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Valdés-González JA, Sánchez M, Moratilla-Rivera I, Iglesias I, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Immunomodulatory, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Cancer Properties of Ginseng: A Pharmacological Update. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093863. [PMID: 37175273 PMCID: PMC10180039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, a medicinal plant of the genus Panax, boasts a rich historical record of usage that dates back to the Paleolithic period. This botanical is extensively acknowledged and consumed in Eastern countries for its therapeutic properties, and, in Western countries, it is becoming increasingly popular as a remedy for fatigue and asthenia. This review provides an update on current research pertaining to ginseng and its isolated compounds, namely, ginsenosides and polysaccharides. The primary focus is on three crucial pharmacological activities, namely, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. The review encompasses studies on both isolated compounds and various ginseng extracts obtained from the root, leaves, and berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Valdés-González
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moratilla-Rivera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Iglesias
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar Gómez-Serranillos
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Choi S, Kim T. Compound K-An immunomodulator of macrophages in inflammation. Life Sci 2023; 323:121700. [PMID: 37068708 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Compound K (CK) is a secondary ginsenoside biotransformed from ginseng. This review discusses the function of CK as a potential ligand of the glucocorticoid receptor and a regulator of macrophage inflammatory responses. We provide findings on the ability of CK to inhibit the activation of M1 macrophages and promote the activation and differentiation of M2 macrophages. In addition, the effect of inhibiting the inflammasome response was collected. We summarized the evidences that CK is effective in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sepsis associated encephalopathy, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and diabetes. These findings suggest the potential of CK as a therapeutic agent that can resolve inflammation and restore homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Choi
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taesoo Kim
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
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Effect of the Gintonin-Enriched Fraction on Glucagon-Like-Protein-1 Release. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206298. [PMID: 34684879 PMCID: PMC8539011 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng-derived gintonin reportedly contains functional lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) as LPA receptor ligands. The effect of the gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) on in vitro and in vivo glucagon-like protein-1 (GLP-1) secretion, which is known to stimulate insulin secretion, via LPA receptor(s) remains unclear. Accordingly, we examined the effects of GEF on GLP-1 secretion using human enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells. The expression of several of LPA receptor subtypes in NCI-H716 cells using qPCR and Western blotting was examined. LPA receptor subtype expression was in the following order: LPA6 > LPA2 > LPA4 > LPA5 > LPA1 (qPCR), and LPA6 > LPA4 > LPA2 > LPA1 > LPA3 > LPA5 (Western blotting). GEF-stimulated GLP-1 secretion occurred in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was suppressed by cAMP-Rp, a cAMP antagonist, but not by U73122, a phospholipase C inhibitor. Furthermore, silencing the human LPA6 receptor attenuated GEF-mediated GLP-1 secretion. In mice, low-dose GEF (50 mg/kg, peroral) increased serum GLP-1 levels; this effect was not blocked by Ki16425 co-treatment. Our findings indicate that GEF-induced GLP-1 secretion could be achieved via LPA6 receptor activation through the cAMP pathway. Hence, GEF-induced GLP secretion via LPA6 receptor regulation might be responsible for its beneficial effects on human endocrine physiology.
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Sharma A, Lee HJ. Ginsenoside Compound K: Insights into Recent Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Health-Promoting Activities. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1028. [PMID: 32664389 PMCID: PMC7407392 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is an herb popular for its medicinal and health properties. Compound K (CK) is a secondary ginsenoside biotransformed from major ginsenosides. Compound K is more bioavailable and soluble than its parent ginsenosides and hence of immense importance. The review summarizes health-promoting in vitro and in vivo studies of CK between 2015 and 2020, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, anti-aging/skin protective, and others. Clinical trial data are minimal and are primarily based on CK-rich fermented ginseng. Besides, numerous preclinical and clinical studies indicating the pharmacokinetic behavior of CK, its parent compound (Rb1), and processed ginseng extracts are also summarized. With the limited evidence available from animal and clinical studies, it can be stated that CK is safe and well-tolerated. However, lower water solubility, membrane permeability, and efflux significantly diminish the efficacy of CK and restrict its clinical application. We found that the use of nanocarriers and cyclodextrin for CK delivery could overcome these limitations as well as improve the health benefits associated with them. However, these derivatives have not been clinically evaluated, thus requiring a safety assessment for human therapy application. Future studies should be aimed at investigating clinical evidence of CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Sharma
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
- Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea
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Zhang Y, Wang S, Song S, Yang X, Jin G. Ginsenoside Rg3 Alleviates Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice by Regulating CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 +Treg Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4893-4902. [PMID: 32275817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3 (GRg3) is one of the major bioactive ingredients of ginseng, which is not only used as a herbal medicine but also used as a functional food to support body functions. In this study, the beneficial effects of GRg3 on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) mice was evaluated from anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive aspects. The footpad swelling rate, pathological changes of the ankle joint, and levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, interleukin 10, and tumor necrosis factor β were used to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of GRg3 on RA mice. Flow cytometric analysis of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg cell percentage and metabolomic analysis based on gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were used to assess the immunosuppressive effect and underlying mechanisms. GRg3 exhibited anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects on RA mice. The potential mechanisms were related to regulate the pathways of oxidative phosphorylation and enhance the function of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg cells to maintain peripheral immune tolerance of RA mice. These findings can provide a preliminary experimental basis to exploit GRg3 as a functional food or an effective complementary for the adjuvant therapy of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Graduate School, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Song
- Graduate School, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Nutritional Department, Jilin Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Jilin 132013, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Jin
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, People's Republic of China
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Park EH, Kim JS, Lee JS, Lee YJ, Song YW, Lee EY. Compound K Inhibits Interleukin-1β-induced Expression of Inflammatory Mediators and Matrix Metalloproteinases by Inhibiting Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activation in Chondrocytes. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2018.25.3.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hye Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Soo Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Seok Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Jong Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yeong Wook Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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