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Enayati A, Ghojoghnejad M, Roufogalis BD, Maollem SA, Sahebkar A. Impact of Phytochemicals on PPAR Receptors: Implications for Disease Treatments. PPAR Res 2022; 2022:4714914. [PMID: 36092543 PMCID: PMC9453090 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4714914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the ligand-dependent nuclear receptor family. PPARs have attracted wide attention as pharmacologic mediators to manage multiple diseases and their underlying signaling targets. They mediate a broad range of specific biological activities and multiple organ toxicity, including cellular differentiation, metabolic syndrome, cancer, atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammation related to their up/downstream signaling pathways. Consequently, several types of selective PPAR ligands, such as fibrates and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), have been approved as their pharmacological agonists. Despite these advances, the use of PPAR agonists is known to cause adverse effects in various systems. Conversely, some naturally occurring PPAR agonists, including polyunsaturated fatty acids and natural endogenous PPAR agonists curcumin and resveratrol, have been introduced as safe agonists as a result of their clinical evidence or preclinical experiments. This review focuses on research on plant-derived active ingredients (natural phytochemicals) as potential safe and promising PPAR agonists. Moreover, it provides a comprehensive review and critique of the role of phytochemicals in PPARs-related diseases and provides an understanding of phytochemical-mediated PPAR-dependent and -independent cascades. The findings of this research will help to define the functions of phytochemicals as potent PPAR pharmacological agonists in underlying disease mechanisms and their related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesheh Enayati
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mobina Ghojoghnejad
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Basil D. Roufogalis
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Seyed Adel Maollem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, Iraq
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Zhong J, Tan L, Chen M, He C. Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms of Pulsatilla saponins. Chin Med 2022; 17:59. [PMID: 35606807 PMCID: PMC9125917 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00613-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are found in a variety of higher plants and display a wide range of pharmacological activities, including expectorant, anti-inflammatory, vasoprotective and antimicrobial properties. Pulsatilla chinensis (P. chinensis, Bai Tou Weng, ) has been used medically in China for thousands of years for the treatment of diseases caused by bacteria, and it is rich in triterpenoid saponins. In recent decades, anemoside B4 (Pulchinenoside C) is well studied since it has been used as a quality control marker for P. chinensis. At the same time, more and more other active compounds were found in the genus of Pulsatilla. In this review, we summarize the pharmacological activities of Pulsatilla saponins (PS) and discuss the cellular or molecular mechanisms that mediate their multiple activities, such as inducing cancer cell apoptosis, inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, and protecting organs via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant measures. We aim to provide comprehensive analysis and summary of research progress and future prospects in this field to facilitate further study and drug discovery of PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmiao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macao SAR, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macao SAR, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macao SAR, China
| | - Lihua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macao SAR, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macao SAR, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macao SAR, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macao SAR, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macao SAR, China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macao SAR, China. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macao SAR, China. .,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macao SAR, China.
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Herbals and Plants in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review of Experimental and Clinical Studies. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030619. [PMID: 35276978 PMCID: PMC8839014 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic cancer represents the most lethal malignancy among all digestive cancers. Despite the therapeutic advances achieved during recent years, the prognosis of this neoplasm remains disappointing. An enormous amount of experimental (mainly) and clinical research has recently emerged referring to the effectiveness of various plants administered either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. Apart from Asian countries, the use of these plants and herbals in the treatment of digestive cancer is also increasing in a number of Western countries as well. The aim of this study is to review the available literature regarding the efficacy of plants and herbals in pancreatic cancer. Methods: The authors have reviewed all the experimental and clinical studies published in Medline and Embase, up to June 2021. Results: More than 100 plants and herbals were thoroughly investigated. Favorable effects concerning the inhibition of cancer cell lines in the experimental studies and a favorable clinical outcome after combining various plants with established chemotherapeutic agents were observed. These herbals and plants exerted their activity against pancreatic cancer via a number of mechanisms. The number and severity of side-effects are generally of a mild degree. Conclusion: A quite high number of clinical and experimental studies confirmed the beneficial effect of many plants and herbals in pancreatic cancer. More large, double-blind clinical studies assessing these natural products, either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents should be conducted.
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Zhao Z, Nian M, Qiao H, Li B, Zheng X. Pulsatilla chinensis: A review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology research progress. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Park KR, Leem HH, Lee J, Kwon IK, Hong JT, Yun HM. Anti-cancer effects of Hederoside C, a pentacyclic triterpene saponin, through the intrinsic apoptosis and STAT3 signaling pathways in osteosarcoma. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:4541-4550. [PMID: 34659904 PMCID: PMC8493407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds have emerged as an approach in cancer therapy. Pulsatilla koreana Nakai is used as a traditional medicinal plant that found throughout China and Korea. However, anti-cancer effects of Hederoside C (HedC) isolated from P. koreana has not been investigated in osteosarcoma. The present study aimed to demonstrate anti-cancer functions of HedC against human osteosarcoma cells. Herein, we found that HedC suppressed the proliferation of MG63 cells and U2OS cells in the dose- and time-dependent manner, and caused intrinsic apoptosis pathways as evidenced by morphological changes, TUNEL-positive cells, cleaved-PARP, and cleaved-caspase 9 and 3. HedC increased p53, Bax, and p21, whereas HedC reduced Bcl-2. HedC-mediated apoptosis was accompanied by decreases in the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and STAT3 phosphorylation. Wound healing and Boyden chamber assays also showed the anti-metastatic effects of HedC by suppressing migration and invasion. In addition, the anti-cancer effects of HedC were observed in in vivo xenograft mice model, and HedC treatment induced the decreased PCNA and p-STAT3 as well as the increased p53 and cleaved caspase-3. Taken together, our results provide evidence that HedC might be an attractive therapeutic strategy against osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ran Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul 02453, South Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Hyun Hee Leem
- National Development Institute of Korean MedicineGyeongsan 38540, South Korea
| | - Joonyeop Lee
- National Development Institute of Korean MedicineGyeongsan 38540, South Korea
| | - Il Keun Kwon
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National UniversityChungbuk 28160, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Mun Yun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul 02453, South Korea
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Xiang Z, Miao Q, Zhang J, Liu G, Xue S, Liu X, Zhang Z, Shen L, Liu B, Zhou Y, Miao T, Liu Y. AB4 inhibits Notch signaling and promotes cancer cell apoptosis in liver cancer. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:112. [PMID: 33907837 PMCID: PMC8107656 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology for liver cancer has been clearly defined. Unfortunately, therapeutic approaches for liver cancer are rather limited, and liver cancer is insensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has become a promising strategy for cancer treatment as TCM elicits broad spectrum anticancer activity. In the present study, we evaluated the anticancer efficacy of AB4, an extract from the medical herb Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel, in liver cancer in vitro and in vivo. We found that AB4 readily dose‑ and time‑dependently inhibited liver cancer HepG2 and Huh‑7 cell proliferation and colony formation. Western blot and flow cytometry analyses suggested that AB4 treatment induced liver cancer cell apoptosis. Moreover, these findings could be readily recaptured in vivo, in which the AB4 regimen resulted in tumor suppression and cancer cell apoptosis in xenograft tumor‑bearing nude mice. Importantly, we noted that treatment with a Notch signaling inhibitor DAPT produced very similar anticancer efficacy in both HepG2 and Huh‑7 cell lines, and administration of DAPT also efficiently suppressed HepG2 xenograft outgrowth. To this end, we anticipated that AB4 and DAPT may act on the same signaling pathway, probably through inhibition of the Notch pathway. Indeed, we found decreased expression of Notch1 protein, as well as downstream targets Hes1 and Hey1, after AB4 treatment. Immunohistochemistry analysis further confirmed the suppression of Notch signaling in HepG2 xenograft‑bearing mice. Taken together, our study highlighted the anticancer efficacy of AB4 in liver cancer. We also provided preliminary data showing Notch as a therapeutic target of AB4. It would be interesting to investigate the anticancer efficacy of AB4 in other types of cancer with elevated Notch activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital 971 of The Navy of Chinese PLA, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Qing Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital 971 of The Navy of Chinese PLA, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Hospital 971 of The Navy of Chinese PLA, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Guoxin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Shuyi Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital 971 of The Navy of Chinese PLA, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital 971 of The Navy of Chinese PLA, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Lixia Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital 971 of The Navy of Chinese PLA, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Bangguo Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital 971 of The Navy of Chinese PLA, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Wuxi Center for Drug Safety Control, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
| | - Ting Miao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hospital 971 of The Navy of Chinese PLA, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital 971 of The Navy of Chinese PLA, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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Beshel JA, Palacios J, Beshel FN, Nku CO, Owu DU, Nwokocha M, Bórquez J, Simirgiotis MJ, Nwokocha CR. Blood pressure-reducing activity of Gongronema latifolium Benth. (Apocynaeceae) and the identification of its main phytochemicals by UHPLC Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 31:jbcpp-2018-0178. [PMID: 32037779 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Gongronema latifolium Benth. (family Apocynaceae) leaves (GL) has interesting medicinal properties. The effects of extracts from G. latifolium on blood pressure (BP) and the possible mechanisms of action were also investigated. Methods The ultrahigh resolution liquid chromatography orbitrap MS analysis was used to identify the phytochemicals present. Normotensive Wistar rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone (40 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, and the jugular vein was cannulated for infusion of drugs while the carotid artery was cannulated for direct BP measurement. GL extract (5-20 mg) alone or with nifedipine (10 mg/kg), atropine (2 mg/kg), L-NAME (5 mg/kg), methyl blue (3 mg/kg) and propranolol (1 mg/kg) were administered intravenously to Wistar rats and direct BP measurements were carried out. Results Systolic and diastolic BP levels (128/90 mm Hg; MAP 103 ± 3 mm Hg) and heart rates were all significantly (p < 0.01) decreased after GL administration. Raised mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate by atropine, L-NAME and methyl blue were significantly (p < 0.01) reduced after GL administration, while propranolol significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited hypotension caused by GL. Infusion of GL reduced MAP (95 ± 3 mm Hg) comparable with nifedipine (93 ± 2 mm Hg), a calcium channel blocker. The phytochemicals identified were 34 compounds, including oleanolic acid derivatives, flavonoids, antioxidant fatty acids, 2 coumarins and 2 iridoids. Conclusions These results suggest that G. latifolium has hypotensive properties mediated by the synergistic activity of the compounds, probably via the β-adrenergic blockade mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Atiang Beshel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Javier Palacios
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de EtnoFarmacología (IDE), Universidad Arturo Prat., Iquique, Chile
| | - Favour Nyoh Beshel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Clement Oshie Nku
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Daniel U Owu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria, Phone: +234 8093243446
| | - Magdalene Nwokocha
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Jorge Bórquez
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Mario J Simirgiotis
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Chukwuemeka R Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
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Insight into the Hydrolytic Selectivity of β-Glucosidase to Enhance the Contents of Desired Active Phytochemicals in Medicinal Plants. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4360252. [PMID: 30687743 PMCID: PMC6327262 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4360252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Most glycosides in herbal medicines become pharmacologically active after hydrolysis or subsequent metabolism to respective aglycones. Hence, the hydrolytic efficiency of glycosidase is a crucial determinant of the pharmacological efficacy of herbal glycosides. In this study, we investigated the enzymatic conversion of the four herbal extracts and their glycosides using the glycoside hydrolase family 3 β-glucosidase from Lactobacillus antri (rBGLa). We show that β-glucosidase substrate specificity depends on the arrangements and linkage types of sugar residues in glycosides. The enzyme rBGLa showed higher hydrolytic selectivity for glucopyranoside than for glucuronide and rhamnopyranoside, and specificity for 1→6 rather than 1→2 linkages. In addition, in silico 3D structural models suggested that D243 and E426 of rBGLa act as catalytic nucleophile and acid/base residues, respectively. These experiments also suggested that substrate specificity is determined by interactions between the C6 residue of the sugar moiety of the substrate glycoside and the oxygen OD1 of D56 in rBGLa. Therefore, despite the broad substrate spectrum of β-glucosidase, differences in hydrolytic selectivity of β-glucosidases for glycoside structures could be exploited to enhance the hydrolysis of the desired medicinal glycosides in herbs using tailored β-glucosidases, allowing for improvement of specific potencies of herbal medicines.
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Abstract
As plant-derived natural products, saponins have been widely applied for the dietary modification of metabolic syndrome. However, the underlying mechanisms of their preventive and therapeutic effects are still largely unclear. Nuclear receptors have been identified as potential pharmaceutical targets for treating various types of metabolic disorders. With similar structure to endogenous hormones, several saponins may serve as selective ligands for nuclear receptors. Recently, a series of saponins are proved to exert their physiological activities through binding to nuclear receptors. This review summarizes the biological and pharmacological activities of typical saponins mediated by some of the most well described nuclear receptors, including the classical steroid hormone receptors (ER, GR, MR, and AR) and the adopted orphan receptors (PPAR, LXR, FXR, and PXR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuning Zhong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiezhu Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Identification of novel compounds, oleanane- and ursane-type triterpene glycosides, from Trevesia palmata: their biocontrol activity against phytopathogenic fungi. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14522. [PMID: 30266953 PMCID: PMC6162204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants contain a number of bioactive compounds that exhibit antimicrobial activity, which can be recognized as an important source of agrochemicals for plant disease control. As part of our search for new antimicrobial agents from natural sources, we found that a crude methanol extract of Trevesia palmata exhibited a promising antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi, such as Magnaporthe oryzae and Botrytis cinerea. Furthermore, based on activity-guided fractionation, we isolated five antifungal compounds from the methanol extract of T. palmata: two new triterpene glycosides (TPGs), TPG1 (hederagenin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside) and TPG5 (3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl asiatic acid), along with three known TPGs (TPG2 [macranthoside A], TPG3 [α-hederin], and TPG4 [ilekudinoside D]). The chemical structures of the TPGs were determined by spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with literature data. An in vitro antifungal bioassay revealed that except for TPG4 (ilekudinoside D; IC50 >256 μg/ml), the other TPGs exhibited strong antifungal activities against the rice blast pathogen M. oryzae with IC50 values ranging from 2–5 μg/ml. In particular, when the plants were treated with compound TPG1 (500 μg/ml), disease control values against rice blast, tomato grey mold, tomato late blight, and wheat leaf rust were 84, 82, 88, and 70%, respectively, compared to the non-treatment control. Considering the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of the TPGs and the T. palmata methanol extracts, our results suggest that T. palmata can be a useful source to develop new natural fungicides.
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Kim SH, Park JG, Hong YD, Kim E, Baik KS, Yoon DH, Kim S, Lee MN, Rho HS, Shin SS, Cho JY. Src/Syk/IRAK1-targeted anti-inflammatory action of Torreya nucifera butanol fraction in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 188:167-176. [PMID: 27178629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Seed of Torreya nucifera (L.) Siebold & Zucc is used to treat several diseases in Asia. Reports document that T. nucifera has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative activities. In spite of numerous findings on its pharmacological effects, the understanding of the molecular inhibitory mechanisms of the plant remains to be studied. Therefore, we aimed to explore in vitro anti-inflammatory mechanisms of ethyl acetate fraction (Tn-EE-BF) prepared from the seed of T. nucifera in LPS-stimulated macrophage inflammatory responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this purpose, we measured nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Additionally, using RT-PCR, luciferase reporter gene assay, immunoblotting analysis, and kinase assay, the levels of inflammatory genes, transcription factors, and inflammatory signal-regulatory proteins were investigated. Finally, the constituent of Tn-EE-BF was identified using HPLC. RESULTS Tn-EE-BF inhibits NO and PGE2 production and also blocks mRNA levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in a dose dependent manner. Tn-EE-BF reduces nuclear levels of the transcriptional factors NF-κB (p65) and AP-1 (c-Jun and FRA-1). Surprisingly, we found that Tn-EE-BF inhibits phosphorylation levels of Src and Syk in the NF-κB pathway, as well as, IRAK1 at the protein level, part of the AP-1 pathway. By kinase assay, we confirmed that Src, Syk, and IRAK1 are suppressed directly. HPLC analysis indicates that arctigenin, amentoflavone, and quercetin may be active components with anti-inflammatory activities. CONCLUSION Tn-EE-BF exhibits anti-inflammatory activities by direct inhibition of Src/Syk/NF-κB and IRAK1/AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Hyoung Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Deog Hong
- Longevity Science Research Team, AmorePacific R&D Unit, Yongin 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Baik
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Hyo Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Kim
- Research and Business Foundation, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Nam Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Foodservice Industry, Chungkang College of Cultural industries, Icheon 17390, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sik Rho
- Longevity Science Research Team, AmorePacific R&D Unit, Yongin 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Seok Shin
- Longevity Science Research Team, AmorePacific R&D Unit, Yongin 17074, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Screening of saponins and sapogenins from Medicago species as potential PPARγ agonists and X-ray structure of the complex PPARγ/caulophyllogenin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27658. [PMID: 27283034 PMCID: PMC4901321 DOI: 10.1038/srep27658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of saponins and sapogenins from Medicago species were tested for their ability to bind and activate the nuclear receptor PPARγ by SPR experiments and transactivation assay, respectively. The SPR analysis proved to be a very powerful and fast technique for screening a large number of compounds for their affinity to PPARγ and selecting the better candidates for further studies. Based on the obtained results, the sapogenin caulophyllogenin was proved to be a partial agonist towards PPARγ and the X-ray structure of its complex with PPARγ was also solved, in order to investigate the binding mode in the ligand binding domain of the nuclear receptor. This is the first known crystal structure of a sapogenin directly interacting with PPARγ. Another compound of the series, the echinocistic acid, showed antagonist activity towards PPARγ, a property that could be useful to inhibit the adipocyte differentiation which is a typical adverse effect of PPARγ agonists. This study confirms the interest on saponins and sapogenins as a valuable natural resource exploitable in the medical and food industry for ameliorating the metabolic syndrome.
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Seo KH, Jung JW, Thi NN, Lee YH, Baek NI. Flavonoid Glycosides from the Flowers ofPulsatilla koreanaNakai. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.20307/nps.2016.22.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Hwa Seo
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Jung
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Nhan Nguyen Thi
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Youn-Hyung Lee
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Nam-In Baek
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
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