Postpartum Depressive Score and Related Factors Pre- and Post-delivery

Prevalence and predictors of postpartum depression and generalized anxiety symptoms among women who delivered at a tertiary hospital in Mwanza Tanzania: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Postpartum depression and anxiety are major public health concerns that affect 3-39% of women after childbearing and can adversely affect maternal and child health. Most studies have investigated postpartum depression and anxiety and their associated factors among women 4-12 weeks after delivery. There is a scarcity of research among women immediately after delivery from low- and middle-income countries, the gap this study aimed to fill.

METHODS

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 386 postpartum women within one week after delivery. The Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale was used to assess depressive symptoms and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7 scale was used to screen for symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Participants were systematically selected from the postnatal wards and interviewed by trained research assistants from November 2019 to March 2020.

RESULTS

Using standard cut points, the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms was 25.39%, and 37.31% respectively. Having a baby with a weight of 2.5 kgs or more and having partner support were associated with decreased odds of both depression and anxiety symptoms. In contrast, complications during delivery, caesarian section, marital status, and partner violence, were associated with increased odds of depressive and anxiety symptoms post-delivery.

CONCLUSION

There was a high prevalence of postpartum depression and anxiety symptoms among the study participants in the first week post-delivery, with delivery complications and outcome and psychosocial supports identified as associated factors for depression and anxiety symptoms. These findings highlight the need for early screening to identify those at risk for appropriate intervention.

Korean Immigrant Women's Postpartum Experiences in the United States

BACKGROUND

Postpartum depression (PPD) affects one in seven women in the United States. Korean Americans are one of the six largest Asian American (AA) subgroups, representing 9% of the AA population in the United States. Women of Asian descent have not always been represented in studies of PPD.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to understand postpartum experiences, perceptions of PPD, and mental health help-seeking among Korean women living in the United States.

METHODS

Individual, face-to-face, semistructured interviews of Korean immigrant women, over age 18, who were able to read, write, and speak English or Korean, and who had given birth to a live infant within the past 12 months, were conducted using a qualitative exploratory design. Thematic analysis approach was used to analyze qualitative data The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Screening Scale (EPDS) was used to assess frequency of depressive symptoms over the past week.

RESULTS

Eleven women participated. Total EPDS scores ranged from 2 to 17 (mean 6.5, SD = 3.2); three women had scores indicating a high risk for developing PPD. Two overall themes, postpartum experiences and perceptions of PPD and professional help-seeking, along with several subthemes were identified. They included postpartum challenges, importance of keeping Korean postpartum traditions, desire for professional Korean postpartum care, "Sanhoo-Joeri" postpartum support and social networking, normalization of PPD symptoms, family first for health seeking attitude and behavior, and stigma attached to mental health care.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Nurses working with Korean women during postpartum can provide culturally competent care by assessing postpartum care needs, respecting cultural practices, and providing resources such as Korean postpartum care centers Sanhoo-Joeriwon, which can be found in major U.S. cities with large Korean communities (e.g., Los Angeles), and in-home postpartum care providers, Sanhoo-Joerisa. Nurses should be comfortable educating women about normal signs and symptoms of PPD and those requiring immediate medical follow-up.

Factors associated with Postpartum Depression and Its Influence on Maternal Identity

PURPOSE

This study aimed to examine the factors associated with postpartum depression and its influence on maternal identity of postpartum women.

METHODS

Research design was a cross sectional descriptive study with a total of 89 women within the six month postpartum period. Associations of eating habits, overall sleep quality and other factors with postpartum depression utilizing the Korean Beck Depression Inventory (K-BDI) were done. The influence of postpartum depression on maternal identity was analyzed. Variables yielding significant associations (p<.05) were included in an adjusted logistic regression and a stepwise multiple regression.

RESULTS

Mean scores of postpartum depression was 9.42+/-6.08 and 31.5% (n=28) for mild depression, 11.2% (n=10) was moderate and 4.5% (n=4) was severe depression on the K-BDI scale. Perceived health status and overall sleep quality were predictors of postpartum depression. Postpartum depression and the husband's love were predictors of maternal identity.

CONCLUSION

Awareness of poor health perception and sleep quality will be helpful to detect for postpartum depression. Strategies to increase maternal identity during the postpartum period would be tailored by level of depression.

Effects of Fatigue and Postpartum Depression on Maternal Perceived Quality of Life (MAPP-QOL) in Early Postpartum Mothers

PURPOSE

This study was done to identify effects of fatigue and postpartum depression on quality of life in early postpartum mothers.

METHODS

The data were collected from 130 mothers at four general hospitals in J and M metropolitan cities. Instruments used to collect the data for the study were the Fatigue Scale developed by Pugh (1993); Postpartum Depression Scale developed by Cox, Holden & Sagovsky (1987), and the Quality of Life Scale developed by Hill, Aldag, Hekel, Riner, G., & Bloomfield (2006).

RESULTS

Results showed that the mean for fatigue was 56.74, the mean for postpartum depression was 8.00+/-4.37 and mean for quality of life was 19.78. The quality of life variable showed statistically significant differences for the variable: age (F=3.20, p=.026). The relationship between fatigue and quality of life showed a significant negative correlation (r=-.44, p<.001). The relationship between postpartum depression and quality of life also showed a negative correlation (r=-.42, p<.001). The relationship between postpartum depression and fatigue showed a positive correlation (r=.59, p<.001). These factors explained 23% of the variance in quality of life.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that it is necessary to develop nursing intervention programs to improve quality of life in for early postpartum mothers.

A Comparative Study on the Postpartum Depression of Vietnamese Marriage Immigrant Women and Korean Women

PURPOSE

This study aimed to examine postpartum depression of Vietnamese married immigrant women and Korean women, and to identify factors that affect postpartum depression.

METHODS

Subjects of one hundred and thirty-five women who had delivered a baby within 3 years were part of the study. Of these women, sixty were Vietnamese married immigrant women and sixty -seven were Korean women living in Gangwon Province. Kim's (2005) Korean version of Cox's (1987) EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) was used to evaluate postpartum depression. The reliability of the entire subjects was Cronbach's alpha=.677, Vietnamese women .743, and Korean women .654.

RESULTS

There were significant differences between the two groups in demographic data and obstetric history. There were significant differences in EPDS (t=-0.236, p=.814) of the type of household between the two groups. Korean women experienced more depression in the items of EPDS 1,2,5, and Vietnamese women experienced more depression in the items of EPDS 7, 8, and 10 when comparing item by item. The influencing factors of EPDS in entire subjects were marriage type, satisfaction of relationship with the husband and other household extended family members, and emotional experience during pregnancy.

CONCLUSION

Postpartum depression has occurred regardless of ethnicity, therefore prevention programs targeted at depression, and family support programs should be developed for all childbearing women.