1
|
Sharma N, Agarwal A, Bijoy A, Pandit S, Sharma RK. Lignocellulolytic extremozymes and their biotechnological applications. Extremophiles 2023; 28:2. [PMID: 37950773 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-023-01314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulolytic enzymes are used in different industrial and environmental processes. The rigorous operating circumstances of these industries, however, might prevent these enzymes from performing as intended. On the other side, extremozymes are enzymes produced by extremophiles that can function in extremely acidic or basic; hot or cold; under high or low salinity conditions. These severe conditions might denature the normal enzymes that are produced by mesophilic microorganisms. The increased stability of these enzymes has been contributed to a number of conformational modifications in their structures. These modifications may result from a few amino acid substitutions, an improved hydrophobic core, the existence of extra ion pairs and salt bridges, an increase in compactness, or an increase in positively charged amino acids. These enzymes are the best option for industrial and bioremediation activities that must be carried out under difficult conditions due to their improved stability. The review, therefore, discusses lignocellulolytic extremozymes, their structure and mechanisms along with industrial and biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aditi Agarwal
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ananya Bijoy
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sunidhi Pandit
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Effect of prebiotics administered during embryo development on mitochondria in intestinal and immune tissues of adult broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102663. [PMID: 37030257 PMCID: PMC10105484 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles that are the place of many metabolic processes and thus have a significant impact on the proper functioning of the organism. These organelles respond easily to environmental stimuli and cellular energy demands. To ensure the proper functioning of mitochondria, a high supply of specific nutrients is needed. Literature reports suggest that a favorable profile of the intestinal microbiota may improve the functioning of the mitochondria. The gut microbiota transmits a signal to the mitochondria of the mucosa cells. This signaling alters mitochondrial metabolism, activates cells of the immune system, and alters intestinal epithelial barrier functions. The aim of the study is to determine the relative number of mtDNA copies and to analyze the mitochondrial expression of genes related to respiratory chain proteins and energy metabolism in the intestinal mucosa and cecal tonsils of broiler chickens injected on the d 12 of egg incubation with various prebiotics. 300 incubated eggs of Ross 308 broiler chicken on d 12 of incubation were injected with: control group with physiological saline, prebiotics: XOS3, XOS4, MOS3, and MOS4. On d 42 after hatching, 8 individuals from each group were sacrificed. Cecal mucosa and cecal tonsils were collected postmortem for DNA and RNA isolation. Relative mitochondrial DNA copy number analysis was performed by qPCR method using 2 calculation methods. Gene expression analysis of the cecal tonsils and cecal mucosa was performed by RT-qPCR for the gene panel selected based on literature data and gene functions related to mitochondria: CS, EPX (MPO), CYCS, TFAM, NRF1, ND2, MnSOD (SOD2). As the results showed the overall mt DNA copy number is stable in both tissues. The significant change in gene expression in cecal mucosa was induced by XOS4 and MOS3. Both prebiotics caused upregulation of gene expression. In cecal tonsils all prebiotics caused downregulation of entire set of genes under the analysis. Statistically significant results of gene expression were detected for CYCS, ND2, NRF, TFAM for all experimental groups.
Collapse
|
3
|
Purification and Structural Characterization of the Auxiliary Activity 9 Native Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase from Thermoascus aurantiacus and Identification of Its C1- and C4-Oxidized Reaction Products. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxiliary activity 9 (AA9) lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-dependent oxidoreductases that use O2 or H2O2 to perform oxidative cleavage of cellulose in the presence of an electron donor. Combined with cellulases, they can assist in a more efficient cleavage of cellulose. AA9 LPMOs have therefore attracted considerable attention in recent years for use in biotechnological applications. Here, a native AA9 LPMO (nTaAA9A) from the thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus was purified and characterized. The enzyme was shown to be active and able to cleave cellulose and xylan to produce C1- and C4-oxidized products. It was also found to retain about 84.3, 63.7, and 35.3% of its activity after incubation for 30 min at 60, 70, and 80 °C, respectively, using quantitative activity determination. The structure was determined to 1.36 Å resolution and compared with that of the recombinant enzyme expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. Structural differences in the glycosylated Asn138 and in solvent-exposed loops were identified.
Collapse
|
4
|
Heng ZSL, Yeo JY, Koh DWS, Gan SKE, Ling WL. Augmenting recombinant antibody production in HEK293E cells: Optimising transfection and culture parameters. Antib Ther 2022; 5:30-41. [PMID: 35146331 PMCID: PMC8825235 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Optimising recombinant antibody production is important for cost-effective therapeutics and diagnostics. With impact on commercialisation, higher productivity beyond laboratory scales is highly sought, where efficient production can also accelerate antibody characterisations and investigations.
Methods
Investigating HEK293E cells for mammalian antibody production, various transfection and culture parameters were systematically analysed for antibody light chain production before evaluating them for whole antibody production. Transfection parameters investigated include seeding cell density, the concentration of the transfection reagent and DNA, complexation time, temperature, and volume, as well as culture parameters such as medium replacement, serum deprivation, use of cell maintenance antibiotic, incubation temperature, medium volume, post-transfection harvest day and common nutrient supplements.
Results
Using 2 mL adherent HEK293E cell culture transfections with 25 kDa linear Polyethylenimine in the most optimised parameters, we demonstrated a ~ 2-fold production increase for light chain alone and for whole antibody production reaching 536 and 49 μg respectively in a cost-effective manner. With the addition of peptone, κ light chain increased by ~ 4-fold to 1032 μg while whole antibody increased to a lesser extent by ~ 2.5-fold to 51 μg, with benefits potentially for antibodies limited by their light chains in production.
Conclusions
Our optimised findings show promise for a more efficient and convenient antibody production method through transfection and culture optimisations that can be incorporated to scale up processes and with potential transferability to other mammalian-based recombinant protein production using HEK293E cells.
Statement of Significance
Recombinant antibody production is crucial for antibody research and development. Systematically investigating transfection and culture parameters such as PEI/DNA concentrations, complexation time, volume, and temperature, supplements, etc., we demonstrated a ~ 4-fold light chain alone production increase to 1032 μg and a 2.5-fold whole antibody production increase to 51 μg from 2 mL transfections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zealyn Shi-Lin Heng
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Joshua Yi Yeo
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Darius Wen-Shuo Koh
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
- APD SKEG Pte Ltd., Singapore 439444, Singapore
- James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore
| | - Wei-Li Ling
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thermostable cellulose saccharifying microbial enzymes: Characteristics, recent advances and biotechnological applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:226-244. [PMID: 34371052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellulases play a promising role in the bioconversion of renewable lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars which are subsequently fermented to biofuels and other value-added chemicals. Besides biofuel industries, they are also in huge demand in textile, detergent, and paper and pulp industries. Low titres of cellulase production and processing are the main issues that contribute to high enzyme cost. The success of ethanol-based biorefinery depends on high production titres and the catalytic efficiency of cellulases functional at elevated temperatures with acid/alkali tolerance and the low cost. In view of their wider application in various industrial processes, stable cellulases that are active at elevated temperatures in the acidic-alkaline pH ranges, and organic solvents and salt tolerance would be useful. This review provides a recent update on the advances made in thermostable cellulases. Developments in their sources, characteristics and mechanisms are updated. Various methods such as rational design, directed evolution, synthetic & system biology and immobilization techniques adopted in evolving cellulases with ameliorated thermostability and characteristics are also discussed. The wide range of applications of thermostable cellulases in various industrial sectors is described.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gao J, Li Q, Li D. Novel Proteome and N-Glycoproteome of the Thermophilic Fungus Chaetomium thermophilum in Response to High Temperature. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:644984. [PMID: 34163440 PMCID: PMC8216556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.644984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic fungi are eukaryotic species that grow at high temperatures, but little is known about the underlying basis of thermophily at cell and molecular levels. Here the proteome and N-glycoproteome of Chaetomium thermophilum at varying culture temperatures (30, 50, and 55°C) were studied using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography enrichment and high-resolution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy analysis. With respect to the proteome, the numbers of differentially expressed proteins were 1,274, 1,374, and 1,063 in T50/T30, T55/T30, and T55/T50, respectively. The upregulated proteins were involved in biological processes, such as protein folding and carbohydrate metabolism. Most downregulated proteins were involved in molecular functions, including structural constituents of the ribosome and other protein complexes. For the N-glycoproteome, the numbers of differentially expressed N-glycoproteins were 160, 176, and 128 in T50/T30, T55/T30, and T55/T50, respectively. The differential glycoproteins were mainly involved in various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, mRNA surveillance pathway, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. These results indicated that an efficient protein homeostasis pathway plays an essential role in the thermophily of C. thermophilum, and N-glycosylation is involved by affecting related proteins. This is the novel study to reveal thermophilic fungi’s physiological response to high-temperature adaptation using omics analysis, facilitating the exploration of the thermophily mechanism of thermophilic fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Gao
- Department of Mycology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Qingchao Li
- Department of Mycology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Duochuan Li
- Department of Mycology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Njoroge TM, Calla B, Berenbaum MR, Stone CM. Specific phytochemicals in floral nectar up-regulate genes involved in longevity regulation and xenobiotic metabolism, extending mosquito life span. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8363-8380. [PMID: 34188892 PMCID: PMC8216986 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During nectar feeding, mosquitoes ingest a plethora of phytochemicals present in nectar. The ecological and physiological impacts of these ingested phytochemicals on the disease vectors are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the effects of three nectar phytochemicals-- caffeine, p-coumaric acid, and quercetin--on longevity, fecundity, and sugar-feeding behavior of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus). Adult females of Ae. albopictus were provided continuous access to 10% sucrose supplemented with one of the three phytochemicals and their fecundity, longevity, and the amount of sucrose consumed determined. Transcriptome response of Ae. albopictus females to p-coumaric acid and quercetin was also evaluated. Dietary quercetin and p-coumaric acid enhanced the longevity of female Ae. albopictus, while caffeine resulted in reduced sugar consumption and enhanced fecundity of gravid females. RNA-seq analyses identified 237 genes that were differentially expressed (DE) in mosquitoes consuming p-coumaric acid or quercetin relative to mosquitoes consuming an unamended sucrose solution diet. Among the DE genes, several encoding antioxidant enzymes, cytochrome P450s, and heat shock proteins were upregulated, whereas histones were downregulated. Overall, our findings show that consuming certain nectar phytochemicals can enhance adult longevity of female Asian tiger mosquitoes, apparently by differentially regulating the expression level of genes involved in longevity and xenobiotic metabolism; this has potential impacts not only on life span but also on vectorial capacity and insecticide resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresia M. Njoroge
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| | - Bernarda Calla
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| | - May R. Berenbaum
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| | - Christopher M. Stone
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
- Illinois Natural History SurveyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignILUSA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Purification and characterization of novel, thermostable and non-processive GH5 family endoglucanase from Fomitopsis meliae CFA 2. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1161-1169. [PMID: 33892036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Endoglucanases from glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH5) are the key enzymes in degradation of diverse plant polysaccharides. Present study reports purification, characterization and partial sequencing of novel thermostable GH5 family endoglucanase from a newly isolated brown rot fungi Fomitopsis meliae CFA 2. Endoglucanase was purified 34.18 fold with a specific activity of 302.90 U/mg. The molecular weight of the endoglucanase was 37.87 kDa as determined by SDS PAGE. LC MS/MS analysis identified the protein to be a member of GH5_5 family. The temperature and pH optima for endoglucanase activity were 70 °C and 4.8, respectively. The enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of carboxymethyl-cellulose with a Km of 12.0 mg/ml, Vmax of 556.58 μmol/min/mg and Kcat of 129.41/sec. The enzyme was stimulated by Zn+2 and K+ metal ions and DTT. Half-life (t1/2) for endoglucanase was found to be 11.36 h with decimal reduction time (D) of 37.75 h at 70 °C. The activation energy for endoglucanase was found to be 30.76 kJ/mol (50 °C-70 °C). Looking at the results, the endoglucanase from Fomitopsis meliae CFA 2 seems to be a promising thermostable enzyme which may be applicable in applications like biomass hydrolysis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Shi Z, Han C, Zhang X, Tian L, Wang L. Novel Synergistic Mechanism for Lignocellulose Degradation by a Thermophilic Filamentous Fungus and a Thermophilic Actinobacterium Based on Functional Proteomics. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:539438. [PMID: 33042052 PMCID: PMC7518101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.539438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective artificial microbial consortia containing microorganisms with desired biological functions have the potential to optimize the lignocellulose-based bioindustry. Thermobifida fusca was a dominant actinobacterium in high-temperature corn stalk composts, but it was unable to grow alone in corn stalk solid medium. Interestingly, T. fusca showed good growth and secreted enzymes when cocultured with Thermomyces lanuginosus. T. lanuginosus grew firstly during the initial stage, whereas T. fusca dominated the system subsequently during cocultivation. The secretome indicated that T. lanuginosus mainly degraded xylan by expressing a GH11 xylanase (g4601.t1, GenBank AAB94633.1; with relative secretion of 4.95 ± 0.65%). T. fusca was induced by xylan mainly to secrete a xylanase from GH11 family (W8GGR4, GenBank AHK22788.1; with relative secretion of 8.71 ± 3.83%) which could rapidly degrade xylan to xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) and xylose within 2 min, while high concentrations (>0.5%, w/v) of XOS or xylose suppressed the growth of T. fusca; which may be the reason why T. fusca unable to grow alone in corn stalk solid medium. However, T. lanuginosus could utilize the XOS and xylose produced by xylanases secreted by T. fusca. During the synergistic degradation of lignocellulose by T. lanuginosus and T. fusca, xylan was rapidly consumed by T. lanuginosus, the residual cellulose could specifically induced T. fusca to express a GH10 xylanase with a CBM2 domain (Q47KR6, GenBank AAZ56956.1; with relative secretion of 5.03 ± 1.33%) and 6 cellulases (2 exocellulases and 4 endocellulases). Moreover, T. lanuginosus increased the secretion of cellulases from T. fusca by 19-25%. The order of T. lanuginosus and T. fusca was consistent with the multilayered structures of lignocellulose and could be regulated by different concentrations of XOS and xylose. The novel synergism of T. lanuginosus and T. fusca gave a new sight for revealing more synergetic relationships in natural environments and exploring efficient microbial inoculants and enzyme cocktails for lignocellulose degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zelu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bombassaro A, Schneider GX, Costa FF, Leão ACR, Soley BS, Medeiros F, da Silva NM, Lima BJFS, Castro RJA, Bocca AL, Baura VA, Balsanelli E, Pankievicz VCS, Hrysay NMC, Scola RH, Moreno LF, Azevedo CMPS, Souza EM, Gomes RR, de Hoog S, Vicente VA. Genomics and Virulence of Fonsecaea pugnacius, Agent of Disseminated Chromoblastomycosis. Front Genet 2020; 11:822. [PMID: 32849816 PMCID: PMC7417343 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among agents of chromoblastomycosis, Fonsecaea pugnacius presents a unique type of infection because of its secondary neurotropic dissemination from a chronic cutaneous case in an immunocompetent patient. Neurotropism occurs with remarkable frequency in the fungal family Herpotrichiellaceae, possibly associated with the ability of some species to metabolize aromatic hydrocarbons. In an attempt to understand this new disease pattern, were conducted genomic analysis of Fonsecaea pugnacius (CBS 139214) performed with de novo assembly, gene prediction, annotation and mitochondrial genome assembly, supplemented with animal infection models performed with Tenebrio molitor in Mus musculus lineages BALB/c and C57BL/6. The genome draft of 34.8 Mb was assembled with a total of 12,217 protein-coding genes. Several proteins, enzymes and metabolic pathways related to extremotolerance and virulence were recognized. The enzyme profiles of black fungi involved in chromoblastomycosis and brain infection were analyzed with the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZY) and peptidases database (MEROPS). The capacity of the fungus to survive inside Tenebrio molitor animal model was confirmed by histopathological analysis and by presence of melanin and hyphae in host tissue. Although F. pugnacius was isolated from brain in a murine model following intraperitoneal infection, cytokine levels were not statistically significant, indicating a profile of an opportunistic agent. A dual ecological ability can be concluded from presence of metabolic pathways for nutrient scavenging and extremotolerance, combined with a capacity to infect human hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Bombassaro
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Gabriela X Schneider
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Flávia F Costa
- Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Aniele C R Leão
- Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Bruna S Soley
- Pharmacology Post-graduation Program, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Medeiros
- Graduation in Biology Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Nickolas M da Silva
- Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Bruna J F S Lima
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Anamélia L Bocca
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Valter A Baura
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Balsanelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Nyvia M C Hrysay
- Service of Neuromuscular and Demyelinating Diseases, Complex Histochemistry-Immunity Laboratory, Hospital of Clinics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Rosana H Scola
- Service of Neuromuscular and Demyelinating Diseases, Complex Histochemistry-Immunity Laboratory, Hospital of Clinics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Leandro F Moreno
- Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Emanuel M Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Renata R Gomes
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Vânia A Vicente
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Massarente VS, de Araujo Zanoni J, Gomes E, Bonilla-Rodriguez GO. Biochemical characterization of endoglucanases produced by Myceliophthora thermophila M.7.7 in solid-state culture. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
12
|
Kassim A, Halmi MIE, Gani SSA, Zaidan UH, Othman R, Mahmud K, Shukor MYA. Bioluminescent method for the rapid screening of toxic heayy metals in environmental samples using Photobacterium leiognathi strain AK-MIE. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 196:110527. [PMID: 32278138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of eco-toxicant using bioluminescent bacterial assay is a widely used and globally accepted method. In this work, a new luminescent bacterium was isolated from squid (Loligo duvauceli) and identified as Photobacterium leiognathi strain AK-MIE using 16S rRNA, phylogeny analysis. The predicted optimum conditions by RSM were 2.76% (w/v) NaCl, 2.28% (w/v) peptone, 0.34% (w/v) yeast extract, and pH 6.83 with 541,211.80 RLU of luminescent production whereas the predicted optimum conditions by ANN were 2.21% (w/v) NaCl, 2.27% (w/v) peptone, 0.39% (w/v) yeast extract, and pH 6.94 which produced 541,986.20 RLU. The validation analysis of both RSM and ANN show 0.60% and 0.69% deviation from the predicted results indicating that both models provided good quality predictions with ANN showing a superior data fitting capability for non-linear regression analysis. Toxicity tests show strain AK-MIE was sensitive to mercury (concentration causing 50% inhibition or IC50 of 0.00978 mgL-1), followed by cadmium (IC50 of 0.5288 mgL-1), copper IC50 of (0.8117 mgL-1), silver (IC50 of 1.109 mgL-1), and lead (IC50 of 10.71 mgL-1) which are more sensitive than previously isolated luminescent bacteria, suggesting that strain AK-MIE has the potential to be used in toxicity assessment of heavy metals in the environment. Based on the field trial results, several sediment samples from industrial areas in Bangi, Selangor managed to inhibit the bioluminescence of strain AK-MIE. Validation method carried out using ICP-MS proved the presence of several toxic heavy metal elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adibah Kassim
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Salwa Abd Gani
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Radziah Othman
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Khairil Mahmud
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Yunus Abd Shukor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang XY, Zhang JX, Ding QY, He ZC, Zhu CY, Zhang KQ, Niu XM. Metabolites from Two Dominant Thermophilic Fungal Species Thermomyces lanuginosus and Scytalidium thermophilum. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000137. [PMID: 32207881 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Thermomyces lanuginosus and Scytalidium thermophilum are among the most ubiquitous thermophilic fungi in compost and soil. Chemical study on these two prevalent strains collected from Yunnan led to isolation of 23 metabolites, including one new metabolite, therlanubutanolide, and 15 known compounds, isolated from the YGP culture broth of Thermomyces lanuginosus and 7 known compounds isolated from Scytalidium thermophilum, respectively. Therlanubutanolide shared the quite similar features of the same carbon skeleton and saturation as natural hexadecanoic acids. This was the first reported discovery of such a lactone as natural occurring metabolite. All the compounds were reported for the first time from thermophilic fungi. Among them, N-[(2S,3R,4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxy-9-methyloctadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]acetamide was for the first time reported to be a naturally occurring metabolite and its NMR data was first provided in this study. A type of PKS-derived metabolites, three 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-ones, which were widely found in plant pathogenic fungi as phytotoxins and reported to have antimicrobial activity, were obtained from both dominant thermophilic fungi. The frequent occurrence of such PKS phytotoxins in these two thermophilic fungi might suggest particular ecological interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Yan Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Cong He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Mei Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abdel-Azeem AM, El-Mansy SA, Abo Nahas HAH, Mousa MK, Gandal HE, Hamdy SE, El-Ansary MM, Abdel-Azeem MA. Thermophilic Chaetomium in Biotechnology. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31612-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
15
|
Gu Y, Zheng F, Wang Y, Su X, Bai Y, Yao B, Huang H, Luo H. Characterization of two thermophilic cellulases from Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802 and their synergistic action on cellulose hydrolysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224803. [PMID: 31730665 PMCID: PMC6857856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802 is a great producer of thermophilic glycoside hydrolases (GHs). In this study, two cellulases (TlCel5A and TlCel6A) belonging to GH5 and GH6 respectively were expressed in Pichia pastoris and functionally characterized. The enzymes had acidic and thermophilic properties, showing optimal activities at pH 3.5–4.5 and 75–80°C, and retained stable at temperatures up to 60°C and over a broad pH range of 2.0−8.0. TlCel5A and TlCel6A acted against several cellulose substrates with varied activities (3,101.1 vs. 92.9 U/mg to barley β-glucan, 3,905.6 U/mg vs. 109.0 U/mg to lichenan, and 840.3 and 0.09 U/mg to CMC-Na). When using Avicel, phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC) or steam-exploded corn straw (SECS) as the substrate, combination of TlCel5A and TlCel6A showed significant synergistic action, releasing more reduced sugars (1.08–2.87 mM) than the individual enzymes. These two cellulases may represent potential enzyme additives for the efficient biomass conversion and bioethanol production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingguo Bai
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HL); (HH)
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HL); (HH)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Alokika, Singh B. Production, characteristics, and biotechnological applications of microbial xylanases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8763-8784. [PMID: 31641815 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Microbial xylanases have gathered great attention due to their biotechnological potential at industrial scale for many processes. A variety of lignocellulosic materials, such as sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, rice bran, wheat straw, wheat bran, corn cob, and ragi bran, are used for xylanase production which also solved the great issue of solid waste management. Both solid-state and submerged fermentation have been used for xylanase production controlled by various physical and nutritional parameters. Majority of xylanases have optimum pH in the range of 4.0-9.0 with optimum temperature at 30-60 °C. For biochemical, molecular studies and also for successful application in industries, purification and characterization of xylanase have been carried out using various appropriate techniques. Cloning and genetic engineering are used for commercial-level production of xylanase, to meet specific economic viability and industrial needs. Microbial xylanases are used in various biotechnological applications like biofuel production, pulp and paper industry, baking and brewing industry, food and feed industry, and deinking of waste paper. This review describes production, characteristics, and biotechnological applications of microbial xylanases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alokika
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Bijender Singh
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India. .,Department of Biotechnology, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Life Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, Haryana, 123031, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sandona K, Billingsley Tobias TL, Hutchinson MI, Natvig DO, Porras-Alfaro A. Diversity of thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi in corn grain. Mycologia 2019; 111:719-729. [PMID: 31348716 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1631137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Corn bins in the midwestern United States can reach temperatures up to 52 C. High temperatures combined with sufficient moisture and humidity in bins provide the perfect environment to promote the growth of thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi. In this article, we characterize for the first time thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi in corn grain bins using culture-based methods and pyrosequencing techniques. Corn samples were collected from local farms in western Illinois. Samples were plated and incubated at 50 C using a variety of approaches. Of several hundred kernels examined, more than 90% showed colonization. Species identified using culture methods included Thermomyces lanuginosus, Thermomyces dupontii, Aspergillus fumigatus, Thermoascus crustaceus, and Rhizomucor pusillus. Pyrosequencing was also performed directly on corn grain using fungal-specific primers to determine whether thermophilic fungi could be detected using this technique. Sequences were dominated by pathogenic fungi, and thermophiles were represented by less than 2% of the sequences despite being isolated from 90% of the grain samples using culturing techniques. The high abundance of previously undocumented viable fungi in corn could have negative implications for grain quality and pose a potential risk for workers and consumers of corn-derived products in the food industry. Members of the Sordariales were absent among thermophile isolates and were not represented in nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. This is in striking contrast with results obtained with other substrates such as litter, dung, and soils, where mesophilic and thermophilic members of the Sordariaceae and Chaetomiaceae are common. This absence appears to reflect an important difference between the ecology of Sordariales and other orders within the Ascomycota in terms of their ability to compete in microhabitats rich in sugars and living tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Sandona
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University , 1 University Circle, Macomb , Illinois 61455
| | - Terri L Billingsley Tobias
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University , 1 University Circle, Macomb , Illinois 61455
| | - Miriam I Hutchinson
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico , 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131
| | - Donald O Natvig
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico , 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131
| | - Andrea Porras-Alfaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University , 1 University Circle, Macomb , Illinois 61455.,Department of Biology, University of New Mexico , 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Champreda V, Mhuantong W, Lekakarn H, Bunterngsook B, Kanokratana P, Zhao XQ, Zhang F, Inoue H, Fujii T, Eurwilaichitr L. Designing cellulolytic enzyme systems for biorefinery: From nature to application. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:637-654. [PMID: 31204199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cellulolytic enzymes play a key role on conversion of lignocellulosic plant biomass to biofuels and biochemicals in sugar platform biorefineries. In this review, we survey composite carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) among groups of cellulolytic fungi and bacteria that exist under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Recent advances in designing effective cellulase mixtures are described, starting from the most complex microbial consortium-based enzyme preparations, to single-origin enzymes derived from intensively studied cellulase producers such as Trichoderma reesei, Talaromyces cellulolyticus, and Penicellium funiculosum, and the simplest minimal enzyme systems comprising selected sets of mono-component enzymes tailor-made for specific lignocellulosic substrates. We provide a comprehensive update on studies in developing high-performance cellulases for biorefineries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verawat Champreda
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Wuttichai Mhuantong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Hataikarn Lekakarn
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Benjarat Bunterngsook
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pattanop Kanokratana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Xin-Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fujii
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Lily Eurwilaichitr
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Patel AK, Singhania RR, Sim SJ, Pandey A. Thermostable cellulases: Current status and perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 279:385-392. [PMID: 30685132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It is envisaged that the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass for ethanol production for transport sector, would make cellulases the most demanded industrial enzyme. The greatest potential of cellulolytic enzymes lies in ethanol production from biomass by enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose but low thermostability and low titer of cellulase production resulting into high cost of the enzyme which is the major set-back. A number of research groups are working on cellulase to improve its thermostability so as to be able to perform hydrolysis at elevated temperatures which would eventually increase the efficiency of cellulose hydrolysis. The technologies developed from lignocellulosic biomass via cellulose hydrolysis promise environmental and economical sustainability in the long run along with non-dependence on nonrenewable energy source. This review deals with the important sources of thermostable cellulases, mechanism, its regulation, strategies to enhance the thermostability further with respect to its importance for biofuel applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, Indian Institute of Toxicological Research, Lucknow 226 001, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zheng F, Vermaas JV, Zheng J, Wang Y, Tu T, Wang X, Xie X, Yao B, Beckham GT, Luo H. Activity and Thermostability of GH5 Endoglucanase Chimeras from Mesophilic and Thermophilic Parents. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e02079-18. [PMID: 30552196 PMCID: PMC6384118 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02079-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulases from glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH5) are key endoglucanase enzymes in the degradation of diverse polysaccharide substrates and are used in industrial enzyme cocktails to break down biomass. The GH5 family shares a canonical (βα)8-barrel structure, where each (βα) module is essential for the enzyme's stability and activity. Despite their shared topology, the thermostability of GH5 endoglucanase enzymes can vary significantly, and highly thermostable variants are often sought for industrial applications. Based on the previously characterized thermophilic GH5 endoglucanase Egl5A from Talaromyces emersonii (TeEgl5A), which has an optimal temperature of 90°C, we created 10 hybrid enzymes with elements of the mesophilic endoglucanase Cel5 from Stegonsporium opalus (SoCel5) to determine which elements are responsible for enhanced thermostability. Five of the expressed hybrid enzymes exhibit enzyme activity. Two of these hybrids exhibited pronounced increases in the temperature optimum (10 and 20°C), the temperature at which the protein lost 50% of its activity (T50) (15 and 19°C), and the melting temperature (Tm ) (16.5 and 22.9°C) and extended half-lives (t1/2) (∼240- and 650-fold at 55°C) relative to the values for the mesophilic parent enzyme and demonstrated improved catalytic efficiency on selected substrates. The successful hybridization strategies were validated experimentally in another GH5 endoglucanase, Cel5 from Aspergillus niger (AnCel5), which demonstrated a similar increase in thermostability. Based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of both the SoCel5 and TeEgl5A parent enzymes and their hybrids, we hypothesize that improved hydrophobic packing of the interface between α2 and α3 is the primary mechanism by which the hybrid enzymes increase their thermostability relative to that of the mesophilic parent SoCel5.IMPORTANCE Thermal stability is an essential property of enzymes in many industrial biotechnological applications, as high temperatures improve bioreactor throughput. Many protein engineering approaches, such as rational design and directed evolution, have been employed to improve the thermal properties of mesophilic enzymes. Structure-based recombination has also been used to fuse TIM barrel fragments, and even fragments from unrelated folds, to generate new structures. However, little research has been done on GH5 endoglucanases. In this study, two GH5 endoglucanases exhibiting TIM barrel structure, SoCel5 and TeEgl5A, with different thermal properties, were hybridized to study the roles of different (βα) motifs. This work illustrates the role that structure-guided recombination can play in helping to identify sequence function relationships within GH5 enzymes by supplementing natural diversity with synthetic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Josh V Vermaas
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Tu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangming Xie
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Cha JH, Yoon JJ, Cha CJ. Functional characterization of a thermostable endoglucanase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 45 from Fomitopsis palustris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6515-6523. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
23
|
Dutta SD, Tarafder M, Islam R, Datta B. Characterization of cellulolytic enzymes of Fusarium soil Isolates. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
24
|
New microbial resource: microbial diversity, function and dynamics in Chinese liquor starter. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14577. [PMID: 29109406 PMCID: PMC5674051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese liquor (Baijiu) solid state fermentation technology has lasted for several thousand years. The microbial communities that enrich in liquor starter are important for fermentation. However, the microbial communities are still under-characterized. In this study, 454 pyrosequencing technology was applied to comprehensively analyze the microbial diversity, function and dynamics of two most-consumed liquor starters (Jiang- and Nong-flavor) during production. In total, 315 and 83 bacterial genera and 72 and 47 fungal genera were identified in Jiang- and Nong-flavor liquor starter, respectively. The relatively high diversity was observed when the temperature increased to 70 and 62 °C for Jiang- and Nong-flavor liquor starter, respectively. Some thermophilic fungi have already been isolated. Microbial communities that might contribute to ethanol fermentation, saccharification and flavor development were identified and shown to be core communities in correlation-based network analysis. The predictively functional profile of bacterial communities showed significant difference in energy, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism and the degradation of aromatic compounds between the two kinds of liquor starters. Here we report these liquor starters as a new functionally microbial resource, which can be used for discovering thermophilic and aerobic enzymes and for food and feed preservation.
Collapse
|
25
|
Characterization of a novel thermostable GH45 endoglucanase from Chaetomium thermophilum and its biodegradation of pectin. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:271-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
26
|
Azizi M, Hemmat J, Seifati SM, Torktaz I, Karimi S. Characterization of a thermostable endoglucanase produced by Isoptericola variabilis sp. IDAH9. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 46:1225-34. [PMID: 26691485 PMCID: PMC4704623 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420140846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to isolate and evaluate the cellulase activity of cellulolytic
bacteria in hot springs of Dehloran, Ilam province, Iran. Water and sludge samples
were collected from the hot springs and the bacterial enrichment was performed in a
medium containing rice barn and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The cultures were
incubated at 50 °C in aerobic conditions. The bacteria were isolated on CMC agar (1%)
medium. Cellulase assay of the isolates was measured by the evaluation of
endoglucanase enzyme activity, which is also called as carboxymethyl cellulase
(CMCase). The isolated thermotolerant bacteria were then identified and optimized for
the production of CMCase. Moreover, stabilizing elements of the enzyme were
identified with in silico approach. The chosen isolate was
identified as Isoptericola variabilis sp. IDAH9. The identified
strain produced the most thermostable CMCase at a concentration of 5.6 g/L of
ammonium sulfate, 9 g/L CMCase or 12 g/L rice bran, 0/6% Tween-80, and 0.2% sucrose.
The produced enzyme showed 80% of the residual activity after 1 h of incubation at 65
°C. In silico data indicated that the remaining residual activity
was due to the redundant stabilizing elements in the protein structure. Consequently,
I. variabilis can be isolated from the extreme environment and
has a thermostable endoglucanase which may be used for various applications after
studying them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Azizi
- Biotechnology Department, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Hemmat
- Biotechnology Department, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ibrahim Torktaz
- Biotechnology Department, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Karimi
- Biotechnology Department, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang J, Wu Y, Gong Y, Yu S, Liu G. Enhancing xylanase production in the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila by homologous overexpression of Mtxyr1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 42:1233-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The xylanase regulator 1 protein in Myceliophthora thermophila ATCC42464 (MtXyr1) is 60 % homologous with that of Trichoderma reesei. However, MtXyr1’s regulatory role on cellulolytic and xylanolytic genes in M. thermophila is unknown. Herein, MtXyr1 was overexpressed under the control of the MtPpdc (pyruvate decarboxylase) promoter. Compared with the wild type, the extracellular xylanase activities of the transformant cultured in non-inducing and inducing media for 120 h were 25.19- and 9.04-fold higher, respectively. The Mtxyr1 mRNA level was 300-fold higher than in the wild type in corncob-containing medium. However, the filter paper activity and endoglucanase activities were unchanged in corncob-containing medium and glucose-containing medium. The different zymograms between the transformant and the wild type were analyzed and identified by mass spectrometry as three xylanases of the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 11. Thus, overexpression of xyr1 resulted in enhanced xylanase activity in M. thermophila. Xylanase production could be improved by overexpressing Mtxyr1 in M. thermophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- grid.263488.3 0000000104729649 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences Shenzhen University 518060 Shenzhen China
| | - Yaning Wu
- grid.263488.3 0000000104729649 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences Shenzhen University 518060 Shenzhen China
| | - Yanfen Gong
- grid.263488.3 0000000104729649 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology Shenzhen University 518060 Shenzhen China
| | - Shaowen Yu
- grid.263488.3 0000000104729649 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences Shenzhen University 518060 Shenzhen China
| | - Gang Liu
- grid.263488.3 0000000104729649 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences Shenzhen University 518060 Shenzhen China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Saini JK, Saini R, Tewari L. Lignocellulosic agriculture wastes as biomass feedstocks for second-generation bioethanol production: concepts and recent developments. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:337-353. [PMID: 28324547 PMCID: PMC4522714 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of liquid biofuels, such as bioethanol, has been advocated as a sustainable option to tackle the problems associated with rising crude oil prices, global warming and diminishing petroleum reserves. Second-generation bioethanol is produced from lignocellulosic feedstock by its saccharification, followed by microbial fermentation and product recovery. Agricultural residues generated as wastes during or after processing of agricultural crops are one of such renewable and lignocellulose-rich biomass resources available in huge amounts for bioethanol production. These agricultural residues are converted to bioethanol in several steps which are described here. This review enlightens various steps involved in production of the second-generation bioethanol. Mechanisms and recent advances in pretreatment, cellulases production and second-generation ethanol production processes are described here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar Saini
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, 263145, India.
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bio-Energy Research, Research and Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, Haryana, India.
| | - Reetu Saini
- Department of Microbiology, M.S. Garg P.G. College, Laksar, Haridwar, 247663, India
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bio-Energy Research, Research and Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, Haryana, India
| | - Lakshmi Tewari
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, 263145, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Papageorgiou AC, Li D. Expression, purification and crystallization of a family 55 β-1,3-glucanase from Chaetomium thermophilum. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2015; 71:680-3. [PMID: 26057795 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15006366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A β-1,3-glucanase from the thermophilic fungus Chaetomium thermophilum was overexpressed in Pichia pastoris, purified and crystallized in the presence of 1.8 M sodium/potassium phosphate pH 6.8 as a precipitant. Data to 2.0 Å resolution were collected in-house at 293 K from a single crystal. The crystal was found to belong to space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 64.1, b = 85.8, c = 68.5 Å, β = 93.1° and one molecule in the asymmetric unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastassios C Papageorgiou
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistokatu 6, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Duochuan Li
- Department of Environmental Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xu X, Li J, Zhang W, Huang H, Shi P, Luo H, Liu B, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Fan Y, Yao B. A Neutral Thermostable β-1,4-Glucanase from Humicola insolens Y1 with Potential for Applications in Various Industries. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124925. [PMID: 25909505 PMCID: PMC4409357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We cloned a new glycoside hydrolase family 6 gene, Hicel6C, from the thermophilic fungus Humicola insolens Y1 and expressed it in Pichia pastoris. Using barley β-glucan as a substrate, recombinant HiCel6C protein exhibited neutral pH (6.5) and high temperature (70°C) optima. Distinct from most reported acidic fungal endo-β-1,4-glucanases, HiCel6C was alkali-tolerant, retaining greater than 98.0, 61.2, and 27.6% of peak activity at pH 8.0, 9.0, and 10.0, respectively, and exhibited good stability over a wide pH range (pH 5.0−11.0) and at temperatures up to 60°C. The Km and Vmax values of HiCel6C for barley β-glucan were 1.29 mg/mL and 752 μmol/min·mg, respectively. HiCel6C was strictly specific for the β-1,4-glucoside linkage exhibiting activity toward barley β-glucan, lichenan, and carboxy methylcellulose sodium salt (CMC-Na), but not toward laminarin (1,3-β-glucan). HiCel6C cleaved the internal glycosidic linkages of cellooligosaccharides randomly and thus represents an endo-cleaving enzyme. The predominant product of polysaccharide hydrolysis by HiCel6C was cellobiose, suggesting that it functions by an endo-processive mechanism. The favorable properties of HiCel6C make it a good candidate for basic research and for applications in the textile and brewing industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinyang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (BY)
| | - Huoqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pengjun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunliu Fan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (BY)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Thermophilic fungi in the new age of fungal taxonomy. Extremophiles 2014; 19:31-7. [PMID: 25399310 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0707-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thermophilic fungi are of wide interest due to their potential to produce heat-tolerant enzymes for biotechnological processes. However, the taxonomy of such organisms remains obscure, especially given new developments in the nomenclature of fungi. Here, we examine the taxonomy of the thermophilic fungi most commonly used in industry in light of the recent taxonomic changes following the adoption of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants and also based on the movement One Fungus = One Name. Despite the widespread use of these fungi in applied research, several thermotolerant fungi still remain classified as thermophiles. Furthermore, we found that while some thermophilic fungi have had their genomes sequenced, many taxa still do not have barcode sequences of reference strains available in public databases. This lack of basic information is a limiting factor for the species identification of thermophilic fungi and for metagenomic studies in this field. Based on next-generation sequencing, such studies generate large amounts of data, which may reveal new species of thermophilic fungi in different substrates (composting systems, geothermal areas, piles of plant material). As discussed in this study, there are intrinsic problems associated with this method, considering the actual state of the taxonomy of thermophilic fungi. To overcome such difficulties, the taxonomic classification of this group should move towards standardizing the commonly used species names in industry and to assess the possibility of including new systems for describing species based on environmental sequences.
Collapse
|
32
|
Apte AA, Senger RS, Fong SS. Designing novel cellulase systems through agent-based modeling and global sensitivity analysis. Bioengineered 2014; 5:243-53. [PMID: 24830736 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.29160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental techniques allow engineering of biological systems to modify functionality; however, there still remains a need to develop tools to prioritize targets for modification. In this study, agent-based modeling (ABM) was used to build stochastic models of complexed and non-complexed cellulose hydrolysis, including enzymatic mechanisms for endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and β-glucosidase activity. Modeling results were consistent with experimental observations of higher efficiency in complexed systems than non-complexed systems and established relationships between specific cellulolytic mechanisms and overall efficiency. Global sensitivity analysis (GSA) of model results identified key parameters for improving overall cellulose hydrolysis efficiency including: (1) the cellulase half-life, (2) the exoglucanase activity, and (3) the cellulase composition. Overall, the following parameters were found to significantly influence cellulose consumption in a consolidated bioprocess (CBP): (1) the glucose uptake rate of the culture, (2) the bacterial cell concentration, and (3) the nature of the cellulase enzyme system (complexed or non-complexed). Broadly, these results demonstrate the utility of combining modeling and sensitivity analysis to identify key parameters and/or targets for experimental improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Advait A Apte
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Ryan S Senger
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Stephen S Fong
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, VA USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhao Z, Liu H, Wang C, Xu JR. Correction: Comparative analysis of fungal genomes reveals different plant cell wall degrading capacity in fungi. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:6. [PMID: 24422981 PMCID: PMC3893384 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The version of this article published in BMC Genomics 2013, 14: 274, contains 9 unpublished genomes (Botryobasidium botryosum, Gymnopus luxurians, Hypholoma sublateritium, Jaapia argillacea, Hebeloma cylindrosporum, Conidiobolus coronatus, Laccaria amethystina, Paxillus involutus, and P. rubicundulus) downloaded from JGI website. In this correction, we removed these genomes after discussion with editors and data producers whom we should have contacted before downloading these genomes. Removing these data did not alter the principle results and conclusions of our original work. The relevant Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6; and Table 1 have been revised. Additional files 1, 3, 4, and 5 were also revised. We would like to apologize for any confusion or inconvenience this may have caused. BACKGROUND Fungi produce a variety of carbohydrate activity enzymes (CAZymes) for the degradation of plant polysaccharide materials to facilitate infection and/or gain nutrition. Identifying and comparing CAZymes from fungi with different nutritional modes or infection mechanisms may provide information for better understanding of their life styles and infection models. To date, over hundreds of fungal genomes are publicly available. However, a systematic comparative analysis of fungal CAZymes across the entire fungal kingdom has not been reported. RESULTS In this study, we systemically identified glycoside hydrolases (GHs), polysaccharide lyases (PLs), carbohydrate esterases (CEs), and glycosyltransferases (GTs) as well as carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) in the predicted proteomes of 94 representative fungi from Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota. Comparative analysis of these CAZymes that play major roles in plant polysaccharide degradation revealed that fungi exhibit tremendous diversity in the number and variety of CAZymes. Among them, some families of GHs and CEs are the most prevalent CAZymes that are distributed in all of the fungi analyzed. Importantly, cellulases of some GH families are present in fungi that are not known to have cellulose-degrading ability. In addition, our results also showed that in general, plant pathogenic fungi have the highest number of CAZymes. Biotrophic fungi tend to have fewer CAZymes than necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungi. Pathogens of dicots often contain more pectinases than fungi infecting monocots. Interestingly, besides yeasts, many saprophytic fungi that are highly active in degrading plant biomass contain fewer CAZymes than plant pathogenic fungi. Furthermore, analysis of the gene expression profile of the wheat scab fungus Fusarium graminearum revealed that most of the CAZyme genes related to cell wall degradation were up-regulated during plant infection. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed a complex history of lineage-specific expansions and attritions for the PL1 family. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides insights into the variety and expansion of fungal CAZyme classes and revealed the relationship of CAZyme size and diversity with their nutritional strategy and host specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Zhao
- NWAFU-PU Joint Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huiquan Liu
- NWAFU-PU Joint Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chenfang Wang
- NWAFU-PU Joint Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- NWAFU-PU Joint Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yasir M, Khan H, Azam SS, Telke A, Kim SW, Chung YR. Cloning and functional characterization of endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene from metagenomic library of vermicompost. J Microbiol 2013; 51:329-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
35
|
Zhao Z, Liu H, Wang C, Xu JR. Comparative analysis of fungal genomes reveals different plant cell wall degrading capacity in fungi. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:274. [PMID: 23617724 PMCID: PMC3652786 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungi produce a variety of carbohydrate activity enzymes (CAZymes) for the degradation of plant polysaccharide materials to facilitate infection and/or gain nutrition. Identifying and comparing CAZymes from fungi with different nutritional modes or infection mechanisms may provide information for better understanding of their life styles and infection models. To date, over hundreds of fungal genomes are publicly available. However, a systematic comparative analysis of fungal CAZymes across the entire fungal kingdom has not been reported. RESULTS In this study, we systemically identified glycoside hydrolases (GHs), polysaccharide lyases (PLs), carbohydrate esterases (CEs), and glycosyltransferases (GTs) as well as carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) in the predicted proteomes of 103 representative fungi from Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota. Comparative analysis of these CAZymes that play major roles in plant polysaccharide degradation revealed that fungi exhibit tremendous diversity in the number and variety of CAZymes. Among them, some families of GHs and CEs are the most prevalent CAZymes that are distributed in all of the fungi analyzed. Importantly, cellulases of some GH families are present in fungi that are not known to have cellulose-degrading ability. In addition, our results also showed that in general, plant pathogenic fungi have the highest number of CAZymes. Biotrophic fungi tend to have fewer CAZymes than necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungi. Pathogens of dicots often contain more pectinases than fungi infecting monocots. Interestingly, besides yeasts, many saprophytic fungi that are highly active in degrading plant biomass contain fewer CAZymes than plant pathogenic fungi. Furthermore, analysis of the gene expression profile of the wheat scab fungus Fusarium graminearum revealed that most of the CAZyme genes related to cell wall degradation were up-regulated during plant infection. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed a complex history of lineage-specific expansions and attritions for the PL1 family. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides insights into the variety and expansion of fungal CAZyme classes and revealed the relationship of CAZyme size and diversity with their nutritional strategy and host specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Zhao
- NWAFU-PU Joint Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huiquan Liu
- NWAFU-PU Joint Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chenfang Wang
- NWAFU-PU Joint Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- NWAFU-PU Joint Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Efficient plant biomass degradation by thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora heterothallica. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:1316-24. [PMID: 23241981 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02865-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and efficient enzymatic degradation of plant biomass into fermentable sugars is a major challenge for the sustainable production of biochemicals and biofuels. Enzymes that are more thermostable (up to 70°C) use shorter reaction times for the complete saccharification of plant polysaccharides compared to hydrolytic enzymes of mesophilic fungi such as Trichoderma and Aspergillus species. The genus Myceliophthora contains four thermophilic fungi producing industrially relevant thermostable enzymes. Within this genus, isolates belonging to M. heterothallica were recently separated from the well-described species M. thermophila. We evaluate here the potential of M. heterothallica isolates to produce efficient enzyme mixtures for biomass degradation. Compared to the other thermophilic Myceliophthora species, isolates belonging to M. heterothallica and M. thermophila grew faster on pretreated spruce, wheat straw, and giant reed. According to their protein profiles and in vitro assays after growth on wheat straw, (hemi-)cellulolytic activities differed strongly between M. thermophila and M. heterothallica isolates. Compared to M. thermophila, M. heterothallica isolates were better in releasing sugars from mildly pretreated wheat straw (with 5% HCl) with a high content of xylan. The high levels of residual xylobiose revealed that enzyme mixtures of Myceliophthora species lack sufficient β-xylosidase activity. Sexual crossing of two M. heterothallica showed that progenies had a large genetic and physiological diversity. In the future, this will allow further improvement of the plant biomass-degrading enzyme mixtures of M. heterothallica.
Collapse
|