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Dang DX, Li YJ, Kim IH. Effects of dietary supplementation of enzymatic bio-conversion of Scutellaria baicalensis extract as an alternative to antibiotics on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, fecal gas emission, blood hematology, and antioxidative indicators in growing pigs. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jin X, Lu Y, Chen S, Chen D. UPLC-MS identification and anticomplement activity of the metabolites of Sophora tonkinensis flavonoids treated with human intestinal bacteria. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 184:113176. [PMID: 32092632 PMCID: PMC7127204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Total flavonoids of S. tonkinensis showed obvious anticomplement activity after incubated with human intestinal bacteria. Eighteen flavonoids were identified from TFST and its metabolites by UPLC-ESI- LTQ/MS. Five glycosides were metabolized into three aglycones with more potent anticomplement activity.
Anticomplement activity played an important role in anti-inflammatory effects of traditional Chinese herbs. The total flavonoids of Sophora tonkinensis (TFST) were inactive on the complement system but showed obvious anticomplement activity after incubated with human intestinal bacteria in vitro. In order to discover the metabolic activation of TFST by intestinal flora, the constituents of TFST and its metabolites were identified by UPLC-ESI-LTQ/MS. Their anticomplement activities were evaluated through the classical and alternative pathway. As a result, eighteen flavonoids were identified, including seven flavonoid glycosides, five aglycones and six isoprenylated flavonoids. All the glycosides (daidzein-4′-glucoside-rhamnoside, sophorabioside, rutin, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, ononin, trifolirhizin) were metabolized into their corresponding aglycones in different extent by human intestinal bacteria, resulting in the contents of the five aglycones were highly increased in 24 h. However, no changes have occurred on the six isoprenylated flavonoids. Interestingly, three aglycones (quercetin, formononetin and maackiain) had significantly more potent anticomplement activities than their prototype glycosides. The results indicated that the enhancement of TFST anticomplement activity was attributed to the active aglycones, especially formononetin and quercetin, produced by human intestinal bacteria. These aglycones are likely to be among the potential active components of S. tonkinensis for its inhibiting inflammation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shaoxin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Daofeng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Gut microbial transformation, a potential improving factor in the therapeutic activities of four groups of natural compounds isolated from herbal medicines. Fitoterapia 2019; 138:104293. [PMID: 31398447 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herbal medicines (HMs) have attracted widespread attention because of their significant contributions to the prevention and treatment of many human diseases. Recently, gut microbiota has become an important frontier to understand the therapeutic mechanisms of medicines. Gut microbiota-mediated transformation is a microbial metabolic form after oral administrations of HMs compounds. A great number of studies showed that gut microbiota could transform some HMs compounds by the variation of chemical structures into several active metabolites, which exerted better bioavailabilities and therapeutic activities than their parent compounds. Among these HMs compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols and terpenoids were the representative ones. However, there is no systemic review focusing on the potential improved therapeutic activities of these natural compounds caused by gut microbial transformation. Here, this review summarizes the therapeutic activities that are more potent in microbial transformed metabolites than in their parent compounds (alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols and terpenoids) from HMs. We hope this review will be conducive to deepening the understanding of the relationship between gut microbial transformation and therapeutic activities of HMs compounds.
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Dikaya VS, Solovyeva AI, Sidorov RA, Solovyev PA, Stepanova AY. The Relationship Between Endogenous β-Glucuronidase Activity and Biologically Active Flavones-Aglycone Contents in Hairy Roots of Baikal Skullcap. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15. [PMID: 29161468 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we examine the relationship between contents of principal flavones in hairy roots of Scutellaria baicalensis with the activity of the β-glucuronidase (sGUS) enzyme during a culturing cycle. Using RP-HPLC, we show that the highest contents of aglycones, baicalin and wogonin is observed at the growth days 8, 14, and 71 and reach 45, 41, and 62% (based on the total weight of hairy roots of the Baikal skullcap), correspondingly. Their accumulation is accompanied by increase of the sGUS activity, which we determined fluorometrically. Moreover, the enzyme activity is characterized by significant and reasonable correlation only with the wogonin contents. Our results confirm a significant role of sGUS at the final steps of the metabolism in root-specific flavones of Baikal skullcap and suggest how one can optimize the conditions of culturing the hairy roots for biotechnological production of individual flavonoids. For example, at the culturing day 71 wogonin constituted over 80% of all flavones extracted from cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara S Dikaya
- K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya ul. 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Aleksandra I Solovyeva
- K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya ul. 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Roman A Sidorov
- K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya ul. 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Pavel A Solovyev
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, Moscow Technological University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Yu Stepanova
- K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya ul. 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
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Jiao L, Li Y, Zhang Y, Liu J, Xie J, Zhang K, Zhou A. Degradation Kinetics of 6‴-p-Coumaroylspinosin and Identification of Its Metabolites by Rat Intestinal Flora. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4449-4455. [PMID: 28513155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
6‴-p-Coumaroylspinosin (P-CS), a bioactive flavonoid, is typically extracted from Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (SZS). In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to determine P-CS for investigating the degradation characteristics of P-CS incubated with rat feces. The results showed that P-CS degraded rapidly and the degradation speeds varied depending upon the P-CS concentrations (3, 15, and 30 μg/mL). The degradation of P-CS processes follow first-order kinetics. On the basis of the mass spectrometry (MS) spectrum mode of the product ions, two main metabolites of P-CS were identified. Swertisin was the main metabolite at 3 and 15 μg/mL, while spinosin was produced when the P-CS concentration was 30 μg/mL. Spinosin and swertisin could improve mRNA transcription levels of glutamate receptor K1, K2, and K3 (GluK1, GluK2, and GluK3) subunits in rat hippocampal neurons. In addition, they showed an obvious synergistic effect in this respect. Collectively, the results can be used to explain the metabolic and pharmacological mechanisms of P-CS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aimin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University , Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
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Xing S, Wang M, Peng Y, Li X. Effects of Intestinal Microecology on Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Oral Wogonoside and Baicalin. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalin and wogonoside are two of the most abundant flavonoid glycosides in the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which is a widely used peroral herbal medicine with anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, the effects of intestinal microecology on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of orally administered baicalin and wogonoside were investigated by UPLC-QTOF/MS measurement of the difference in metabolites between normal and antibiotic-pretreated rats. In the antibiotic-pretreated rats, the plasma concentration-time profile and pharmacokinetic parameters of the two flavonoid glycosides and their relevant aglycone forms were significantly changed compared with those in normal rats. Further, hydrolysis and glucuronidated metabolites were not detected in the cecum contents and urine samples from antibiotic-pretreated rats. These results suggested that intestinal microbiota may play a key role in the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of peroral baicalin and wogonoside. According to our findings, it is recommended that the root of S. baicalensis should not be co-administered with antibiotics in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Mengyue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Ying Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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Yang ZW, Xu F, Liu X, Cao Y, Tang Q, Chen QY, Shang MY, Liu GX, Wang X, Cai SQ. An untargeted metabolomics approach to determine component differences and variation in their in vivo distribution between Kuqin and Ziqin, two commercial specifications of Scutellaria Radix. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10705f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kuqin (KQ) and Ziqin (ZQ), derived from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, are two important commercial specifications of Scutellariae Radix (SR, termed Huang qin in Chinese).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Technical Center, Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau
- Beijing
- PR China
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
| | - Qi Tang
- Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
| | - Qian-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
| | - Ming-Ying Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
| | - Guang-Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
| | - Shao-Qing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
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Intestinal bacterial metabolism and anti-complement activities of three major components of the seeds of Entada phaseoloides. J Nat Med 2014; 69:171-7. [PMID: 25398297 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-014-0874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the metabolism of Entadae Semen by human fecal bacteria to clarify the relationship between its pharmacological activities and intestinal metabolism. Three major components (phaseoloidin, entadamide A-β-D-glucopyranoside and entadamide A) were isolated and identified from Entadae Semen and then incubated with human fecal microflora in vitro to investigate the metabolic processes. The metabolites were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The anti-complement activities of the three components and their metabolites produced by human fecal microflora were evaluated in vitro using a hemolysis assay. Phaseoloidin and entadamide A-β-D-glucopyranoside were metabolized into their respective aglycones during the incubation process, which enhanced their anti-complement effects. These results indicated that the presence of intestinal bacteria likely plays an important role and that the pharmacological effects of Entadae Semen may be dependent on intestinal bacterial metabolism.
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Xing S, Peng Y, Wang M, Chen D, Li X. In vitro human fecal microbial metabolism of Forsythoside A and biological activities of its metabolites. Fitoterapia 2014; 99:159-65. [PMID: 25281775 PMCID: PMC7126381 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the metabolism of Forsythoside A (FTA) by human fecal bacteria to clarify the relationship between its intestinal metabolism and its pharmacological activities. FTA was incubated with human fecal microflora in vitro to investigate its metabolic process, and highly sensitive and specific ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was performed using MetaboLynx software for metabolite analysis. Caffeic acid (CA) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) were obtained by hydrolysis of FTA, and CA was further hydrogenated to form 3,4-dihydroxybenzenepropionic acid (DCA). The anticomplementary, antimicrobial and antiendotoxin activities of FTA and its metabolites by human fecal microflora were evaluated in vitro with a hemolysis assay, the agar disc-diffusion method, the MIC value and the gel clot LAL assay, respectively. The metabolites showed higher biological activity than FTA, especially HT and DCA. Orally administered FTA may be metabolized to HT and DCA, and the pharmacological effects of FTA may be dependent on intestinal bacterial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mengyue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Daofeng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Xing S, Wang M, Peng Y, Chen D, Li X. Simulated gastrointestinal tract metabolism and pharmacological activities of water extract of Scutellaria baicalensis roots. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:183-9. [PMID: 24412378 PMCID: PMC7127269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS: Georgi (Labiatae) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine to treat inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, etc. The present study was to understand the metabolism of the root of Scutellaria baicalensis (a.k.a. Huangqin in Chinese) in the gastrointestinal tract and the correlation between the metabolites and their respective pharmacological activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The water extract of the root of Scutellaria baicalensis (WESB) was incubated with simulated gastric and intestinal juices, and human fecal microflora for 24h at 37 °C. The HPLC-DAD analysis was used to monitor the in vitro metabolic process and identify its metabolites by comparing their absorption spectrum and retention time with those of chemical references. The in vitro anticomplementary and antimicrobial activity was evaluated with hemolysis assay, agar disc-diffusion method and MIC value, respectively. RESULTS Main constituents of WESB remain unchanged during the incubation with simulated gastric juice (pH = 1.5) and intestinal juice (pH = 6.8), whereas four flavones, baicalin, wogonoside, oroxyloside and norwogonoside were metabolized into their respective aglycons by human intestinal bacteria. All four metabolites were demonstrated to have higher anticomplementary and antimicrobial activity than those of WESB. The anticomplementary active metabolites were identified to be baicalein, oroxylin A and norwogonin, among them, norwogonin is the most active compound. CONCLUSION The presence of intestinal bacteria is demonstrated to play an important role in the gastrointestinal metabolism of WESB, and the pharmacological effects of Scutellaria baicalensis may be dependent on the intestinal bacteria metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mengyue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Daofeng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No. 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
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