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Neirinck J, Buysse M, De Vriendt C, Hofmans M, Bonroy C. The role of immunophenotyping in common variable immunodeficiency: a narrative review. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-20. [PMID: 39364936 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2404842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous primary immunodeficiency (PID) characterized by an impaired immunoglobulin production, in association with an increased susceptibility to infections and a diversity of clinical manifestations. This narrative review summarizes immunophenotypic abnormalities in CVID patients and their relevance for diagnosis and disease classification. A comprehensive search across four databases - PubMED, Web of Science, EMBASE and Google Scholar - yielded 170 relevant studies published between 1988 and April 31, 2023. Over the past decades, the role of immunophenotyping in CVID diagnosis has become evident by identifying "hallmark" immunophenotypic aberrancies in patient subsets, with some now integrated in the consensus diagnostic criteria. Furthermore, the role of immunophenotyping in subclassifying CVID in relation to clinical presentation and prognosis has been extensively studied. Certain immunophenotypic patterns consistently correlate with clinical manifestations and/or subsets of CVID, particularly those associated with noninfectious complications (i.e. low switched memory B cells, shifts in follicular helper T cell subsets, low naïve CD4+ T cells, low regulatory T cells, and expansion of CD21low B cells, often associated with autoimmunity and/or splenomegaly). Also, efforts to associate subset levels of innate immune cells, such as Natural Killer (NK) cells, invariant (i)NKT cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and dendritic cells (DCs) to CVID complications are evident albeit in a lesser degree. However, inconsistencies regarding the role of flow cytometry in classification and prognosis persist, reflecting the disease complexity, but probably also cohort variations and methodological differences between published studies. This underscores the need for collaborative efforts to integrate emerging concepts, such as standardized flow cytometry and computational tools, for a more precise CVID classification approach. Additionally, recent studies suggest a potential value of (epi)genetic-based molecular assays to this effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Neirinck
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Malicorne Buysse
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ciel De Vriendt
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mattias Hofmans
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carolien Bonroy
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Late Onset Combined Immunodeficiency Presenting with Recurrent Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia. Case Rep Med 2014; 2014:801805. [PMID: 24799913 PMCID: PMC3988709 DOI: 10.1155/2014/801805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Late onset combined immunodeficiency (LOCID) is a recently described variant of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), involving adult patients presenting with opportunistic infections and/or low CD4+ lymphocyte counts. A 36-year-old male with unremarkable past medical history presented with fever, respiratory failure, and lymphocytopenia. He was found to have Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP), subsequently complicated by recurrent hospital-acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia and immune reconstitution phenomena, attributed to restoration of immunoglobulin levels. Clinicians should be aware of LOCID, which could be confused with HIV infection/AIDS or idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia. In the English bibliography there is only one case report, where PJP was the initial presentation of CVID (that case would probably be classified as LOCID). Phenomena of immune reconstitution are described in various settings, including primary immunodeficiency, manifesting as temporary clinical and radiologic deterioration and leading to misperceptions of therapeutic failure and/or presence of alternative/additional diagnoses.
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Detková D, Español T. An update on treatment strategies for common variable immunodeficiency. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 5:381-90. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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de Silva NR, Gunawardena S, Rathnayake D, Wickramasingha GD. Spectrum of primary immunodeficiency disorders in Sri Lanka. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2013; 9:50. [PMID: 24373416 PMCID: PMC3880003 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-9-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While primary immunodeficiencies (PID has been recognized in the west for decades, recognition has been delayed in the third world. This study attempts to detail the spectrum of PID, the therapy provided, and constraints in the diagnosis and treatment in a middle income country such as Sri Lanka. Methods Nine hundred and forty two patients with recurrent infections and features suggestive of immune deficiency, referred from the entire country in a 4 year period, to the sole immunology unit in Sri Lanka were included. The following tests were performed. Full blood counts, serum Immunoglobulin and complement C3 and C4 levels, functional antibody levels, enumeration of lymphocyte subsets, in vitro and in vivo T cell functional assays,, nitroblue tetrazolium assay to diagnose chronic granulomatous disease, hair shaft assay to diagnose Griscelli syndrome. Sequencing of the common gamma chain to identify x linked severe combined immune deficiency, and X linked agammaglobulinemia was confirmed by assaying for Btk mutations by single sequence conformation polymorphism. HIV/AIDS was excluded in all patients. Results Seventy three patients were diagnosed with a primary immune deficiency. The majority (60.27%) had antibody deficiency. Common variable immune deficiency was the commonest (28.76%), followed by X linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) (20.54%). Five patients had possible hyper IgM syndrome. Ten patients had severe combined immune deficiency (SCID), including 2 with x linked SCID, in addition to DiGeorge syndrome (2), ataxia telangiectasia (6), autosomal dominant hyper IgE syndrome (2), chronic granulomatous disease (4), leucocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (2) and Griscelli syndrome (3). Patients with autoinflammatory, innate immune and complement defects could not be identified due to lack of facilities. Conclusions Antibody deficiency is the commonest PID, as in the west.IgA deficiency is rare. Autoinflammatory diseases, innate immune and complement deficiencies could not be identified due to lack of diagnostic facilities. Lack of awareness of PID among adult physicians result in delay in treatment of adult patients. While treatment of antibody deficiencies provided in state hospitals has extended life expectancy, there is no treatment available for severe T cell defects.
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A novel syndrome of congenital sideroblastic anemia, B-cell immunodeficiency, periodic fevers, and developmental delay (SIFD). Blood 2013; 122:112-23. [PMID: 23553769 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-08-439083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital sideroblastic anemias (CSAs) are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders identified by pathological erythroid precursors with perinuclear mitochondrial iron deposition in bone marrow. An international collaborative group of physicians and laboratory scientists collated clinical information on cases of CSA lacking known causative mutations, identifying a clinical subgroup of CSA associated with B immunodeficiency, periodic fevers, and development delay. Twelve cases from 10 families were identified. Median age at presentation was 2 months. Anemia at diagnosis was sideroblastic, typically severe (median hemoglobin, 7.1 g/dL) and markedly microcytic (median mean corpuscular volume, 62.0 fL). Clinical course involved recurrent febrile illness and gastrointestinal disturbance, lacking an infective cause. Investigation revealed B-cell lymphopenia (CD19⁺ range, 0.016-0.22 × 10⁹/L) and panhypogammaglobulinemia in most cases. Children displayed developmental delay alongside variable neurodegeneration, seizures, cerebellar abnormalities, sensorineural deafness, and other multisystem features. Most required regular blood transfusion, iron chelation, and intravenous immunoglobulin replacement. Median survival was 48 months, with 7 deaths caused by cardiac or multiorgan failure. One child underwent bone marrow transplantation aged 9 months, with apparent cure of the hematologic and immunologic manifestations. We describe and define a novel CSA and B-cell immunodeficiency syndrome with additional features resembling a mitochondrial cytopathy. The molecular etiology is under investigation.
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Prevalence of prolonged and chronic poliovirus excretion among persons with primary immune deficiency disorders in Sri Lanka. Vaccine 2012; 30:7561-5. [PMID: 23099333 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Global Polio Eradication Initiative, established in 1988, has made substantial progress toward achieving this target, with only 3 countries never having eliminated wild poliovirus. Persons with primary immune deficiency disorders (PIDD) exposed to OPV are at increased risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) and of prolonged excretion of Sabin polioviruses. However, the risk for prolonged excretion is not known. Therefore, we studied the prevalence of PIDD with long-term poliovirus excretion in Sri Lanka, a middle income country currently using OPV. METHODS We stimulated the referral of patients under the age of 35 years, with clinical features suggestive of immune deficiency to the single immunology clinic in the country, where these patients were investigated for the presence of PIDD. Stool samples from patients with PIDD were cultured for the presence of poliovirus (PV). Poliovirus isolates were tested for intratypic differentiation (ITD). The VP1 region of all poliovirus isolates was sequenced. RESULTS Of 942 patients investigated, 51 (5.4%) were diagnosed with PIDD. Five (10.2%) patients excreted poliovirus. A patient with X linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) excreted a mixture of all three Sabin like (SL) poliovirus serotypes. One patient with severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) excreted SL type 2, and another with SCID excreted SL type 3. One patient with SCID excreted a P2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV 2), and another with common variable immune deficiency (CVID) excreted a VDPV 3. The 3 patients with SCID died before scheduled collection of subsequent samples one month later, while the patient with XLA had cleared the virus in stool sample collected after 3 and 11 months. The CVID patient with VDPV 3 excreted for 7 months, and has developed a 23 nucleotide divergence in VP1 (∼900 nucleotides) from the parental Sabin virus. CONCLUSIONS In our study, several patients with SCID, XLA and CVID excreted poliovirus. With improving health care quality patients with CVID and XLA may survive longer especially with provision of intravenous immune globulin. Regular screening of patients with PIDD for excretion of poliovirus is necessary to identify chronic excretors and make available specific therapies.
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Generalized verrucosis: A review of the associated diseases, evaluation, and treatments. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 66:292-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Oh SH, Kang CI, Kim J, Park TS. ABO discrepancy in a young Korean serviceman with common variable immunodeficiency. Ann Hematol 2009; 89:629-30. [PMID: 19844713 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-009-0840-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kumar N, Hagan JB, Abraham RS, Aksamit AJ. Common variable immunodeficiency-associated myelitis: report of treatment with infliximab. J Neurol 2008; 255:1821-4. [PMID: 18677641 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-008-0898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Toruner M, Loftus EV, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Orenstein R, Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF, Egan LJ. Risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:929-36. [PMID: 18294633 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 721] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We sought to identify and quantify the clinical factors that were associated with opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease patients. METHODS We identified 100 consecutive IBD patients with opportunistic infections. For each case, 2 matched IBD patients who did not have a history of opportunistic infection were selected as controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess associations between putative risk factors and opportunistic infections, presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS In univariate analysis, use of corticosteroids (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.8-6.2), azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.7-5.5), and infliximab (OR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.2-17.1) were associated individually with significantly increased odds for opportunistic infection. Multivariate analysis indicated that use of any one of these drugs yielded an OR of 2.9 (95% CI, 1.5-5.3), whereas use of 2 or 3 of these drugs yielded an OR of 14.5 (95% CI, 4.9-43) for opportunistic infection. The relative risk of opportunistic infection was greatest in IBD patients seen at older than 50 years of age (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.2-7.2, relative to those 24 years or younger). No patient died from opportunistic infection. CONCLUSIONS Immunosuppressive medications, especially when used in combination, and older age are associated with increased risk of opportunistic infections. The absolute risk of opportunistic infection in IBD patients remains to be determined, as does any potential benefit of any preventive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Toruner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most frequent clinically manifested primary immunodeficiency. According to clinical and laboratory findings, CVID is a heterogeneous group of diseases. Recently, the defects of molecules regulating activation and terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes have been described in some patients with CVID. In this study, we show the overview of deficiencies of inducible costimulator, transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cytophilin ligand interactor, CD19 molecules, their genetic basis, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kopecký
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Goldstein MF, Goldstein AL, Dunsky EH, Dvorin DJ, Belecanech GA, Shamir K. Selective IgM immunodeficiency: retrospective analysis of 36 adult patients with review of the literature. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007; 97:717-30. [PMID: 17201230 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review and compare previously reported cases of selective IgM immunodeficiency (SIgMID) with the largest adult cohort obtained from a retrospective analysis of an allergy and immunology practice. DATA SOURCES Publications were selected from the English-only PubMed database (1966-2005) using the following keywords: IgM immunodeficiency alone and in combination with celiac disease, autoimmune disease, malignancy, and infection. Bibliographic references of relevant articles were used. STUDY SELECTION Reported adult SIgMID cases were reviewed and included in a comparative database against our cohort. RESULTS Previously described patients with SIgMID include 155 adults and 157 patients of unspecified age. Thirty-six adult patients were identified with SIgMID from a database of 13,700 active adult patients (0.26%, 1:385). The mean +/- SD serum IgM level was 29.74 +/- 8.68 mg/dL (1 SD). The mean +/- SD age at the time of diagnosis of SIgMID was 55 +/- 13.5 years. Frequency of presenting symptoms included the following: recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, 77%; asthma, 47%; allergic rhinitis, 36%; vasomotor rhinitis, 19%; angioedema, 14%; and anaphylaxis, 11%. Serologically, 13% of patients had positive antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), 5% had serologic evidence of celiac disease, and nearly all had non-AB blood type. Patients also had low levels of IgM isohemagglutinins. No patients developed lymphoproliferative disease or panhypogammaglobulinemia, and none died of life-threatening infections, malignancy, or fulminant autoimmune-mediated diseases during a mean follow-up period of 3.7 years. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of SIgMID in our adult population was 0.26% and may be more common than previously thought. Non-life-threatening respiratory disorders were common comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc F Goldstein
- Allergic Disease Associates, PC/The Asthma Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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Wooten J. Retinitis Pigmentosa and Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disease: Associated or Separate? South Med J 2006; 99:915. [PMID: 17004521 DOI: 10.1097/01.smj.0000232974.47599.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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