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Vicente-Acosta A, Ceprian M, Sobrino P, Pazos MR, Loría F. Cannabinoids as Glial Cell Modulators in Ischemic Stroke: Implications for Neuroprotection. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:888222. [PMID: 35721207 PMCID: PMC9199389 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.888222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide following coronary heart disease. Despite significant efforts to find effective treatments to reduce neurological damage, many patients suffer from sequelae that impair their quality of life. For this reason, the search for new therapeutic options for the treatment of these patients is a priority. Glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, participate in crucial processes that allow the correct functioning of the neural tissue, being actively involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of ischemic stroke. Although the exact mechanisms by which glial cells contribute in the pathophysiological context of stroke are not yet completely understood, they have emerged as potentially therapeutic targets to improve brain recovery. The endocannabinoid system has interesting immunomodulatory and protective effects in glial cells, and the pharmacological modulation of this signaling pathway has revealed potential neuroprotective effects in different neurological diseases. Therefore, here we recapitulate current findings on the potential promising contribution of the endocannabinoid system pharmacological manipulation in glial cells for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Vicente-Acosta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Ceprian
- ERC Team, PGNM, INSERM U1315, CNRS UMR5261, University of Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pilar Sobrino
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Maria Ruth Pazos
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Frida Loría
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Spain
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Intranasal wnt3a Attenuates Neuronal Apoptosis through Frz1/PIWIL1a/FOXM1 Pathway in MCAO Rats. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6787-6801. [PMID: 29954850 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2352-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
After ischemic stroke, apoptosis of neurons is a primary factor in determining outcome. Wnt3a is a naturally occurring protein that has been shown to have protective effects in the brain for traumatic brain injury. Although wnt3a has been investigated in the phenomena of neurogenesis, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammation, it has never been investigated as a therapy for stroke. We hypothesized that the potential neuroprotective agent wnt3a would reduce infarction and improve behavior following ischemic stroke by attenuating neuronal apoptosis and promoting cell survival through the Frizzled-1/PIWI1a/FOXM1 pathway in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. A total of 229 Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to male, female, and 9-month-old male MCAO or sham groups followed by reperfusion 2 h after MCAO. Animals assigned to MCAO were either given wnt3a or its control. To explore the downstream signaling of wnt3a, the following interventions were given: Frizzled-1 siRNA, PIWI1a siRNA, and PIWI1a-clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, along with the appropriate controls. Post-MCAO assessments included neurobehavioral tests, infarct volume, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Endogenous levels of wnt3a and Frizzled-1/PIWI1a/FOXM1 were lowered after MCAO. The administration of intranasal wnt3a, 1 h after MCAO, increased PIWIL1a and FOXM1 expression through Frizzled-1, reducing brain infarction and neurological deficits at 24 and 72 h. Frizzled-1 and PIWI1a siRNAs reversed the protective effects of wnt3a after MCAO. Restoration of PIWI1a after knockdown of Frizzled-1 increased FOXM1 survival protein and reduced cleaved caspase-3 levels. In summary, wnt3a decreases neuronal apoptosis and improves neurological deficits through Frizzled-1/PIWI1a/FOXM1 pathway after MCAO in rats. Therefore, wnt3a is a novel intranasal approach to decrease apoptosis after stroke.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Only 5% of patients receive recombinant tissue plasminogen activator after stroke, and few qualify for mechanical thrombectomy. No neuroprotective agents have been successfully translated to promote neuronal survival in stroke. Thus, using a clinically relevant rat model of stroke, middle cerebral artery occlusion, we explored a novel intranasal administration of wnt3a. wnt3a naturally occurs in the body and crosses the blood-brain barrier, supporting the clinically translatable approach of intranasal administration. Significant neuronal apoptosis occurs during stroke, and wnt3a shows promise due to its antiapoptotic effects. We investigated whether wnt3a mediates its poststroke effects via Frizzled-1 and the impact on its downstream signaling molecules, PIWI1a and FOXM1, in apoptosis. Elucidating the mechanism of wnt3a will identify additional pharmacological targets and further understanding of stroke.
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Yang ZS, Mu J. Co-administration of tissue plasminogen activator and hyperbaric oxygen in ischemic stroke: a continued promise for neuroprotection. Med Gas Res 2017; 7:68-73. [PMID: 28480034 PMCID: PMC5402349 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.202912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (r-tPA, alteplase) remains the recommended therapy for acute ischemic stroke. However, several factors are limiting its practical use. It makes it urgent for us to search more efficient strategies that can save the ischemic neurons, and safely extend the time window, while in the mean time reducing the detrimental effects for stroke thrombolysis. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is considered to be potentially neuroprotective. Co-administration of r-tPA and HBOT has already been proved to be effective, safe and feasible in myocardial infarction. In this article, we would like to review whether HBOT has any beneficial effects on r-tPA thrombolysis. If there is, what is the underlying possible mechanisms and how to optimize for maximal effects?
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Song Yang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Mu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Yan T, Venkat P, Chopp M, Zacharek A, Ning R, Roberts C, Zhang Y, Lu M, Chen J. Neurorestorative Responses to Delayed Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Treatment of Stroke in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Stroke 2016; 47:2850-2858. [PMID: 27729575 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.014686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Comorbidity of diabetes mellitus and stroke results in worse functional outcome, poor long-term recovery, and extensive vascular damage. We investigated the neurorestorative effects and mechanisms of stroke treatment with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were induced with T2DM, subjected to 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and treated via tail-vein injection with (1) PBS (n=8) and (2) hMSCs (n=10; 5×106) at 3 days after MCAo. RESULTS In T2DM rats, hMSCs administered at 3 days after MCAo significantly improves neurological function without affecting blood glucose, infarct volume, and incidence of brain hemorrhage in comparison to T2DM-MCAo PBS-treated rats. Delayed hMSC treatment of T2DM stroke significantly improves blood-brain barrier integrity, increases vascular and arterial density and cerebral vascular perfusion, and promotes neuroblast cell migration and white matter remodeling as indicated by increased doublecortin, axon, myelin, and neurofilament density, respectively. Delayed hMSC treatment significantly increases platelet-derived growth factor expression in the ischemic brain, decreases proinflammatory M1 macrophage and increases anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage compared to PBS-treated T2DM-MCAo rats. In vitro data show that hMSCs increase subventricular zone explant cell migration and primary cortical neuron neurite outgrowth, whereas inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor decreases hMSC-induced subventricular zone cell migration and axonal outgrowth. CONCLUSIONS In T2DM stroke rats, delayed hMSC treatment significantly improves neurological functional outcome and increases neurorestorative effects and M2 macrophage polarization. Increasing brain platelet-derived growth factor expression may contribute to hMSC-induced neurorestoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yan
- From the Tianjin Neurological and Gerontology Institute, Department of Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Neurology (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., C.R., Y.Z., J.C.) and Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology (M.L.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Poornima Venkat
- From the Tianjin Neurological and Gerontology Institute, Department of Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Neurology (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., C.R., Y.Z., J.C.) and Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology (M.L.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Michael Chopp
- From the Tianjin Neurological and Gerontology Institute, Department of Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Neurology (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., C.R., Y.Z., J.C.) and Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology (M.L.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Alex Zacharek
- From the Tianjin Neurological and Gerontology Institute, Department of Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Neurology (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., C.R., Y.Z., J.C.) and Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology (M.L.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Ruizhuo Ning
- From the Tianjin Neurological and Gerontology Institute, Department of Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Neurology (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., C.R., Y.Z., J.C.) and Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology (M.L.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Cynthia Roberts
- From the Tianjin Neurological and Gerontology Institute, Department of Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Neurology (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., C.R., Y.Z., J.C.) and Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology (M.L.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- From the Tianjin Neurological and Gerontology Institute, Department of Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Neurology (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., C.R., Y.Z., J.C.) and Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology (M.L.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Mei Lu
- From the Tianjin Neurological and Gerontology Institute, Department of Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Neurology (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., C.R., Y.Z., J.C.) and Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology (M.L.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Jieli Chen
- From the Tianjin Neurological and Gerontology Institute, Department of Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Neurology (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., C.R., Y.Z., J.C.) and Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology (M.L.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.).
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Yan T, Venkat P, Chopp M, Zacharek A, Ning R, Cui Y, Roberts C, Kuzmin-Nichols N, Sanberg CD, Chen J. Neurorestorative Therapy of Stroke in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rats Treated With Human Umbilical Cord Blood Cells. Stroke 2015; 46:2599-606. [PMID: 26243222 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.009870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diabetes mellitus is a high-risk factor for ischemic stroke. Diabetic stroke patients suffer worse outcomes, poor long-term recovery, risk of recurrent strokes, and extensive vascular damage. We investigated the neurorestorative effects and the underlying mechanisms of stroke treatment with human umbilical cord blood cells (HUCBCs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. METHODS Adult male T2DM rats were subjected to 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Three days after MCAo, rats were treated via tail-vein injection with (1) PBS and (2) HUCBCs (5×10(6)), n=10 per group. RESULTS HUCBC stroke treatment initiated 3 days after MCAo in T2DM rats did not significantly decrease blood-brain barrier leakage (P=0.1) and lesion volume (P=0.078), but significantly improved long-term functional outcome and decreased brain hemorrhage (P<0.05) when compared with the PBS-treated T2DM MCAo control group. HUCBC treatment significantly promoted white matter remodeling as indicated by increased expression of Bielschowsky silver (axons marker), Luxol fast blue (myelin marker), SMI-31 (neurofilament), and Synaptophysin in the ischemic border zone. HUCBC promoted vascular remodeling and significantly increased arterial and vascular density. HUCBC treatment of stroke in T2DM rats significantly increased M2 macrophage polarization (increased M2 macrophage, CD163and CD 206; decreased M1 macrophage, ED1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression) in the ischemic brain compared with PBS-treated T2DM MCAo controls (P<0.05). HUCBC also significantly decreased proinflammatory factors, that is, matrix metalloproteinase 9, receptor for advanced glycation end products and toll-like receptor 4 expression in the ischemic brain. CONCLUSIONS HUCBC treatment initiated 3 days after stroke significantly increased white matter and vascular remodeling in the ischemic brain as well as decreased neuroinflammatory factor expression in the ischemic brain in T2DM rats and promoted M2 macrophage polarization. HUCBC reduction of neuroinflammation and increased vascular and white matter axonal remodeling may contribute to the HUCBC-induced beneficial effects in T2DM stroke rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yan
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Poornima Venkat
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Michael Chopp
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Alex Zacharek
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Ruizhuo Ning
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Yisheng Cui
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Cynthia Roberts
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Nicole Kuzmin-Nichols
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Cyndy Davis Sanberg
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Jieli Chen
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.).
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Abstract
Immune functions in the brain are associated with psychiatric illness and temporary alteration of mental state. Microglia, the principal brain immunologic cells, respond to changes in the internal brain milieu through a sequence of activated states, each with characteristic function and morphology. To assess a possible association of frontal white matter pathology with suicide, we stained autopsy brain tissue samples from 11 suicide and 25 nonsuicide subjects for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, cluster of differentiation 68, and myelin. Groups were matched by age, sex, and psychiatric diagnosis. We classified ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1-immunoreactive cells based on shape, immunoreactivity to cluster of differentiation 68, and association with blood vessels to obtain stereologic estimates of densities of resting microglia, activated phagocytes, and perivascular cells. We found no effect of psychiatric diagnosis but 2 statistically significant effects of suicide: 1) The dorsal-ventral difference in activated microglial density was reversed such that, with suicide, the density was greater in ventral prefrontal white matter than in dorsal prefrontal white matter, whereas in the absence of suicide, the opposite was true; and 2) with suicide, there was a greater density of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1-immunoreactive cells within or in contact with blood vessel walls in dorsal prefrontal white matter. These observations could reflect a mechanism for the stress/diathesis (state/trait) model of suicide, whereby an acute stress activates a reactive process in the brain, either directly or by compromising the blood-brain barrier, and creates a suicidal state in an individual at risk. They also indicate the theoretical potential of imaging studies in living vulnerable individuals for the assessment of suicide risk. Further studies are needed to investigate specific phenotypes of perivascular cells and blood-brain barrier changes associated with suicide.
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Majid A. Neuroprotection in stroke: past, present, and future. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2014; 2014:515716. [PMID: 24579051 PMCID: PMC3918861 DOI: 10.1155/2014/515716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating medical condition, killing millions of people each year and causing serious injury to many more. Despite advances in treatment, there is still little that can be done to prevent stroke-related brain damage. The concept of neuroprotection is a source of considerable interest in the search for novel therapies that have the potential to preserve brain tissue and improve overall outcome. Key points of intervention have been identified in many of the processes that are the source of damage to the brain after stroke, and numerous treatment strategies designed to exploit them have been developed. In this review, potential targets of neuroprotection in stroke are discussed, as well as the various treatments that have been targeted against them. In addition, a summary of recent progress in clinical trials of neuroprotective agents in stroke is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Majid
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
- Department of Neurology and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford M6 8HD, UK
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Turner RC, Lucke-Wold B, Lucke-Wold N, Elliott AS, Logsdon AF, Rosen CL, Huber JD. Neuroprotection for ischemic stroke: moving past shortcomings and identifying promising directions. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1890-917. [PMID: 23344061 PMCID: PMC3565354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The translation of neuroprotective agents for ischemic stroke from bench-to-bedside has largely failed to produce improved treatments since the development of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). One possible reason for lack of translation is the failure to acknowledge the greatest risk factor for stroke, age, and other common comorbidities such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes that are associated with stroke. In this review, we highlight both mechanisms of studying these factors and results of those that have been addressed. We also discuss the potential role of other lifestyle factors associated with an increased stroke risk such as sleep fragmentation and/or deprivation. Furthermore, many proposed therapeutic agents have targeted molecular mechanisms occurring soon after the onset of ischemia despite data indicating delayed patient presentation following ischemic stroke. Modulating inflammation has been identified as a promising therapeutic avenue consistent with preliminary success of ongoing clinical trials for anti-inflammatory compounds such as minocycline. We review the role of inflammation in stroke and in particular, the role of inflammatory cell recruitment and macrophage phenotype in the inflammatory process. Emerging evidence indicates an increasing role of neuro-immune crosstalk, which has led to increased interest in identification of peripheral biomarkers indicative of neural injury. It is our hope that identification and investigation of factors influencing stroke pathophysiology may lead to improved therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, One Medical Center Drive, West Virginia University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (R.C.T.); (B.L.-W.); (A.S.E.)
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, One Medical Center Drive, West Virginia University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (R.C.T.); (B.L.-W.); (A.S.E.)
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Noelle Lucke-Wold
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
- Department of Health Restoration, West Virginia University School of Nursing, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Alisa S. Elliott
- Department of Neurosurgery, One Medical Center Drive, West Virginia University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (R.C.T.); (B.L.-W.); (A.S.E.)
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Aric F. Logsdon
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Charles L. Rosen
- Department of Neurosurgery, One Medical Center Drive, West Virginia University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (R.C.T.); (B.L.-W.); (A.S.E.)
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-304-293-5041; Fax: +1-304-293-4819
| | - Jason D. Huber
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Pellicciari C. On the future contents of a small journal of histochemistry. Eur J Histochem 2012; 56:e51. [PMID: 23361247 PMCID: PMC3567770 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2012.e51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last three years, more than 70,000 scientific articles have been published in peer reviewed journals on the application of histochemistry in the biomedical field: most of them did not appear in strictly histochemical journals, but in others dealing with cell and molecular biology, medicine or biotechnology. This proves that histochemistry is still an active and innovative discipline with relevance in basic and applied biological research, but also demonstrates that especially the small histochemical journals should likely reconsider their scopes and strategies to preserve their authorship. A review of the last three years volumes of the European Journal of Histochemistry, taken as an example of a long-time established small journal, confirmed that the published articles were widely heterogeneous in their topics and experimental models, as in this journal's tradition. This strongly suggests that a journal of histochemistry should keep its role as a forum open to an audience as broad as possible, publishing papers on cell and tissue biology in a wide variety of models. This will improve knowledge of the basic mechanisms of development and differentiation, while helping to increase the number of potential authors since scientists who generally do not use histochemistry in their research will find hints for the applications of histochemical techniques to novel still unexplored subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pellicciari
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”,University of Pavia, Italy.
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