Tetralogy of fallot repair in patients 40 years or older

Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Middle and Late Adulthood

Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR) is now frequently performed in patients with adult congenital heart disease. As the life expectancy of the population with adult congenital heart disease continues to improve, more patients will require pulmonary valve intervention. This study details the short-term and midterm clinical outcomes of patients aged ≥40 years who underwent TPVR. We performed an institutional retrospective cohort study that included patients aged ≥40 years who underwent TPVR (and clinical follow-up) from January 1, 2012 to January 1, 2024. Descriptive analyses, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and Cox proportional hazard modeling were used to determine outcomes and risk factors affecting survival. The study included 67 patients, and median age at TPVR was 48 years (43 to 57). Median hospital length of stay after TPVR was 1 day (1 to 3); periprocedural complications occurred in 5 patients, and acute kidney injury occurred in 1 patient. Median duration of follow-up was 3.5 years (0.1 to 9.7). There were 9 total deaths, and 1-, 3-, and 5-year Kaplan-Meier survival after TPVR was 95%, 91%, and 82%, respectively. Moderate or worse right ventricular dysfunction was present in 22 patients before TPVR and in 20 patients after TPVR. Inpatient status before TPVR negatively affected survival (hazard ratio 24.7, 3.3 to 186.1, p = 0.002). In conclusion, TPVR was performed in patients aged ≥40 years with favorable periprocedural and midterm follow-up outcomes including survival, but right ventricular dysfunction did not improve, and further exploration of the ideal timing of TPVR in this age group is warranted.

Unrepaired tetralogy of Fallot in a 71 years old woman: A case report and review of the literature

Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) in infants. The four components that constitute ToF are an overriding aorta over the crest of the interventricular septum, obstruction in the right ventricular outflow tract, right ventricular hypertrophy, and a typically large non-restricted ventricular septal defect. ToF may also be associated with other extracardiac abnormalities, including patent ductus arteriosus or multiple aortopulmonary collateral arteries, which can impact the patient's survival. Patients with unoperated ToF rarely reach adulthood, and it is extremely rare to discover undiagnosed ToF in individuals over 60 years old. In this report, we describe an unusual case of a woman with unrepaired ToF who survived until the age of 71. She was fairly asymptomatic until the 7th decade of her life and complained only of dyspnea on exertion. The patient declined corrective cardiac surgery and preferred conservative management.

Paucisymptomatic Tetralogy of Fallot diagnosed in a 56-year-old patient: a case report

BACKGROUND

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease. It is generally diagnosed and surgically repaired early in life, with good overall outcomes.

CASE PRESENTATION

We report the case of a patient incidentally diagnosed with paucisymptomatic TOF at the age of 56 years old, during investigations for carbon monoxide poisoning. The patient had a history of thyroidectomy, arterial hypertension, and four uncomplicated vaginal deliveries.

CONCLUSIONS

This case shows us that some patients with TOF can reach older ages without surgical correction. Late surgical repair should be meticulously decided on a case basis.

Unrepaired tetralogy of Fallot in the adult: an unexpected diagnosis

A 40-year-old female is admitted for paroxysmal episodes of exertional dyspnoea, with associated cyanosis, improving with squatting, and a holosystolic murmur radiating to the interscapular area. Echocardiography showed a subaortic ventricular septal defect with left-to-right shunt and overriding aorta. The characteristic murmur prompted us to seek right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Magnetic resonance was performed, confirming Tetralogy of Fallot, and corrective surgery was performed.

Concomitant pulmonary valve replacement with intracardiac repair for adult tetralogy of Fallot

Objectives :

Adult patients undergoing tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair have a higher risk of mortality compared to pediatric patients. Pulmonary regurgitation (PR) further predisposes these patients to heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden death. Pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) may improve the symptoms in these patients but, fails to reverse the other deleterious effects. Aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of concomitant PVR with TOF repair on right ventricular (RV) parameters, cardiopulmonary exercise capacity, and bioprosthetic valve durability at mid-term.

Materials and Methods:

Between January 2013 and August 2018, 37 adolescents and adults with TOF who had hypoplastic pulmonary annulus underwent concomitant TOF repair with PVR at our institute. We retrospectively collected the data from the hospital records including follow-up.

Results :

Mean age of the patients was 18.48 ± 7.53 years. Bioprosthetic valve size ranged from 19 mm to 25 mm. There was no early or late mortality. No patient had developed significant perioperative complications. At a mean follow-up of 53.3 ± 16.4 months, there was no significant change in mean QRS duration, RV function, RV end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions, RV myocardial performance index, and functional status (including NYHA class and 6-min walk test) compared to at-discharge values. Four patients developed prosthetic valve degeneration with mild PR and without significant increase in gradient.

Conclusion :

Concomitant PVR with TOF repair in adult provides excellent mid-term outcome, with a minimal rate of pulmonary valve degeneration. It not only eases the early postoperative course but also preserves the RV function as well as functional status at mid-term.

Adults With Tetralogy of Fallot: Early Postoperative Outcomes and Risk Factors for Complications

OBJECTIVE

To report the early postoperative outcomes in adults with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) undergoing cardiac surgery and to identify patient factors associated with complications.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We performed a single-institution retrospective review of adults with TOF who underwent cardiac surgery from January 8, 2008, through June 21, 2018. Patients' characteristics, preoperative imaging, surgical interventions, outcomes, and complications were analyzed.

RESULTS

There were 219 adults with TOF (mean age, 40 years; range, 18-83 years; 88 [40%] female) in the study. Surgical interventions included repair or replacement of the pulmonary valve (n=199 [91%]), tricuspid valve (n=70 [32%]), mitral valve (n=13 [5.9%]), and aortic valve (n=8 [3.7%]). Three patients (1.4%) underwent first-time TOF repair. The 30-day mortality rate was 1.4% (n=3). Early postoperative complications occurred in 66 (30%) and included arrhythmias requiring treatment, dialysis requirement, liver dysfunction, respiratory failure, infection, reoperation, cardiac arrest, mechanical circulatory support, and death. Multivariate analysis found older age at current surgery (odds ratio [OR], 1.04 per year; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.06; P<.001), longer cardiopulmonary bypass time (OR, 1.01 per minute; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.02; P<.001), right ventricular systolic dysfunction (OR, 1.31; 95%, CI 1.02 to 1.69; P=.03), diabetes mellitus (OR, 3.50; 95% CI, 1.20 to 10.2; P=.02), and history of initial palliative surgery (OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.01 to 3.91; P=.05) as independent predictors of complications.

CONCLUSION

Surgical interventions for adult patients with TOF can be performed with low early morbidity and mortality. Clinical characteristics and preoperative testing parameters can predict risk for complications in the postoperative period.

Pulmonary valve replacement in primary repair of tetralogy of Fallot in adult patients

Background

Adults with unrepaired tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) are common in developing countries. Long-term overload of the right ventricle places adult patients at risk for postoperative right heart failure after primary repair, which contributes to morbidity and mortality. The effect of pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) in reducing postoperative morbidity and mortality in adults has never been validated.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study in adults (age ≥18 years) with ToF undergoing primary repair from January 2014 to December 2019 at our institution. Patients were divided into three groups according to techniques used to enlarge the right ventricle outflow tract (RVOT). Baseline variables and perioperative outcomes were collected. The primary endpoint was operative mortality. Secondary endpoints were incidences of right heart failure and stage 3 acute kidney injury (AKI).

Results

A total of 56 patients were enrolled (mean age 41.5±11.7 years, 30 females, 53.6%). They were divided into three groups designated as the following: TA-PVR group for trans-annular patch enlargement with PVR; TA group for trans-annulus patch enlargement without PVR; and group AP for annulus preservation. Four patients (7.1%) died postoperatively, all due to right heart failure. All twelve patients in the TA-PVR group survived. There was no significant difference in mortalities among groups. Ten patients (17.9%) developed right heart failure after surgery with no significant difference among groups. Three patients (5.4%) developed stage 3 AKI after surgery, none belonging to the TA-PVR group, however, not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Right heart failure is a common complication after primary repair of adult ToF. Trans-annulus patch enlargement should be cautiously selected in this population. PVR with trans-annulus patch enlargement may be a promising technique to protect against postoperative right heart failure and mortality when annulus preservation is not feasible.

Missed Tetralogy of Fallot in an Elderly Woman With a Known Ventricular Septal Defect

Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart disease comprised of a tetrad of ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. In developed countries, most cases are diagnosed in babies; mortality is high if not surgically corrected in a timely manner. We describe herein a woman who was diagnosed at age 73 years. Several factors accounted for her unusual longevity. We highlight the importance of multimodal imaging to look for other associated anomalies of tetralogy of Fallot in cases of apparent simple ventricular septal defect when the echocardiographic images are either suggestive or suboptimal.

Diagnosis and treatment of adults with congenital heart disease

Approximately 50 million adults worldwide have known congenital heart disease (CHD). Among the most common types of CHD defects in adults are atrial septal defects and ventricular septal defects followed by complex congenital heart lesions such as tetralogy of Fallot. Adults with CHDs are more likely to have hypertension, cerebral vascular disease, diabetes and chronic kidney disease than age-matched controls without CHD. Moreover, by the age of 50, adults with CHD are at a greater than 10% risk of experiencing cardiac dysrhythmias and approximately 4% experience sudden death. Consequently, adults with CHD require healthcare that is two- to four-times greater than adults without CHD. This paper discusses the diagnosis and treatment of adults with atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects and tetralogy of Fallot.

Management of Unoperated Tetralogy of Fallot in a 59-Year-Old Patient

Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic congenital heart defect consisting of an overriding aorta, right ventricular outflow obstruction, ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Without surgical management, approximately only 3% of patients survive past the age of 40 years. Cases of unoperated patients reaching adulthood have been reported; however, few studies describe treatment guidelines for surgical or therapeutic management. In this article, we report the case of a 59-year-old Hispanic male with unoperated tetralogy of Fallot presenting to our cardiology clinic for initial workup and management.

Case series: Dexmedetomidine and ketamine for anesthesia in patients with uncorrected congenital cyanotic heart disease presenting for non-cardiac surgery

The number of patients with uncorrected congenital cyanotic heart disease is less but at times some may present for non-cardiac surgery with a high anesthetic risk. Some of these may even be adults with compromised cardiopulmonary physiology posing greater challenges to the anesthesiologist. The authors have used a combination of dexmedetomidine and ketamine for anesthesia for non cardiac surgery in five patients with cyanotic heart disease and right to left shunt (3-Eisenmenger's syndrome, 2-Tetralogy of Fallot). The sympathoinhibitory effects of dexmedetomidine were balanced with the cardiostimulatory effects of ketamine, thereby maintaining good cardiovascular stability. The analgesia was good and there was no postoperative agitation. This drug combination was effective and safe for patients with cyanotic heart disease for non cardiac surgeries.

Unrepaired tetralogy of fallot with major aortopulmonary collateral arteries in an adult patient

Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by a ventricular septal defect, a large, overriding aorta, subpulmonic stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy. These lesions can be associated with abnormal development of the pulmonary vasculature. This can include peripheral pulmonic stenosis, discontinuous pulmonary arteries, anomalous pulmonary venous return, and the development of aortopulmonary collateral vessels. Aortopulmonary collateral vessels develop to supply underperfused areas of the pulmonary bed and pose a unique and challenging problem at the time of surgical repair, which involves closure of the ventricular septal defect, relief of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, maintenance of pulmonary valve competency when possible, and establishment of laminar pulmonary blood flow to all segments of the pulmonary bed. We describe a 36-year-old man with unrepaired tetralogy of Fallot with distinctive aortopulmonary collaterals, who underwent complete surgical repair with good outcome. Two-dimensional echocardiogram, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and cardiac catheterization each provided vital details allowing a stepwise approach to defining his unique anatomy for surgical correction.