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Herath HMUL, Piao MJ, Kang KA, Fernando PDSM, Hyun JW. Protective effect of 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde against PM 2.5-induced cell cycle arrest and autophagy in keratinocytes. Mol Cells 2024; 47:100066. [PMID: 38679413 PMCID: PMC11126928 DOI: 10.1016/j.mocell.2024.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) poses a serious threat to human health and is responsible for respiratory disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and skin disorders. 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (3-BDB), abundant in marine red algae, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities. In this study, we investigated the protective mechanisms of 3-BDB against PM2.5-induced cell cycle arrest and autophagy in human keratinocytes. Intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, intracellular Ca2+ level, and autophagy activation were tested. 3-BDB was found to restore cell proliferation and viability which were reduced by PM2.5. Furthermore, 3-BDB reduced PM2.5-induced reactive oxygen species levels, DNA damage, and attenuated cell cycle arrest. Moreover, 3-BDB ameliorated the PM2.5-induced increases in cellular Ca2+ level and autophagy activation. While PM2.5 treatment reduced cell growth and viability, these were restored by the treatment with the autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin A1 or 3-BDB. The findings indicate that 3-BDB ameliorates skin cell death caused by PM2.5 via inhibiting cell cycle arrest and autophagy. Hence, 3-BDB can be exploited as a preventive/therapeutic agent for PM2.5-induced skin impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herath Mudiyanselage Udari Lakmini Herath
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Pincha Devage Sameera Madushan Fernando
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Zhen AX, Piao MJ, Kang KA, Fernando PDSM, Herath HMUL, Cho SJ, Hyun JW. 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde Protects Keratinocytes from Particulate Matter 2.5-Induced Damages. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1307. [PMID: 37372037 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence can be activated by several stimuli, including ultraviolet radiation and air pollutants. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of marine algae compound 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (3-BDB) on particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5)-induced skin cell damage in vitro and in vivo. The human HaCaT keratinocyte was pre-treated with 3-BDB and then with PM2.5. PM2.5-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, apoptotic protein expression, and cellular senescence were measured using confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and Western blot. The present study exhibited PM2.5-generated ROS, DNA damage, inflammation, and senescence. However, 3-BDB ameliorated PM2.5-induced ROS generation, mitochondria dysfunction, and DNA damage. Furthermore, 3-BDB reversed the PM2.5-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, reduced cellular inflammation, and mitigated cellular senescence in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and activator protein 1 activated by PM2.5 were inhibited by 3-BDB. Thus, 3-BDB suppressed skin damage induced by PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao-Xuan Zhen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei-Jing Piao
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ah Kang
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Suk-Ju Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jeju National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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Long C, Guo R, Han R, Li K, Wan Y, Xu J, Gong X, Zhao Y, Yao X, Liu J. Effects of macrophages on the proliferation and cardiac differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:108. [PMID: 35850719 PMCID: PMC9290307 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophage phenotypes switch from proinflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory (M2) following myocardial injury. Implanted stem cells (e.g., induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)) for cardiomyogenesis will inevitably contact the inflammatory environment at the myocardial infarction site. To understand how the macrophages affect the behavior of iPSCs, therefore, improve the therapeutic efficacy, we generated three macrophage subtypes and assessed their effects on the proliferation, cardiac differentiation, and maturation of iPSCs. Methods M0, M1, and M2 macrophages were polarized using cytokines, and their properties were confirmed by the expression of specific markers using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunofluorescence. The effects of macrophages on iPSCs were studied using Transwell co-culture models. The proliferative ability of iPSCs was investigated by cell counting and CCK-8 assays. The cardiac differentiation ability of iPSCs was determined by the cardiomyocyte (CM) yield. The maturation of CM was analyzed by the expression of cardiac-specific genes using RT-qPCR, the sarcomere organization using immunofluorescence, and the mitochondrial function using oxidative respiration analysis. Results The data showed that the co-culture of iPSCs with M0, M1, or M2 macrophages significantly decreased iPSCs’ proliferative ability. M2 macrophages did not affect the CM yield during the cardiac differentiation of iPSCs. Still, they promoted the maturation of CM by improving sarcomeric structures, increasing contractile- and ion transport-associated gene expression, and enhancing mitochondrial respiration. M0 macrophages did not significantly affect the cardiomyogenesis ability of iPSCs during co-culture. In contrast, co-culture with M1 macrophages significantly reduced the cardiac differentiation and maturation of iPSCs. Conclusions M1- or M2-polarized macrophages play critical roles in the proliferation, cardiac differentiation, and maturation of iPSCs, providing knowledge to improve the outcomes of stem cell regeneration therapy. Video abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-022-00916-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canling Long
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruijuan Han
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Kang Li
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanbing Wan
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiqing Xu
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gong
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhao
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinhuang Yao
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China.
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Hitscherich P, Lee EJ. Crosstalk Between Cardiac Cells and Macrophages Postmyocardial Infarction: Insights from In Vitro Studies. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 27:475-485. [PMID: 33096955 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction (MI), is the leading cause of death in the western world. Following MI, a large number of cardiomyocytes are lost and inflammatory cells such as monocytes and macrophages migrate into the damaged region to remove dead cells and tissue. These inflammatory cells secrete growth factors to induce degradation of the extracellular matrix in the myocardium and recruit cardiac fibroblasts. However, the contribution of specific macrophage subsets on cardiac cell function and survival in the steady state as well as in the diseased state is not well known. There is an increasing demand for in vitro cardiac disease models to bridge the critical missing link in the existing experimental methods. In this review, studies using in vitro models to examine the interaction between macrophages and cardiac cells, including cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, are summarized to better understand the complex inflammatory cascade post-MI. The current challenges and the future directions of in vitro cardiac models are also discussed. Detailed and more mechanistic insights into macrophages and cardiac cell interactions during the multiphase repair process could potentially revolutionize the development of treatments and diagnostic alternatives. Impact statement The inflammatory cascade postmyocardial infarction (MI) is very complex. In vitro cardiac disease model studies bridge the critical missing link in the existing experimental methods and provide insights, including multicellular interaction post-MI. Detailed and more mechanistic insights into macrophages and cardiac cell interactions during the multiphase repair process could potentially revolutionize in developing treatments and diagnostic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Hitscherich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Dong H, Dong S, Erik Hansen P, Stagos D, Lin X, Liu M. Progress of Bromophenols in Marine Algae from 2011 to 2020: Structure, Bioactivities, and Applications. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E411. [PMID: 32759739 PMCID: PMC7459620 DOI: 10.3390/md18080411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine algae contain various bromophenols that have been shown to possess a variety of biological activities, including antiradical, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory effects, and so on. Here, we briefly review the recent progress of these marine algae biomaterials and their derivatives from 2011 to 2020, with respect to structure, bioactivities, and their potential application as pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.D.); (S.D.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Songtao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.D.); (S.D.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Poul Erik Hansen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark;
| | - Dimitrios Stagos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Xiukun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Jiangyang, Luzhou 646000, China;
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.D.); (S.D.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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Hitscherich PG, Xie LH, Del Re D, Lee EJ. The effects of macrophages on cardiomyocyte calcium-handling function using in vitro culture models. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14137. [PMID: 31301118 PMCID: PMC6640591 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following myocardial infarction (MI), myocardial inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MI injury and macrophages are among the key cells activated during the initial phases of the host response regulating the healing process. While macrophages have emerged as attractive effectors in tissue injury and repair, the contribution of macrophages on cardiac cell function and survival is not fully understood due to complexity of the in vivo inflammatory microenvironment. Understanding the key cells involved and how they communicate with one another is of paramount importance for the development of effective clinical treatments. Here, novel in vitro myocardial inflammation models were developed to examine how both direct and indirect interactions with polarized macrophage subsets present in the post-MI microenvironment affect cardiomyocyte function. The indirect model using conditioned medium from polarized macrophage subsets allowed examination of the effects of macrophage-derived factors on stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte function for up to 3 days. The results from the indirect model demonstrated that pro-inflammatory macrophage-derived factors led to a significant downregulation of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (Serca2) gene expression. It also demonstrated that inhibition of macrophage-secreted matricellular protein, osteopontin (OPN), led to a significant decrease in cardiomyocyte store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). In the direct model, stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes were co-cultured with polarized macrophage subsets for up to 3 days. It was demonstrated that anti-inflammatory macrophages significantly increased cardiomyocyte Ca2+ fractional release while macrophages independent of their subtypes led to significant downregulation of SOCE response in cardiomyocytes. This study describes simplified and controlled in vitro myocardial inflammation models, which allow examination of potential beneficial and deleterious effects of macrophages on cardiomyocytes and vise versa. This can lead to our improved understanding of the inflammatory microenvironment post-MI, otherwise difficult to directly investigate in vivo or by using currently available in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela G Hitscherich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Lai-Hua Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Dominic Del Re
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
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Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. Biologically active macromolecules: Extraction strategies, therapeutic potential and biomedical perspective. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:1-18. [PMID: 32035954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Marine biome exhibits an immense essence of excellence and enriched with high-value bioactive compounds of therapeutic and biomedical value. During the past several years, an array of biologically active molecules has been extracted/isolated and purified from numerous sources of marine origin with the aid of distinct techniques and methodologies for newer applications. The growing demand for bioactive molecules with unique functionalities in various industrial divisions, such as therapeutic sectors and biomedical, has endorsed the necessity for highly suitable and standardized strategies to extract these bioactive components using a state-of-the-art and inexpensive measures. This is also because many in practice conventional extraction methodologies suffer from processing limitations and low-yield issues. Besides that, other major issues include (i) decrease efficacy, (ii) excessive energy cost, (iii) low yield, (iv) lower cost-effective ratio, (v) minimal selectivity, (vi) low activity, and (vii) stability, etc. In this context, there is an urgent need for new and robust extraction strategies. The synergies of modern extraction techniques with efficient and novel pretreatment approaches, such as the integration of enzymes, accompanied by conventional extraction processes, should be the utmost goal of current research and development studies. The typical effectivity of the extraction techniques mostly relies on these points, i.e., (i) know-how about the source nature and type, (ii) understanding the structural and compositional profile, (iii) influence of the processing factors, (iv) interplay between the extraction conditions and the end-product, (v) understanding the available functional entities, (vi) reaction chemistry of the extract bioactive compounds, and (vii) effective exploitation of the end-product in the marketplace. Marine biome, among numerous naturally occurring sources, has been appeared an immense essence of excellence to isolate an array of biologically active constituents with medicinal values and related point-of-care applications. Herein, we reviewed the salient information covering various therapeutic potential and biomedical perspectives. Following a brief introduction and marine pharmacognosy, an array of high-value biomolecules of marine origin are discussed with suitable examples. From the robust extraction strategies viewpoint, a part of the review focuses on three techniques, i.e., (1) enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), (2) supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE), and (3) microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Each technique is further enriched with processing and workflow environment. The later part of the review is mainly focused on the therapeutic and biomedical perspectives of under-reviewed bio-active compounds or biomolecules. The previous and latest research on the anticancer, skin curative, cardio-protective, immunomodulatory and UV-protectant potentialities of marine-derived biologically active entities have been summarized with suitable examples and related pathways illustrations. Finally, the work is wrapped-up with current research challenges, future aspects, and concluding remarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico.
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Marine Compound 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde Protects Skin Cells against Oxidative Damage via the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17040234. [PMID: 31010200 PMCID: PMC6521005 DOI: 10.3390/md17040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to illustrate the potential bio-effects of 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (3-BDB) on the antioxidant/cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in keratinocytes. The antioxidant effects of 3-BDB were examined via reverse transcription PCR, Western blotting, HO-1 activity assay, and immunocytochemistry. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis was performed to test for nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) binding to the antioxidant response element of the HO-1 promoter. Furthermore, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay showed that the cytoprotective effects of 3-BDB were mediated by the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (PKB, Akt) signaling. Moreover, 3-BDB induced the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt, while inhibitors of ERK and Akt abrogated the 3-BDB-enhanced levels of HO-1 and Nrf2. Finally, 3-BDB protected cells from H2O2- and UVB-induced oxidative damage. This 3-BDB-mediated cytoprotection was suppressed by inhibitors of HO-1, ERK, and Akt. The present results indicate that 3-BDB activated Nrf2 signaling cascades in keratinocytes, which was mediated by ERK and Akt, upregulated HO-1, and induced cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress.
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Park MS, Youn JC. A New Era of Targeting Pathogenic Immune Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Disease. Korean Circ J 2018; 48:944-946. [PMID: 30238712 PMCID: PMC6158452 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2018.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Myung Soo Park
- Division of Cardiology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Jong Chan Youn
- Division of Cardiology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea.
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