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Ni R, Straumann N, Fazio S, Dean-Ben XL, Louloudis G, Keller C, Razansky D, Ametamey S, Mu L, Nombela-Arrieta C, Klohs J. Imaging increased metabolism in the spinal cord in mice after middle cerebral artery occlusion. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 32:100532. [PMID: 37645255 PMCID: PMC10461215 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates crosstalk between the brain and hematopoietic system following cerebral ischemia. Here, we investigated metabolism and oxygenation in the spleen and spinal cord in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model. Sham-operated and tMCAO mice underwent [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) to assess glucose metabolism. Naïve, sham-operated and tMCAO mice underwent multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) assisted by quantitative model-based reconstruction and unmixing algorithms for accurate mapping of oxygenation patterns in peripheral tissues at 24 h after reperfusion. We found increased [18F]FDG uptake and reduced MSOT oxygen saturation, indicating hypoxia in the thoracic spinal cord of tMCAO mice compared with sham-operated mice but not in the spleen. Reduced spleen size was observed in tMCAO mice compared with sham-operated mice ex vivo. tMCAO led to an increase in the numbers of mature T cells in femoral bone marrow tissues, concomitant with a stark reduction in these cell subsets in the spleen and peripheral blood. The combination of quantitative PET and MSOT thus enabled observation of hypoxia and increased metabolic activity in the spinal cord of tMCAO mice at 24 h after occlusion compared to sham-operated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zentrum für Neurowissenschaften Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadja Straumann
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serana Fazio
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xose Luis Dean-Ben
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Louloudis
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Keller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zentrum für Neurowissenschaften Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Ametamey
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - César Nombela-Arrieta
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Klohs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kiamanesh Z, Banezhad F, Nasiri Z, Emami F, Treglia G, Sadeghi R. Physiological distribution of 18F-FDG in the spinal cord: A systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med 2021; 44:517-524. [PMID: 31682787 PMCID: PMC8288118 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2019.1672954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: The importance of physiologic distribution of 18F-FDG in the spinal cord.Objective: The recognition of the physiologic distribution of 18F-FDG in the spinal cord is pivotal for accurate PET/CT imaging interpretation, especially in oncologic patients. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to investigate the normal distribution of 18F-FDG throughout the spinal cord.Methods: Data sources: We carried out a comprehensive search of the literature on the physiologic patterns of 18F-FDG distribution in the spinal cord. PubMed and Scopus databases were searched using the following keywords: "spinal cord" AND "FDG". Data extraction: Findings of the selected articles were described.Results: Thirteen studies comprising 24,125 patients entered the systematic review. These investigations showed discrepancies in location, size, number, and intensity of 18F-FDG uptake throughout the spinal cord. However, cumulative results showed that 18F-FDG uptake was higher in the lower thoracic portion of spinal cord (T11-T12). Moreover, a decreasing trend in 18F-FDG uptake was observed from cervical to lumbar levels. Low maximal standardized uptake values, female sex, and higher body weight seem to be related to the physiological spinal cord 18F-FDG uptake.Conclusions: On 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging, focal hypermetabolism of the spinal cord at the level of lower thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae should be considered physiological until proven otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kiamanesh
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farnaz Banezhad
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zakieh Nasiri
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farshad Emami
- Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Department, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Giorgio Treglia
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Center, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland,Health Technology Assessment Unit, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ramin Sadeghi
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Correspondence to: Ramin Sadeghi, Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; +985138012794. ;
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[ 18F]FDG uptake of the normal spinal cord in PET/MR imaging: comparison with PET/CT imaging. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:91. [PMID: 32761394 PMCID: PMC7410944 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of visualization of the spinal cord hinders the evaluation of [18F]Fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) uptake of the spinal cord in PET/CT. By exploiting the capability of MRI to precisely outline the spinal cord, we performed a retrospective study aimed to define normal pattern of spinal cord [18F]FDG uptake in PET/MRI. METHODS Forty-one patients with lymphoma without clinical or MRI signs of spinal cord or bone marrow involvement underwent simultaneous PET and MRI acquisition using Siemens Biograph mMR after injection of 3.5 MBq/kg body weight of [18F]FDG for staging purposes. Using a custom-made software, we placed ROIs of 3 and 9 mm in diameter in the spinal cord, lumbar CSF, and vertebral marrow that were identified on MRI at 5 levels (C2, C5, T6, T12, and L3). The SUVmax, SUVmean, and the SUVmax and SUVmean normalized (NSUVmax and NSUVmean) to the liver were measured. For comparison, the same ROIs were placed in PET-CT images obtained immediately before the PET-MRI acquisition following the same tracer injection. RESULTS On PET/MRI using the 3 mm ROI, the following average (all level excluding L3) spinal cord median (1st and 3rd quartile) values were measured: SUVmean, 1.68 (1.39 and 1.83); SUVmax, 1.92 (1.60 and 2.14); NSUVmean, 1.18 (0.93 and 1.36); and NSUVmax, 1.27 (1.01 and 1.33). Using the 9 mm ROI, the corresponding values were SUVmean, 1.41 (1.25-1.55); SUVmax, 2.41 (2.08 and 2.61); NSUVmean, 0.93 (0.79 and 1.04); and NSUVmax, 1.28 (1.02 and 1.39). Using the 3 mm ROI, the highest values of PET-MRI SUVmax, SUVmean, NSUVmax, and NSUVmean were consistently observed at C5 and the lowest at T6. Using a 9 mm ROI, the highest values were consistently observed at C5 and the lowest at T12 or T6. The spinal cord [18F]FDG-uptake values correlated with the bone marrow uptake at the same level, especially in case of NSUVmax. Comparison with PET-CT data revealed that the average SUVmax and SUVmean of the spinal cord were similar in PET-MRI and PET-CT. However, the average NSUVmax and NSUVmean of the spinal cord were higher (range 21-47%) in PET-MRI than in PET-CT. CONCLUSIONS Using a whole-body protocol, we defined the maximum and mean [18F]FDG uptake of the normal spinal cord in PET/MRI. While the observed values show the expected longitudinal distribution, they appear to be higher than those measured in PET/CT. Normalization of the SUVmax and SUVmean of the spinal cord to the liver radiotracer uptake could help in multi-institutional comparisons and studies.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physiological fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake of spinal cord needs to be correctly recognized during evaluation of whole-body PET scans, especially for oncological cases. Our aim was to analyze physiological cord FDG uptake and its relation to gender, age, body weight, environmental temperature and time to imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS PET scans of 254 patients in a single year, one patient for every working day were retrospectively selected. Temperature data were obtained from meteorology recordings. Maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) of spinal cord at cervical and lower thoracic levels were noted. Spinal canal at L5 level, cerebellum and liver were used for normalization. Correlations with age, body weight, time to imaging and environmental temperature were analyzed. RESULTS Cervical SUV was higher than thoracic SUV (2.5-2.3). Cervical and lower thoracic SUV's were strongly correlated, highest when corrected with L5 level vertebral canal and liver (corr coeff 0.84 and 0.75) and lowest with cerebellum (corr coeff 0.4). Cervical spinal cord FDG uptake was higher for females than males (2.6 to 2.4). Temperature and age did not change spinal cord uptake. There were weak positive correlations with body weight (corr coeff 0.16 and 0.28, cervical and thoracic). There was weak negative correlation of cervical uptake with time to imaging (corr coeff -0.17). CONCLUSION Spinal cord FDG uptake at cervical and lower thoracic levels are strongly correlated. Females have slightly higher cervical SUV. Age and temperature does not change spinal cord FDG uptake in adults. Cord SUV's slightly increased with body weight.
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van den Bosch S, Dijkema T, Philippens MEP, Terhaard CHJ, Hoebers FJP, Kaanders JHAM, Oyen WJG. Tumor to cervical spinal cord standardized uptake ratio (SUR) improves the reproducibility of 18F-FDG-PET based tumor segmentation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in a multicenter setting. Radiother Oncol 2018; 130:39-45. [PMID: 30005954 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In quantitative FDG-PET data analysis, normalization of the standardized uptake value (SUV) with an internal image-derived standard improves its reproducibility. In this study, the cervical spinal cord is proposed as an internal standard that is within the field of view of the radiotherapy planning PET/CT-scan in head and neck cancer. The aim is to evaluate if the tumor to cervical spinal cord standardized uptake ratio (SUR) can improve the reproducibility of a model to determine the metabolic tumor volume (MTV) on FDG-PET/CT in a multicenter setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-five radiotherapy planning FDG-PET/CT-scans of patients with head and neck cancer were analyzed using the Bland-Altman method to evaluate differences in FDG-uptake in the cervical spinal cord and the mediastinal blood pool. Non-linear regression analysis was used to determine the optimal MTV using the gross tumor volume (GTV) as ground truth and a spatial overlap-index as statistical validation metric. Reproducibility was evaluated using the Bland-Altman method and external validation was performed in an independent dataset consisting of 62 patients. RESULTS Bland-Altman's analyses demonstrated equivalence of FDG-uptake in the mediastinal blood pool and the cervical spinal cord. Reproducibility of the models improved when using SUR instead of SUV. These results were confirmed in the validation cohort. CONCLUSION The use of the tumor to cervical spinal cord SUR instead of SUV improves the reproducibility of a model to determine the MTV on FDG-PET/CT in a multicenter setting. This study indicates that SUR may be preferred over SUV based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven van den Bosch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tim Dijkema
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chris H J Terhaard
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J P Hoebers
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Research Institute GROW, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H A M Kaanders
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J G Oyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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A Large Cohort Study of 18F Fluoro-Deoxy-Glucose Uptake in Normal Spinal Cord: Quantitative Assessment of the Contamination From Adjacent Vertebral Marrow Uptake and Validity of Normalizing the Cord Uptake Against the Lumbar Thecal Sac. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2016; 41:125-130. [PMID: 27560019 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed (1) to assess the influence of age, sex, blood glucose, and body mass index on the F fluoro-deoxy-glucose (F-FDG) uptake in normal spinal cord; (2) to quantitatively evaluate contamination of the spinal cord SUVmax by the adjacent vertebral marrow activity; and (3) to investigate the validity of normalizing spinal cord SUVmax against lumbar thecal sac SUVmax. METHODS Two hundred positron emission tomography-computed tomography examinations of subjects with normal spinal cord were retrospectively reviewed. SUVmax of spinal cord and vertebral body was obtained at C2, C5, T6, T12, and L3 levels. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were obtained at each level between spinal cord SUVmax and vertebral marrow SUVmax, age, body mass index, and blood glucose. Cord to background ratio (CTB) was calculated as the ratio between SUVmax of spinal cord and SUVmax of L3 thecal sac. The coefficient of variation (CV) of spinal cord SUVmax was compared with the CV of CTB. RESULTS Spinal cord SUVmax was highest at C2 (mean, 1.76) and lowest at T6 (mean, 1.37) with SD of 0.32 to 0.36 SUV. Sex (P > 0.45), age (r: -0.25 to -0.06), body mass index (r: 0.19 to 0.27), and blood glucose (r: -0.17 to 0.22) had no impact on the spinal cord SUVmax. A moderate to strong positive correlation (r: 0.66-0.80) was found between spinal cord SUVmax and the corresponding vertebral marrow SUVmax. The CV of CTB was greater (0.28-0.32) than the CV of spinal cord SUVmax (0.19-0.25) across all levels. CONCLUSIONS Of the variables studied, only contamination from adjacent vertebral marrow activity significantly affected the SUVmax of spinal cord. This contamination should be corrected for when reporting spinal cord FDG uptake. Lumbar thecal sac is not a valid reference for normalizing spinal cord FDG uptake.
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Harata N, Yoshida K, Oota S, Fujii H, Isogai J, Yoshimura R. (18)F-FDG uptake of the spinal cord was decreased after conventional dose radiotherapy in esophageal cancer patients. Ann Nucl Med 2015; 30:35-9. [PMID: 26370717 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-015-1027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We retrospectively investigated changes of (18)F-fluorodeocyglucose ((18)F-FDG) uptake in the spinal cord, inside and outside the radiation fields, in patients with esophageal cancer before and after conventional dose radiotherapy. METHODS A total of 17 consecutive patients with esophageal cancer (16 males, one female; age 50-83 years, mean 67.0 years), who underwent conventional dose radiotherapy and (18)F-FDG PET/CT before and 5.1 months (range 1.6-8.6 months) after the radiotherapy, were retrospectively evaluated. Sixteen patients had esophageal cancer and one patient had esophageal metastasis from thyroid cancer. Mean standardized uptake values (SUVmean) of the cervical, thoracic (inside and outside the radiation fields) and lumbar spinal cord were measured. RESULTS SUVmean of the thoracic spinal cord inside the radiation field was decreased significantly after radiotherapy compared to those before radiotherapy (p < 0.001). SUVmean of the cervical spinal cord showed the same trend but it was not statistically significant (p = 0.051). SUVmean of the thoracic spinal cord outside the radiation field and the lumbar spinal cord did not differ significantly before and after the radiotherapy (p = 0.146 and p = 0.701, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that glucose metabolism of the spinal cord is decreased in esophageal cancer patients after conventional dose radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Harata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
| | | | - Sayako Oota
- Department of Radiology, Asahi General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hayahiko Fujii
- Department of Radiology, Asahi General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Isogai
- Department of Radiology, Asahi General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Yoshimura
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. OBJECTIVE To evaluate, in a pediatric population, F-Fluoro-deoxy-glucose (F-FDG) metabolic activity of normal spinal cord and to assess the correlation with demographic, clinical, and environmental variables. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA F-FDG uptake of normal spinal cord is variable in children. The knowledge of physiological metabolism of spinal cord is essential to distinguish normal from pathological findings by positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT). METHODS We retrospectively evaluated F-FDG positron emission tomography-computed tomography scans from a total of 167 pediatric patients (97 males; 3.9-18.9 yr) divided into 4 age groups (0-4.9 yr, 5-9.9 yr, 10-14.9 yr, and 15-18.9 yr), excluding those submitted to previous or recent therapeutic procedures influencing spinal cord metabolism or with central nervous system diseases. Spinal cord was divided into 3 levels (C1-C7; D1-D6; and D7-L1), and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of each cord level was measured. Correlations between SUVmax and spinal cord level, age, body weight, sex, type of disease, and season were statistically assessed. RESULTS Median SUVmax was similar and significantly (P < 0.01) higher at C1-C7 and D7-L1 levels than at D1-D6 level and it significantly (P < 0.01) increased with age in all spinal cord levels. A positive and significant association between SUVmax and body weight, female sex, and Hodgkin lymphoma was found. No significant association with season was observed. By multivariate analysis, only weight and female sex remained significant. CONCLUSION Knowledge of physiological F-FDG spinal cord activity in children is essential for a correct interpretation of positron emission tomography-computed tomography, especially in oncologic pediatric patients to avoid potential pitfalls. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Ling ZM, Tang Y, Li YQ, Luo HX, Liu LL, Tu QQ, Zhou LH. Evaluation of Avulsion-Induced Neuropathology in Rat Spinal Cords with 18F-FDG Micro-PET/CT. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127685. [PMID: 26010770 PMCID: PMC4444271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachial plexus root avulsion (BPRA) leads to dramatic motoneuron death and glial reactions in the corresponding spinal segments at the late stage of injury. To protect spinal motoneurons, assessment of the affected spinal segments should be done at an earlier stage of the injury. In this study, we employed 18F-FDG small-animal PET/CT to assess the severity of BPRA-induced cervical spinal cord injuries. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly treated and divided into three groups: Av+NS (brachial plexus root avulsion (Av) treated with normal saline), Av+GM1 (treated with monosialoganglioside), and control. At time points of 3 day (d), 1 week (w), 2 w, 4 w and 8 w post-injury, 18F-FDG micro-PET/CT scans and neuropathology assessments of the injured spinal roots, as well as the spinal cord, were performed. The outcomes of the different treatments were compared. The results showed that BPRA induced local bleeding and typical Wallerian degeneration of the avulsed roots accompanied by 18F-FDG accumulations at the ipsilateral cervical intervertebral foramen. BPRA-induced astrocyte reactions and overexpression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the motoneurons correlated with higher 18F-FDG uptake in the ipsilateral cervical spinal cord during the first 2 w post-injury. The GM1 treatment reduced BPRA-induced astrocyte reactions and inhibited the de novo nNOS expressions in spinal motoneurons. The GM1 treatment also protected spinal motoneurons from avulsion within the first 4 w post-injury. The data from this study suggest that 18F-FDG PET/CT could be used to assess the severity of BPRA-induced primary and secondary injuries in the spinal cord. Furthermore, GM1 is an effective drug for reducing primary and secondary spinal cord injuries following BPRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Min Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Qin Li
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Xuan Luo
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Qiang Tu
- Small Animal Molecular Imaging Center, Laboratories of Translational Medicine and Clinical Research, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hua Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Gupta
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL.
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Linnman C, Borsook D. Completing the Pain Circuit: Recent Advances in Imaging Pain and Inflammation beyond the Central Nervous System. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2013; 4:e0026. [PMID: 24228169 PMCID: PMC3820299 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes some of the recent developments in imaging aspects of pain in the periphery. It is now possible to image nerves in the cornea non-invasively, to image receptor level expression and inflammatory processes in injured tissue, to image nerves and alterations in nerve properties, to image astrocyte and glial roles in neuroinflammatory processes, and to image pain conduction functionally in the trigeminal ganglion. These advances will ultimately allow us to describe the pain pathway, from injury site to behavioral consequence, in a quantitative manner. Such a development could lead to diagnostics determining the source of pain (peripheral or central), objective monitoring of treatment progression, and, hopefully, objective biomarkers of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clas Linnman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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