity category of integrated and medium farms did not affect the differences in prevalence of Y. enterocolitica (p > 0.05), in contrast to family farms. Pathogenic ail-positive Y. enterocolitica biotype 4 serotype O:3 persisted in the tonsils of pigs regardless of the type of farm, slaughterhouse, and year of isolation 2014 and 2019. PFGE typing revealed the high genetic concordance (80.6 to 100%) of all the Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 isolates. A statistically significant higher prevalence of multidrug-resistant Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 isolates was detected in the tonsils of pigs from big integrated farms compared to the other farm types (p < 0.05), with predominant and increasing resistance to nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin. This study demonstrated multidrug resistance of the pathogen in pigs likely due to more antimicrobial pressure on big farms, with intriguing resistance to some clinically relevant antimicrobials used in the treatment of yersiniosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevijo Zdolec
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Marta Kiš
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Dean Jankuloski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Food Institute, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (D.J.); (K.B.)
| | - Katerina Blagoevska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Food Institute, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (D.J.); (K.B.)
| | | | - Marina Pavlak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Bojan Blagojević
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Dragan Antić
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, UK;
| | | | - Valerij Pažin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.P.); (V.P.)
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Leon-Velarde CG, Jun JW, Skurnik M. Yersinia Phages and Food Safety. Viruses 2019; 11:E1105. [PMID: 31795231 PMCID: PMC6950378 DOI: 10.3390/v11121105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the human- and animal-pathogenic species in genus Yersinia is Yersinia enterocolitica, a food-borne zoonotic pathogen that causes enteric infections, mesenteric lymphadenitis, and sometimes sequelae such as reactive arthritis and erythema nodosum. Y. enterocolitica is able to proliferate at 4 C, making it dangerous if contaminated food products are stored under refrigeration. The most common source of Y. enterocolitica is raw pork meat. Microbiological detection of the bacteria from food products is hampered by its slow growth rate as other bacteria overgrow it. Bacteriophages can be exploited in several ways to increase food safety with regards to contamination by Y. enterocolitica. For example, Yersinia phages could be useful in keeping the contamination of food products under control, or, alternatively, the specificity of the phages could be exploited in developing rapid and sensitive diagnostic tools for the identification of the bacteria in food products. In this review, we will discuss the present state of the research on these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G. Leon-Velarde
- Agriculture and Food Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1H 8J7, Canada;
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Department of Aquaculture, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea;
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 HY Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
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Hallanvuo S, Herranen M, Jaakkonen A, Nummela M, Ranta J, Botteldoorn N, De Zutter L, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Hertwig S, Johannessen GS, Ludewig M, Messelhäußer U, Sigvart-Mattila P, Thisted-Lambertz S, Thure T, Vatunen E. Validation of EN ISO method 10273 - Detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in foods. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 288:66-74. [PMID: 29395387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
EN ISO 10273 method for the detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in foods was validated in the project Mandate M/381 funded by European Commission. A total of 14 laboratories from five European countries participated in the interlaboratory study (ILS) organized during 2013 and 2014. Before the ILS, the method was revised by an international group of experts and the performance of the revised method was assessed in an ILS study. The results are published as a part of the standard EN ISO 10273 revision. The study included three rounds with different sample types; raw milk, iceberg lettuce and minced meat, inoculated with a low and high level of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains representing major pathogenic bioserotypes 4/O:3 and 2/O:9. The homogeneity and stability of the samples were verified before dispatching them to the laboratories. The results demonstrated the method sensitivity of 96% in raw milk, 97% in minced meat, and 98% in lettuce at high inoculation level of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. The specificity was 100% in raw milk, 96% in minced meat, and 98% in lettuce. The level of detection, LOD50, varied between study rounds, being 9.4 CFU/25 ml in raw milk, 9.9 CFU/25 g in minced meat and 63 CFU/25 g in lettuce samples. During the study, confirmation by using real-time PCR method ISO/TS 18867 together with pyrazinamidase testing was also validated, as alternative to conventional biochemical confirmation. When comparing different isolation steps used in the revised method during the study rounds, PSB enrichment and plating on CIN after alkaline (KOH) treatment showed the highest sensitivity (52-92%) in raw milk and minced meat samples. In lettuce samples, however, ITC with KOH treatment before plating on CIN showed higher sensitivity (64% at low level; 82% at high level) than plating on CIN from PSB with KOH treatment (44% at low level; 74% at high level). Statistical analysis of different isolation steps supported the use of two enrichment media, PSB and ITC, in the revised method. Recovery of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica on CIN was most efficient after KOH treatment and, based on the analysis, plating on CIN agar without KOH treatment could be left as optional procedure in the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saija Hallanvuo
- Food and Feed Microbiology Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Services Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mirkka Herranen
- Food and Feed Microbiology Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Services Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anniina Jaakkonen
- Food and Feed Microbiology Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Services Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Nummela
- Food and Feed Microbiology Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Services Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Ranta
- Risk Assessment Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Services Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nadine Botteldoorn
- Service food pathogens, Institute of Public health, Juliette Wijtsmans street 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Stefan Hertwig
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Martina Ludewig
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Messelhäußer
- Laboratory of food microbiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Pia Sigvart-Mattila
- Water Protection Association of the River Kokemäki, Patamäenkatu 24, 33900 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Tiina Thure
- Metropolilab Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Vatunen
- Finnish Customs Laboratory, Tekniikantie 13, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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Shoaib M, Shehzad A, Raza H, Niazi S, Khan IM, Akhtar W, Safdar W, Wang Z. A comprehensive review on the prevalence, pathogenesis and detection ofYersinia enterocolitica. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41010-41021. [PMID: 35540058 PMCID: PMC9076465 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06988g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Food safety is imperative for a healthy life, but pathogens are still posing a significant life threat. “Yersiniosis” is caused by a pathogen named Yersinia enterocolitica and is characterized by diarrheal, ileitis, and mesenteric lymphadenitis types of sicknesses. This neglected pathogen starts its pathogenic activity by colonizing inside the intestinal tract of the host upon the ingestion of contaminated food. Y. enterocolitica remains a challenge for researchers and food handlers due to its growth habits, low concentrations in samples, morphological similarities with other bacteria and lack of rapid, cost-effective, and accurate detection methods. In this review, we presented recent information about its prevalence, biology, pathogenesis, and existing cultural, immunological, and molecular detection approaches. Our ultimate goal is to provide updated knowledge regarding this pathogen for the development of quick, effective, automated, and sensitive detection methods for the systematic detection of Y. enterocolitica. Food safety is imperative for a healthy life, but pathogens are still posing a significant life threat.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shoaib
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition
| | - Aamir Shehzad
- UniLaSalle
- Transformations & Agroressources Research Unit
- France
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology
- FFNHS
| | - Husnain Raza
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology
| | - Sobia Niazi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology
| | - Imran Mahmood Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition
| | - Wasim Akhtar
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- People's Republic of China
| | - Waseem Safdar
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences
- The University of Lahore-Islamabad Campus
- Islamabad
- Pakistan
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition
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Morka K, Bystroń J, Bania J, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, Korzekwa K, Guz-Regner K, Bugla-Płoskońska G. Identification of Yersinia enterocolitica isolates from humans, pigs and wild boars by MALDI TOF MS. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:86. [PMID: 30119648 PMCID: PMC6098659 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yersinia enterocolitica is widespread within the humans, pigs and wild boars. The low isolation rate of Y. enterocolitica from food or environmental and clinical samples may be caused by limited sensitivity of culture methods. The main goal of present study was identification of presumptive Y. enterocolitica isolates using MALDI TOF MS. The identification of isolates may be difficult due to variability of bacterial strains in terms of biochemical characteristics. This work emphasizes the necessity of use of multiple methods for zoonotic Y. enterocolitica identification. RESULTS Identification of Y. enterocolitica isolates was based on MALDI TOF MS, and verified by VITEK® 2 Compact and PCR. There were no discrepancies in identification of all human' and pig' isolates using MALDI TOF MS and VITEK® 2 Compact. However three isolates from wild boars were not decisively confirmed as Y. enterocolitica. MALDI TOF MS has identified the wild boar' isolates designated as 3dz, 4dz, 8dz as Y. enterocolitica with a high score of matching with the reference spectra of MALDI Biotyper. In turn, VITEK® 2 Compact identified 3dz and 8dz as Y. kristensenii, and isolate 4dz as Y. enterocolitica. The PCR for Y. enterocolitica 16S rDNA for these three isolates was negative, but the 16S rDNA sequence analysis identified these isolates as Y. kristensenii (3dz, 4dz) and Y. pekkanenii (8dz). The wild boar' isolates 3dz, 4dz and 8dz could not be classified using biotyping. The main bioserotype present within pigs and human faeces was 4/O:3. It has been shown that Y. enterocolitica 1B/O:8 can be isolated from human faeces using ITC/CIN culturing. CONCLUSION The results of our study indicate wild boars as a reservoir of new and atypical strains of Yersinia, for which protein and biochemical profiles are not included in the MALDI Biotyper or VITEK® 2 Compact databases. Pigs in the south-west Poland are the reservoir for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains. Four biochemical features included in VITEK® 2 Compact known to be common with Wauters scheme were shown to produce incompatible results, thus VITEK® 2 Compact cannot be applied in biotyping of Y. enterocolitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Morka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Bystroń
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Bania
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Korzeniowska-Kowal
- Polish Collection of Microorganisms, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamila Korzekwa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Guz-Regner
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Gabriela Bugla-Płoskońska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
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A Decade of Development of Chromogenic Culture Media for Clinical Microbiology in an Era of Molecular Diagnostics. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:449-479. [PMID: 28122803 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00097-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 25 years, chromogenic culture media have found widespread application in diagnostic clinical microbiology. In the last decade, the range of media available to clinical laboratories has expanded greatly, allowing specific detection of additional pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, group B streptococci, Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica. New media have also been developed to screen for pathogens with acquired antimicrobial resistance, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp., and Enterobacteriaceae with extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases. This review seeks to explore the utility of chromogenic media in clinical microbiology, with particular attention given to media that have been commercialized in the last decade. The impact of laboratory automation and complementary technologies such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is also assessed. Finally, the review also seeks to demarcate the role of chromogenic media in an era of molecular diagnostics.
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Saraka D, Savin C, Kouassi S, Cissé B, Koffi E, Cabanel N, Brémont S, Faye-Kette H, Dosso M, Carniel E. Yersinia enterocolitica, a Neglected Cause of Human Enteric Infections in Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005216. [PMID: 28081123 PMCID: PMC5230755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteropathogenic Yersinia circulate in the pig reservoir and are the third bacterial cause of human gastrointestinal infections in Europe. In West Africa, reports of human yersiniosis are rare. This study was conducted to determine whether pathogenic Yersinia are circulating in pig farms and are responsible for human infections in the Abidjan District. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS From June 2012 to December 2013, pig feces were collected monthly in 41 swine farms of the Abidjan district. Of the 781 samples collected, 19 Yersinia strains were isolated in 3 farms: 7 non-pathogenic Yersinia intermedia and 12 pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica bioserotype 4/O:3. Farm animals other than pigs and wild animals were not found infected. Furthermore, 2 Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 strains were isolated from 426 fecal samples of patients with digestive disorders. All 14 Y. enterocolitica strains shared the same PFGE and MLVA profile, indicating their close genetic relationship. However, while 6 of them displayed the usual phage type VIII, the other 8 had the highly infrequent phage type XI. Whole genome sequencing and SNP analysis of individual colonies revealed that phage type XI strains had unusually high rates of mutations. These strains displayed a hypermutator phenotype that was attributable to a large deletion in the mutS gene involved in DNA mismatch repair. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates that pathogenic Y. enterocolitica circulate in the pig reservoir in Côte d'Ivoire and cause human infections with a prevalence comparable to that of many developed countries. The paucity of reports of yersiniosis in West Africa is most likely attributable to a lack of active detection rather than to an absence of the microorganism. The identification of hypermutator strains in pigs and humans is of concern as these strains can rapidly acquire selective advantages that may increase their fitness, pathogenicity or resistance to commonly used treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Saraka
- Environnement and Health department, Institut Pasteur, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Cyril Savin
- Yersinia Research Unit and National Reference Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Kouassi
- Environnement and Health department, Institut Pasteur, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Bakary Cissé
- Environnement and Health department, Institut Pasteur, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Eugène Koffi
- Environnement and Health department, Institut Pasteur, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Nicolas Cabanel
- Yersinia Research Unit and National Reference Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Brémont
- Yersinia Research Unit and National Reference Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hortense Faye-Kette
- Bacteriology and Virology department, Institut Pasteur, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Mireille Dosso
- Bacteriology and Virology department, Institut Pasteur, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Elisabeth Carniel
- Yersinia Research Unit and National Reference Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Petsios S, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Sakkas H, Papadopoulou C. Conventional and molecular methods used in the detection and subtyping of Yersinia enterocolitica in food. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 237:55-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yersinia enterocolitica Isolates from Wild Boars Hunted in Lower Saxony, Germany. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4835-40. [PMID: 25956779 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00550-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersiniosis is strongly associated with the consumption of pork contaminated with enteropathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica, which is harbored by domestic pigs without showing clinical signs of disease. In contrast to data on Y. enterocolitica isolated from conventionally reared swine, investigations into the occurrence of Y. enterocolitica in wild boars in Germany are rare. The objectives of the study were to get knowledge about these bacteria and their occurrence in wild boars hunted in northern Germany by isolation of the bacteria from the tonsils, identification of the bioserotypes, determination of selected virulence factors, macrorestriction analysis, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and testing of antimicrobial susceptibility. Altogether, tonsils from 17.1% of 111 tested wild boars were positive for Y. enterocolitica by culture methods. All but two isolates belonged to biotype (BT) 1A, with the majority of isolates bearing a ystB nucleotide sequence which was revealed to have 85% identity to internal regions of Y. enterocolitica heat-stable enterotoxin type B genes. The remaining Y. enterocolitica isolates were identified to be BT 1B and did not carry the virulence plasmid. However, two BT 1A isolates carried the ail gene. Macrorestriction analysis and results from MLST showed a high degree of genetic diversity of the isolates, although the region where the samples were taken was restricted to Lower Saxony, Germany, and wild boars were shot during one hunting season. In conclusion, most Y. enterocolitica isolates from wild boars investigated in this study belonged to biotype 1A. Enteropathogenic Y. enterocolitica bioserotypes 4/O:3 and 2/O:9, usually harbored by commercially raised pigs in Europe, could not be identified.
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Bozcal E, Uzel A, Aydemir S, Skurnik M. Isolation of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains from different sources in Izmir region, Turkey. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 60:523-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gupta V, Gulati P, Bhagat N, Dhar MS, Virdi JS. Detection of Yersinia enterocolitica in food: an overview. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 34:641-50. [PMID: 25410144 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a gastrointestinal pathogen which causes yersiniosis, an illness characterized by diarrhea, ileitis, and mesenteric lymphadenitis. Y. enterocolitica is transmitted via the feco-oral route by the consumption of contaminated food or water. Several phenotypic and genotypic methods have been developed to reliably detect Y. enterocolitica in food. However, the source of infection of many recently reported foodborne outbreaks remains obscure. The detection of this pathogen in food is a challenging task, since it shares similarities with other enteric bacteria. The presence of other microorganisms in the food samples makes it even more difficult to identify this slow-growing pathogen. Therefore, the present-day emphasis is on the development of sensitive, easily automated methods suitable for in-situ detection, allowing quick and cost-effective characterization of food samples. This review summarizes and compares the currently available cultural, immunological, and molecular methods, particularly in relation to their specific merits or demerits when implemented for the detection of Y. enterocolitica in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gupta
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Tan LK, Ooi PT, Carniel E, Thong KL. Evaluation of a modified Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin agar for isolation of Yersinia spp. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106329. [PMID: 25170941 PMCID: PMC4149559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are important food borne pathogens. However, the presence of competitive microbiota makes the isolation of Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis from naturally contaminated foods difficult. We attempted to evaluate the performance of a modified Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin (CIN) agar in the differentiation of Y. enterocolitica from non-Yersinia species, particularly the natural intestinal microbiota. The modified CIN enabled the growth of Y. enterocolitica colonies with the same efficiency as CIN and Luria-Bertani agar. The detection limits of the modified CIN for Y. enterocolitica in culture medium (10 cfu/ml) and in artificially contaminated pork (10(4) cfu/ml) were also comparable to those of CIN. However, the modified CIN provided a better discrimination of Yersinia colonies from other bacteria exhibiting Yersinia-like colonies on CIN (H2S-producing Citrobacter freundii, C. braakii, Enterobacter cloacae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Providencia rettgeri, and Morganella morganii). The modified CIN exhibited a higher recovery rate of Y. enterocolitica from artificially prepared bacterial cultures and naturally contaminated samples compared with CIN. Our results thus demonstrated that the use of modified CIN may be a valuable means to increase the recovery rate of food borne Yersinia from natural samples, which are usually contaminated by multiple types of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Kuan Tan
- Microbiology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Elisabeth Carniel
- Yersinia Research Unit, National Reference Laboratory and WHO Collaborating Centre for Yersinia, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Kwai Lin Thong
- Microbiology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Momtaz H, Davood Rahimian M, Safarpoor Dehkordi F. Identification and characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from raw chicken meat based on molecular and biological techniques. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Savin C, Leclercq A, Carniel E. Evaluation of a single procedure allowing the isolation of enteropathogenic Yersinia along with other bacterial enteropathogens from human stools. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41176. [PMID: 22911756 PMCID: PMC3401097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Yersinia are among the most frequent agents of human diarrhea in temperate and cold countries. However, the incidence of yersiniosis is largely underestimated because of the peculiar growth characteristics of pathogenic Yersinia, which make their isolation from poly-contaminated samples difficult. The use of specific procedures for Yersinia isolation is required, but is expensive and time consuming, and therefore is not systematically performed in clinical pathology laboratories. A means to circumvent this problem would be to use a single procedure for the isolation of all bacterial enteropathogens. Since the Statens Serum Institut enteric medium (SSI) has been reported to allow the growth at 37°C of most gram-negative bacteria, including Yersinia, our study aimed at evaluating its performances for Yersinia isolation, as compared to the commonly used Yersinia-specific semi-selective Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin medium (CIN) incubated at 28°C. Our results show that Yersinia pseudotuberculosis growth was strongly inhibited on SSI at 37°C, and therefore that this medium is not suitable for the isolation of this species. All Yersinia enterocolitica strains tested grew on SSI, while some non-pathogenic Yersinia species were inhibited. The morphology of Y. enterocolitica colonies on SSI allowed their differentiation from various other gram-negative bacteria commonly isolated from stool samples. However, in artificially contaminated human stools, the recovery of Y. enterocolitica colonies on SSI at 37°C was difficult and was 3 logs less sensitive than on CIN at 28°C. Therefore, despite its limitations, the use of a specific procedure (CIN incubated at 28°C) is still required for an efficient isolation of enteropathogenic Yersinia from stools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Savin
- Yersinia Research Unit and National Reference Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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