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Lalani K, Rao MS, Padmakumar R, Parikh P, Ashwini MV, teja Dhulipalla U. Cardiac Hydatid Cyst: A Rare but Potentially Life-Threatening Presentation of Hydatid Disease. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2024; 20:124-127. [PMID: 38495659 PMCID: PMC10941686 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac echinococcosis is a rare and severe manifestation of hydatid disease. It is caused by parasitic infestation by the Echinococcus species and can lead to life-threatening complications. Diagnosis is difficult due to nonspecific symptoms, but echocardiography is a highly sensitive diagnostic method. Albendazole treatment is effective in managing these cysts and can be an alternative to surgery. A patient with multiple cardiac hydatid cysts was successfully treated with albendazole, highlighting the importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent life-threatening complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanhai Lalani
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - M. Sudhakar Rao
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - R. Padmakumar
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Pankti Parikh
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - M. V. Ashwini
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ujwal teja Dhulipalla
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Lyazidi S, Abetti A, Abdellaoui A, El Adaoui A, Habbal R, Ettaoumi Y. Cardiac hydatid cyst in the right ventricle - A rare case report of echinococcosis presentation. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 66:102427. [PMID: 34123377 PMCID: PMC8175272 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The hydatid cyst (HC) of the right ventricle (RV) is an extremely uncommon and a serious location that can cause sudden death following pulmonary embolism, obstruction of the valvular orifice or anaphylactic shock. Case presentation We report a case of a 14 years-old girl with a HC of the RV. Surgical excision of the HC under Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was successful in managing this rare case. Clinical discussion Cardiac HC is extremely rare. It represents only 0.5–2% of all hydatid cases. However, RV location is very severe. It has a tendency to rupture intracavitarily and causes sudden death in 30% of cases. Its diagnosis is based on echocardiography, computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging. The surgical treatment under CPB with anthelmintic therapy seems to improve the prognostic outcomes. Conclusion Cardiac HC must be always suspected in endemic countries, especially in patients with a family history of HC. Hydatid cyst of the right ventricle is an extremely uncommon location. Right ventricle location is very severe that can cause sudden death in 30% of cases. The optimal treatment is still based on surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass with anthelmintic therapy. Hydatid cyst of the right ventricle should be diagnosed and treated early to prevent sudden death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Lyazidi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ayoub Abetti
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed Ist University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Amal Abdellaoui
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ahmed El Adaoui
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Rachida Habbal
- Department of Cardiology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Youssef Ettaoumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
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Jamli M, Cherif T, Ajmi N, Besbes T, Mgarrech I, Jerbi S, Kortas C, Tarmiz A. Surgical Management and Outcomes of Cardiac and Great Vessels Echinococcosis: A 16-Year Experience. Ann Thorac Surg 2020; 110:1333-1338. [PMID: 32145201 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac involvement is an uncommon presentation of hydatid disease. In this study, we aim to analyze the experience of surgical treatment of cardiac and great vessels echinococcosis in our cardiovascular and thoracic surgery department. METHODS Through a 16-year period, from 2000 to 2015, 27 patients underwent surgery for cardiac and great vessels hydatid disease. The clinical, operative, and postoperative data were analyzed through this retrospective and descriptive study. RESULTS Most of our patients came from a rural area. The most common symptom was chest pain. The diagnosis was mainly made by transthoracic echocardiography, which has shown the right ventricle as the most frequent location of the disease. All patients received surgical treatment under cardiopulmonary bypass, and only six surgeries were performed without cross-clamping the aorta. Inhospital mortality rate was 7.4%. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac hydatidosis is a rare but potentially serious condition whose treatment is mainly surgical even for asymptomatic patients owing to its possible fatal complications. The surgery outcomes are usually satisfactory. Follow-up examinations are highly recommended to detect recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marah Jamli
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Taieb Cherif
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nebil Ajmi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Tesnim Besbes
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Imene Mgarrech
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sofiane Jerbi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Chokri Kortas
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Amine Tarmiz
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.
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Singh A, Sharma R, Garg A, Nanda NC, Elsayed M, Taher A, Bulur S. Usefulness of bubble study in echocardiographic diagnosis of contained rupture of hydatid cyst in the right ventricular outflow tract. Echocardiography 2016; 33:1402-8. [PMID: 27650224 DOI: 10.1111/echo.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe an adult female presenting with dyspnea in whom both transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography detected a mobile sac-like structure in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) containing a heterogenous echogenic mass. This sac-like structure markedly changed its shape and size during the cardiac cycle. These findings and the fact that the patient lived in a rural area raised the possibility that this was a hydatid cyst. A bubble study using normal saline was useful in detecting a contained rupture of the cyst. Bubble echoes were noted within the sac-like structure but did not penetrate the inner wall of the cyst which contained echogenic material, indicating that the rupture was confined only to the outer layers. At surgery, a 0.5 cm communication was noted between the cyst and the RVOT and pathology confirmed the diagnosis of hydatid cyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitoj Singh
- Department of Cardiology, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Ravindra Sharma
- Santokba Durlabhji Memorial Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ashok Garg
- Jaipur Heart Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Navin C Nanda
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| | - Mahmoud Elsayed
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ahmed Taher
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Serkan Bulur
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Abstract
Echocardiography indicated a myxoma in the right atrium of a 19-year-old male who suffered an episode of syncope. At surgery, a mass containing hydatid cysts was found in the interatrial septum. The patient underwent en bloc resection of the cysts and patch closure of the defect in the interatrial septum. Transient atrioventricular dissociation was observed for 12 hours postoperatively. Subsequent radiography revealed very two small cysts in the lungs, which were treated with albendazol. The patient made a good recovery with no recurrence during the short-term follow-up.
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Martín-Izquierdo M, Martín-Trenor A. [Hydatidosis simulating a cardiac tumour with pulmonary metastases]. CIR CIR 2016; 84:318-23. [PMID: 26738651 DOI: 10.1016/j.circir.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of multiple symptomatic pulmonary nodules and one cardiac tumour in a child requires urgent diagnosis and treatment. Until a few decades ago, the diagnosis of a cardiac tumour was difficult and was based on a high index of suspicion from indirect signs, and required angiocardiography for confirmation. Echocardiography and other imaging techniques have also helped in the detection of cardiac neoplasms. However, it is not always easy to make the correct diagnosis. CLINICAL CASE The case is presented of a 12 year-old boy with pulmonary symptoms, and diagnosed with a cardiac tumour with lung metastases. The presence of numerous pulmonary nodules was confirmed in our hospital. The echocardiogram detected a solid cardiac nodule in the right ventricle. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the findings and the diagnosis. Puncture-aspiration of a lung nodule gave the diagnosis of hydatidosis. He underwent open-heart surgery with cardiac cyst resection and treated with anthelmintics. The lung cysts were then excised, and he recovered uneventfully. DISCUSSION This child had multiple pulmonary nodules and a solid cardiac nodule, and was suspected of having a cardiac tumour with pulmonary metastases. However, given the clinical history, background and morphology of pulmonary nodules, another possible aetiology for consideration is echinococcosis. The clinical picture of cardiac hydatidosis and its complications is highly variable. The clinical history is essential in these cases, as well as having a high index of suspicion. CONCLUSION Hydatidosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of a solid, echogenic, cardiac nodule. The treatment for cardiopulmonary hydatid cysts is surgical, followed by anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martín-Izquierdo
- Servicio de Pediatría y Puericultura, Clínica San Miguel, Igualatorio Médico Quirúrgico de Navarra, Pamplona, España
| | - Alejandro Martín-Trenor
- Departamento de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardíaca, Sección de Cirugía Cardíaca, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, España.
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Soleimani A, Sahebjam M, Marzban M, Shirani S, Abbasi A. Hydatid Cyst of the Right Ventricle in Early Pregnancy. Echocardiography 2008; 25:778-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2008.00668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Tufekcioglu O, Birincioglu CL, Arda K, Fansa I, Saritas A, Karahan M. Echocardiography Findings in 16 Cases of Cardiac Echinococcosis: Proposal for a New Classification System. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007; 20:895-904. [PMID: 17617317 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echocardiography is a reliable method for diagnosing cardiac echinococcosis (CE). Currently, there is no echocardiographic classification system for CE, but such a scheme would facilitate diagnosis. This article presents echocardiographic data for 16 cases with CE and outlines a method for echocardiographic classification of CE based on the World Health Organization's ultrasonographic classification of cystic echinococcosis. METHODS We assessed the echocardiographic features of hydatid cysts in 16 patients with CE (9 women and 7 men; mean age, 41 +/- 18.3 years), all of whom underwent cardiac surgery. The proposed classification system identifies 3 types of CE lesions: active (unilocular or multilocular and echolucent, showing double-layered cyst wall and hydatid sand); transitional (shrunken as a result of reduced intracystic pressure, and showing water lily sign); and inactive (completely degenerated contents creating the ball-of-wool sign). Preoperative echocardiographic findings (lesion location, imaging appearance [unilocular/multilocular, solid/semisolid], echocardiographic classification/type, number of lesions) were compared with computed tomographic, intraoperative echocardiographic, surgical, and parasitological findings. RESULTS Preoperative echocardiography revealed 18 hydatid cysts (10 myocardial, 7 pericardial, 1 on the ascending aorta). In all, 10 lesions appeared multilocular, 6 unilocular, and 2 solid. A total of 11 were active, 5 transitional, and 2 inactive. Computed tomography identified 20 lesions total, therefore, two were missed on echocardiography. The preoperative echocardiographic findings correlated well with intraoperative echocardiographic, surgical, and parasitological findings. CONCLUSION The 3 types of CE lesions defined in this proposed classification system feature distinct echocardiographic characteristics. This new system is reliable and practical, and could assist with diagnosis and rapid treatment of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omac Tufekcioglu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Surgery, Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
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[Emboligenous hydatid cyst of the right heart]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 2007; 57:62-5. [PMID: 17631269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ancard.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac location of the echinococcosis is rare. It is associated with complications potentially severe. Indeed, the break inside the cardiac chambers with pulmonary embolism is the inevitable complication of the echinococcosis of the right heart. Between January 1992 and January 2006, five patients were operated in the department of cardiac surgery of Sousse (Tunisia) for an emboligenous hydatid cyst of the right heart. The average age is of 30 years with extremes from 18 to 65 years. The cardio-pulmonary bypass is the technique of choice. We regretted a single death in immediate postoperative period. All the patients were controlled with an average recession of 36 months. A single late death was noticed. No recurrence was observed.
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Gürbüz A, Tetik O, Yilik L, Emrecan B, Ozsöyler I, Ozbek C. Cardiac involvement of hydatid disease. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 51:594-8. [PMID: 14650589 DOI: 10.1007/bf02736699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Echinococcosis is a serious health issue occurring in some geographical region of the world. Cardiac involvement is rare and early diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention are critical. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Six patients with cardiac hydatid cysts underwent surgical treatment in our institution between April, 1996 and March, 2002. Five of the patients were female and one was male. Average age was 40+/-5 years with a range of 19 to 72 years. Cysts were located in the right ventricular outflow tract in two patients, the left ventricular outflow tract in one, the right atrial in one, the right ventricular in one and the right atrioventricular groove in one. Five patients were operated on using standard cardiopulmonary bypass techniques, and one was operated on without cardiopulmonary bypass. RESULTS In the perioperative and the early postoperative period, no cardiac problems was observed. On control echocardiography, a ventricular septal defect was detected in one patient in the late postoperative period. The ventricular septal defect was repaired using standard cardiopulmonary bypass and was closed with a teflon patch. Patients were followed up for a mean period of 3.4+/-2.5 years. No mortality or recurrence was observed during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS When hydatid cyst is diagnosed, the possibility of cardiac involvement should also be investigated. The treatment of cardiac hydatid cyst is surgical extraction of the cyst. Results of surgery are generally satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gürbüz
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Yesilyurt, Izmir, Turkey
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Sakarya ME, Etlik O, Sakarya N, Ozen S, Temizoz O, Evirgen O, Kayan M. MR findings in cardiac hydatid cyst. Clin Imaging 2002; 26:170-2. [PMID: 11983468 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-7071(01)00382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of a 23-year-old man with a cardiac hydatid cyst involving the left ventricle wall. The diagnosis of the cyst was obtained by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. He was operated on for cardiac hydatid cyst using enucleation and capitonnage procedure under extracorporeal circulation. Histopathologic study confirmed hydatid cyst diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Emin Sakarya
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey.
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Abstract
Transesophageal echocardiography provides high resolution of intracardiac structures. One potential problem is the misdiagnosis of previously unrecognized benign cardiac structures as malignant processes, leading to unnecessary surgical procedures. We describe an unusual case of benign intracardiac eustachian valve cyst monitored over 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Nkomo
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Charet E, Roudaut R, Lafitte S, Laffort P, Madonna F, de Mascarel A. Echocardiographic demonstration of rupture of intraseptal hydatid cyst. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000; 13:955-8. [PMID: 11029723 DOI: 10.1067/mje.2000.106824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of an intracardiac hydatid cyst observed before and after rupture complicated by a pulmonary embolus. The echocardiographic findings are analyzed and discussed. This dramatic course underscores the surgical emergency of cardiac hydatidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Charet
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, CHU de Bordeaux, France
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Nadareishivili A, Goziridze M, Zodelava E, Nachkepia M, Grigolia G, Chekanov V. Unusual recurrence of hydatid cysts of the heart: report of two cases and review of the clinical and surgical aspects of the disease. J Card Surg 2000; 15:223-8. [PMID: 11414609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8191.2000.tb00460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In cardiac echinococcosis, a hydatid cyst most frequently forms either solely in the heart or in the pericardium, but there are several reports of cysts forming in the liver or lung or in both. In two cases reported here, both patients developed cysts in new sites after one or more previous surgeries for hydatid cyst removal. In Case 1, the patient first underwent spleenectomy and resection of multiple cysts with no evidence of a cyst in the heart; 3 years later, there was no sign of Echinococcus in the liver, but a large inframyocardial cyst had damaged the left ventricle. In Case 2, the patient first underwent surgery to remove cysts from the pericardium, 2 years later from the anterior wall of the left ventricle, and, finally, 8 months after this second operation, from the left atrium also with no evidence of cyst formation anywhere else in the heart at the time of surgery. These cases emphasize the need for thorough and frequent reevaluation to detect new hydatid cyst formation in the heart and elsewhere caused by the Echinococcus organism.
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Birincioğlu CL, Bardakci H, Küçüker SA, Ulus AT, Arda K, Yamak B, Taşdemir O. A clinical dilemma: cardiac and pericardiac echinococcosis. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 68:1290-4. [PMID: 10543495 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(99)00692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac and pericardial echinococcosis as a life-threatening disease may present with a clear picture most of the time, however it may also become a clinical puzzle. METHODS In the period between 1977 and 1998, 14 patients were operated on with the diagnosis of cardiac and pericardial echinococcosis. Nine patients were operated on with standard cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) techniques, and the remaining 5 patients were operated on without CPB. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) or intraoperative surface echocardiography were used to plan and perform the operation for the late cases. RESULTS One patient died during the postoperative period due to the rupture of interventricular septum. All other patients survived the perioperative period, received mebendazole treatment, and exhibited no recurrence during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The definitive treatment is the surgical extraction of the cyst. Because the clinical picture may vary according to the number, size, and location of cysts, as well as complications, cardiac echinococcosis should be remembered and included in the differential diagnosis to achieve the treatment. Intraoperative surface echocardiography is of paramount value for diagnosis and planning the management of a successful surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Birincioğlu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Türkiye Yüksek Ihtisas Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
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Jamil F, Nanda NC, Thakur AC, Malhotra S, Agrawal DI, Reddy VV, Pacifico AD, Darji TB. Echocardiographic Detection of Intramyocardial Coronary Obstruction Produced by Pericardial Hydatid Cyst. Echocardiography 1997; 14:459-460. [PMID: 11174982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.1997.tb00751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh Jamil
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 S. 19th Street, Heart Station SW/S102, Birmingham, AL 35233-1924
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