1
|
Coleman ME, Oscar TP, Negley TL, Stephenson MM. Suppression of pathogens in properly refrigerated raw milk. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289249. [PMID: 38085721 PMCID: PMC10715650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Conflicting claims exist regarding pathogen growth in raw milk. A small pilot study was designed to provide definitive data on trends for pathogen growth and decline in raw bovine milk hygienically produced for direct human consumption. An independent laboratory conducted the study, monitoring growth and decline of pathogens inoculated into raw milk. Raw milk samples were inoculated with foodborne pathogens (Campylobacter, E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, or Salmonella) at lower (<162 colony forming units (CFU) per mL) and higher levels (<8,300 CFU/mL). Samples were stored at 4.4°C and quantified over time after inoculation (days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 14) by standard culture-based methods. Statistical analysis of trends using the Mann-Kendall Trend Test and Analysis of Variance were conducted for 48 time series observations. Evidence of pathogen growth was documented for L. monocytogenes in 8 of 12 replicates (P = 0.001 to P = 0.028). Analysis of variance confirmed significant increases for L. monocytogenes at both initial levels in week 2. No evidence of growth was documented over 14 days for the three pathogens predominantly associated with raw milk outbreaks in the US (Campylobacter, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella). Further research is needed to characterize parameters for pathogen growth and decline to support re-assessment of risks that were based on incorrect assumptions about interactions of pathogens with the raw milk microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Coleman
- Coleman Scientific Consulting, Groton, NY, United States of America
| | - T. P. Oscar
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Princess Ann, MD, United States of America
| | - T. L. Negley
- TIG Environmental, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - M. M. Stephenson
- Advancement and External Affairs, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Admasie A, Eshetu A, Tessema TS, Vipham J, Kovac J, Zewdu A. Prevalence of Campylobacter species and associated risk factors for contamination of dairy products collected in dry season from major milk sheds in Ethiopia. Food Microbiol 2022; 109:104145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
3
|
Food-Borne Transmission of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus—Spread, Consequences, and Prophylaxis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031812. [PMID: 35162837 PMCID: PMC8835261 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the most common viral neurological disease in Eurasia. It is usually transmitted via tick bites but can also occur through ingestion of TBEV-infected milk and dairy products. The present paper summarises the knowledge of the food-borne TBEV transmission and presents methods for the prevention of its spread. The incidence of milk-borne TBE outbreaks is recorded in central, eastern, and north-eastern Europe, where Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes persulcatus, and/or Dermacentor reticulatus ticks, i.e., the main vectors of TBEV, occur abundantly. The growing occurrence range and population size of these ticks increases the risk of infection of dairy animals, i.e., goats, sheep, and cows, with viruses transmitted by these ticks. Consumers of unpasteurised milk and dairy products purchased from local farms located in TBE endemic areas are the most vulnerable to alimentary TBEV infections. Familial infections with these viruses are frequently recorded, mainly in children. Food-transmitted TBE can be monophasic or biphasic, and some of its neurological and psychiatric symptoms may persist in patients for a long time. Alimentary TBEV infections can be effectively prevented by consumption of pasteurised milk and the use of TBEV vaccines. It is recommended that milk and dairy products should be checked for the presence of TBE viruses prior to distribution. Protection of dairy animals against tick attacks and education of humans regarding the epidemiology and prophylaxis of TBE are equally important.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kozáková J, Hornáčková E. Product line of selected agricultural entity in Slovakia and suggestion for its expansion based on analysis of consumers' interest in dairy and meat products. POTRAVINARSTVO 2021. [DOI: 10.5219/1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on primary agricultural production in Slovakia aimed mainly at biological, economic, or market point of view and there is a lack of managerial approach providing a specific recommendation for farmers according to their production lines or planning process. As a reaction, we are providing a practically oriented study based on the selected livestock producer, which is aimed at statistical significances as an establishment for further recommendations for management and marketing of this entity. The paper aims to analyze the views and preferences of customers of the monitored company, which sells its meat and dairy products in its stores and verify the expected success of the planned expansion of the product lines. Regarding this, the online questionnaire study was conducted on a sample of 202 respondents. Realized statistical analysis based on the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test and subsequent Bonferroni post hoc correction signify that meat products, fresh meat, and slaughter specialties are the most favorite products among customers of the monitored company. Fresh milk, on the other hand, is not as attractive as a meal for them. However, selling it from vending machines placed out of the store would increase the sales. Dairy products of own production should be even more successful, as we assume they would be as interesting for customers as the currently expanding portfolio of meat products. The benefit of this study lies in the consideration of the practical use of the obtained results in the business practice of the monitored company. Regarding this, we are providing a set of recommendations, according to the planning of their product lines and connected marketing tools for their successful placement on the market.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kingsbury JM, Soboleva TK. Evaluation of culture-based and molecular detection methods for Campylobacter in New Zealand raw cows' milk. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:478-492. [PMID: 32725959 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study evaluated the performance of a commercial molecular detection method (mericon Campylobacter triple kit real-time/quantitative (q)PCR) and a selective plating medium (R&F Campylobacter jejuni/Campylobacter coli Chromogenic Plating Medium (CCPM)) against a culture-based reference method (ISO 10272-1:2017 detection procedure B) for the detection of Campylobacter from raw milk enrichment broths. METHODS AND RESULTS New Zealand raw cows' milk and Ultra-High Temperature-processed milk samples were inoculated with 50, 125 and 500 colony forming units of C. jejuni and C. coli cocktail per analytical unit. Samples were tested for Campylobacter after 0, 24- and 48 h refrigeration. ISO 10272-1:2017 proved to be a sensitive detection method (77/80 positive samples); detection only failed for some milk samples tested 48 h postinoculation. CCPM was as effective as Cefoperazone Charcoal Deoxycholate Agar for selective plating of Campylobacter raw milk enrichments (78/80 positive samples). However, the qPCR detected Campylobacter in only 42/80 samples and qPCR reaction inhibition was observed. CONCLUSIONS The ISO 10272-1:2017 method was a more sensitive method for Campylobacter detection from raw milk than the mericon Campylobacter triple kit qPCR, and CCPM was a useful complementary medium to mCCDA where one of these media is required by the standard. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In regions where testing is required or recommended, optimized methods for Campylobacter detection from raw milk will reduce risk to the raw milk consumer. Although molecular methods are generally touted as a rapid alternative to culture, issues with inhibition due to matrix components mean that culture-based methods might provide the most sensitive option for Campylobacter detection in raw milk. Findings also emphasize the importance of minimizing the time between milk collection and testing for Campylobacter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Kingsbury
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - T K Soboleva
- New Zealand Food Safety, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fusco V, Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Logrieco AF, Cho G, Kabisch J, Böhnlein C, Franz CMAP. Microbial quality and safety of milk and milk products in the 21st century. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2013-2049. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Fusco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Daniele Chieffi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Gyu‐Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
| | - Jan Kabisch
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
| | - Christina Böhnlein
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pannella G, Messia MC, Tremonte P, Tipaldi L, La Gatta B, Lombardi SJ, Succi M, Marconi E, Coppola R, Sorrentino E. Concerns and solutions for raw milk from vending machines. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Pannella
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA) University of Molise Campobasso Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Messia
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA) University of Molise Campobasso Italy
| | - Patrizio Tremonte
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA) University of Molise Campobasso Italy
| | - Luca Tipaldi
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA) University of Molise Campobasso Italy
| | - Barbara La Gatta
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment University of Foggia Foggia Italy
| | - Silvia Jane Lombardi
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA) University of Molise Campobasso Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Succi
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA) University of Molise Campobasso Italy
| | - Emanuele Marconi
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA) University of Molise Campobasso Italy
| | - Raffaele Coppola
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA) University of Molise Campobasso Italy
| | - Elena Sorrentino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA) University of Molise Campobasso Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Leclair RM, McLean SK, Dunn LA, Meyer D, Palombo EA. Investigating the Effects of Time and Temperature on the Growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in Raw Cow's Milk Based on Simulated Consumer Food Handling Practices. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2691. [PMID: 31357682 PMCID: PMC6696089 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of raw cow's milk (RCM) is increasing in popularity in developed countries despite the associated foodborne disease risks. While previous research has focused on consumer motivations for drinking RCM, there is limited research on how consumer handling practices may impact the microbiological safety of RCM. In this study, consumer handling practices associated with transport, storage, and freezing and thawing were simulated to investigate the impact of time and temperature variables on the concentrations of either Escherichia coli O157:H7 or Listeria monocytogenes in RCM. We found that the type of storage during simulated transport had a large (η2 = 0.70) and significant (p < 0.001) effect on both pathogens. The refrigeration temperature also had a large (η2 = 0.43) and significant (p < 0.001) effect on both pathogens during refrigerated storage. The interaction between pathogen species and initial pathogen inoculum level had a large (η2 = 0.20) and significant (p = 0.012) effect on the concentration of the pathogens during ambient temperature storage. We found that freezing and thawing practices did not have a significant effect on the pathogens (p > 0.05). However, we were able to recover L. monocytogenes, but not E. coli O157:H7, from RCM after freezing for 365 days. The results from this study highlight that consumer transport and storage practices can have significant effects on the growth of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes in RCM. Consumer food handling practices should be considered when developing public health strategies aimed at reducing the risks of RCM consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roselyn M Leclair
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.
| | - Sarah K McLean
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Louise A Dunn
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Denny Meyer
- Department of Statistics, Data Science and Epidemiology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Enzo A Palombo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Detection and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Typing of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Milk Vending Machines in Croatia. BEVERAGES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages5030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk from vending machines, based on culture and molecular detection of pathogen and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis typing. From December 2015 to January 2017, a total of 319 milk samples from 36 vending machines were examined for the presence and count of L. monocytogenes by reference methods ISO 11290:1 and ISO 11290:2. Molecular detection of pathogens was performed by loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification (LAMP) coupled with bioluminescence (Molecular Detection Assay). L. monocytogenes was detected by MDA in 14 milk samples (4.38%) from four farms, compared to eight positive samples (2.5%) retrieved by a reference ISO method. Cultivable L. monocytogenes isolates were subjected to Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis typing and pulsotypes were compared with those obtained during the previous survey in Croatia (2014‒2015). It was found that identical PFGE patterns of L. monocytogenes occur in milk samples of the same producer over a three-year period, indicating the persistence of pathogens in raw milk vending machines. The results obtained support the need for more effective control of milk in the entire food chain.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ioanna F, Quaglia N, Storelli M, Castiglia D, Goffredo E, Storelli A, De Rosa M, Normanno G, Jambrenghi AC, Dambrosio A. Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during the manufacture and ripening of Cacioricotta goat cheese. Food Microbiol 2018; 70:200-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
11
|
Ntuli V, Njage PMK, Bonilauri P, Serraino A, Buys EM. Quantitative Risk Assessment of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Associated with Consumption of Bulk Milk Sold Directly from Producer to Consumer in South Africa. J Food Prot 2018; 81:472-481. [PMID: 29474148 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to estimate the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) risk associated with consumption of producer-distributor bulk milk (PDBM) contaminated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in South Africa. Data were obtained from recently completed studies in South Africa taking into account prior collected prevalence data of STEC in raw and pasteurized PDBM and survey information from producer-distributor outlets and households. Inputs for the models were complemented with data from published and unpublished literature. A probabilistic exposure model was developed with Monte Carlo simulation in Excel add-in software using @Risk software. Hazard characterization was based on an exponential dose-response model to calculate the probability of illness from STEC infection in individuals 5 years and younger and individuals older than 5 years. The estimated mean STEC level was 0.12 CFU/mL (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0 to 1.2; σ = 0.34) for raw PDBM and 0.08 CFU/mL (95% CI: 0 to 1; σ = 0.27) for pasteurized PDBM. A higher risk of HUS cases per year was recorded in raw than in pasteurized PDBM and also in individuals younger than 5 years of age. For every 100,000 servings consumed, the expected median numbers of HUS cases per year from raw PDBM were 52 for 5 years and younger and 3.2 for older than 5 years. The median numbers of cases per year for pasteurized PDBM were 47 for 5 years and younger and 2.9 for older than 5 years. Sensitivity analysis revealed that serving volume and time taken to sell PDBM at producer-distributor outlets were the factors with the greatest impact on probability of illness. The models developed in this study are an example of risk assessments for milk produced and marketed from similar scenarios across the globe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ntuli
- Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1392-9797 [V.N.])
| | - Patrick M K Njage
- Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1392-9797 [V.N.]).,Division for Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elna M Buys
- Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1392-9797 [V.N.])
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Faggiano G, Chieffi D, Logrieco AF, Fusco V. Effect of refrigeration and probiotic adjunct on pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in raw milk for direct human consumption. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Faggiano
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR‐ISPA)Bari Italy
| | - Daniele Chieffi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR‐ISPA)Bari Italy
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR‐ISPA)Bari Italy
| | - Vincenzina Fusco
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR‐ISPA)Bari Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pérez‐Rodríguez F, Carrasco E, Bover‐Cid S, Jofré A, Valero A. Closing gaps for performing a risk assessment on Listeria monocytogenes in ready‐to‐eat (RTE) foods: activity 2, a quantitative risk characterization on L. monocytogenes in RTE foods; starting from the retail stage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.en-1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Bover‐Cid
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA) Food Safety Programme Spain
| | - Anna Jofré
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA) Food Safety Programme Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Giacometti F, Bonilauri P, Piva S, Scavia G, Amatiste S, Bianchi DM, Losio MN, Bilei S, Cascone G, Comin D, Daminelli P, Decastelli L, Merialdi G, Mioni R, Peli A, Petruzzelli A, Tonucci F, Liuzzo G, Serraino A. Paediatric HUS Cases Related to the Consumption of Raw Milk Sold by Vending Machines in Italy: Quantitative Risk Assessment Based on Escherichia coli O157 Official Controls over 7 years. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:505-516. [PMID: 27991739 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative risk assessment (RA) was developed to estimate haemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) cases in paediatric population associated with the consumption of raw milk sold in vending machines in Italy. The historical national evolution of raw milk consumption phenomenon since 2008, when consumer interest started to grow, and after 7 years of marketing adjustment, is outlined. Exposure assessment was based on the official Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (STEC) microbiological records of raw milk samples from vending machines monitored by the regional Veterinary Authorities from 2008 to 2014, microbial growth during storage, consumption frequency of raw milk, serving size, consumption preference and age of consumers. The differential risk considered milk handled under regulation conditions (4°C throughout all phases) and the worst time-temperature field handling conditions detected. In case of boiling milk before consumption, we assumed that the risk of HUS is fixed at zero. The model estimates clearly show that the public health significance of HUS cases due to raw milk STEC contamination depends on the current variability surrounding the risk profile of the food and the consumer behaviour has more impact than milk storage scenario. The estimated HUS cases predicted by our model are roughly in line with the effective STEC O157-associated HUS cases notified in Italy only when the proportion of consumers not boiling milk before consumption is assumed to be 1%. Raw milk consumption remains a source of E. coli O157:H7 for humans, but its overall relevance is likely to have subsided and significant caution should be exerted for temporal, geographical and consumers behaviour analysis. Health education programmes and regulatory actions are required to educate people, primarily children, on other STEC sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - P Bonilauri
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Reggo Emilia, Italy
| | - S Piva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Scavia
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S Amatiste
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lazio and Tuscany, Rome, Italy
| | - D M Bianchi
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Piedmont, Liguria and Valle D'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - M N Losio
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - S Bilei
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lazio and Tuscany, Rome, Italy
| | - G Cascone
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - D Comin
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Venezie, San Donà di Piave, Italy
| | - P Daminelli
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - L Decastelli
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Piedmont, Liguria and Valle D'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - G Merialdi
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Mioni
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Venezie, San Donà di Piave, Italy
| | - A Peli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Petruzzelli
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Umbria and Marche, Pesaro, Italy
| | - F Tonucci
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Umbria and Marche, Pesaro, Italy
| | - G Liuzzo
- Modena Health Trust, Carpi District, Modena, Italy
| | - A Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Offerdahl DK, Clancy NG, Bloom ME. Stability of a Tick-Borne Flavivirus in Milk. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:40. [PMID: 27243000 PMCID: PMC4862983 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFV) occur worldwide and the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) members of the group often cause severe, debilitating neurological disease in humans. Although the primary route of infection is through the bite of an infected tick, alimentary infection through the consumption of TBEV-contaminated dairy products is also well-documented and is responsible for some disease in endemic areas. Experimental infection of goats, cattle, and sheep with TBEV shows that the virus can be excreted in the milk of infected animals. Additionally, the virus remains infectious after exposure to low pH levels, similar to those found in the stomach. To evaluate the survival of virus in milk, we studied the stability of the BSL-2 TBFV, Langat virus, in unpasteurized goat milk over time and after different thermal treatments. Virus was stable in milk maintained under refrigeration conditions; however, there was a marked reduction in virus titer after incubation at room temperature. High temperature, short time pasteurization protocols completely inactivated the virus. Interestingly, simulation of a typical thermal regime utilized for cheese did not completely inactivate the virus in milk. These findings stress the importance of proper milk handling and pasteurization processes in areas endemic for TBEV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle K. Offerdahl
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Niall G. Clancy
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Marshall E. Bloom
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Marshall JC, Soboleva TK, Jamieson P, French NP. Estimating Bacterial Pathogen Levels in New Zealand Bulk Tank Milk. J Food Prot 2016; 79:771-80. [PMID: 27296424 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic bacteria such as Campylobacter, Listeria, and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli have been found in bulk tank milk in many countries, and the consumption of raw milk has been implicated in outbreaks of disease in New Zealand. Fecal contamination at milking is probably the most common source of pathogenic bacteria in bulk tank milk. Raw milk was collected from 80 New Zealand dairy farms during 2011 and 2012 and tested periodically for Campylobacter, E. coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella. Milk quality data such as coliform counts, total bacterial counts, and somatic cell counts also were collected. By treating the total bacterial count as a proxy for fecal contamination of milk and utilizing farm and animal level prevalence and shedding rates of each pathogen, a predictive model for the level of pathogenic bacteria in bulk tank raw milk was developed. The model utilizes a mixture distribution to combine the low level of contamination inherent in the milking process with isolated contamination events associated with significantly higher pathogen levels. By simulating the sampling and testing process, the predictive model was validated against the observed prevalence of each pathogen in the survey. The predicted prevalence was similar to the observed prevalence for E. coli O157 and Salmonella, although the predicted prevalence was higher than that observed in samples tested for Campylobacter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Marshall
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - T K Soboleva
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Pastoral House, The Terrace, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
| | - P Jamieson
- MilkTestNZ, 1344 Te Rapa Road, Hamilton 3288, New Zealand
| | - N P French
- mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Serraino A, Finazzi G, Marchetti G, Daminelli P, Riu R, Giacometti F, Losio MN, Rosmini R. Behaviour ofSalmonella Typhimuriumduring production and storage of artisan water buffaloMozzarellacheese. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2012.e53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
Giacometti F, Bonilauri P, Amatiste S, Arrigoni N, Bianchi M, Losio MN, Bilei S, Cascone G, Comin D, Daminelli P, Decastelli L, Merialdi G, Mioni R, Peli A, Petruzzelli A, Tonucci F, Piva S, Serraino A. Human campylobacteriosis related to the consumption of raw milk sold by vending machines in Italy: Quantitative risk assessment based on official controls over four years. Prev Vet Med 2015; 121:151-8. [PMID: 26142145 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative risk assessment (RA) model was developed to describe the risk of campylobacteriosis linked to consumption of raw milk sold in vending machines in Italy. Exposure assessment was based on the official microbiological records of raw milk samples from vending machines monitored by the regional Veterinary Authorities from 2008 to 2011, microbial growth during storage, destruction experiments, consumption frequency of raw milk, serving size, consumption preference and age of consumers. The differential risk considered milk handled under regulation conditions (4°C throughout all phases) and the worst time-temperature field handling conditions detected. Two separate RA models were developed, one for the consumption of boiled milk and the other for the consumption of raw milk, and two different dose-response (D-R) relationships were considered. The RA model predicted no human campylobacteriosis cases per year either in the best (4°C) storage conditions or in the case of thermal abuse in case of boiling raw milk, whereas in case of raw milk consumption the annual estimated campylobacteriosis cases depend on the dose-response relationships used in the model (D-R I or D-R II), the milk time-temperature storage conditions, consumer behaviour and age of consumers, namely young (with two cut-off values of ≤5 or ≤6 years old for the sensitive population) versus adult consumers. The annual estimated cases for young consumers using D-R II for the sensitive population (≤5 years old) ranged between 1013.7/100,000 population and 8110.3/100,000 population and for adult consumers using D-R I between 79.4/100,000 population and 333.1/100,000 population. Quantification of the risks associated with raw milk consumption is necessary from a public health perspective and the proposed RA model represents a useful and flexible tool to perform future RAs based on local consumer habits to support decision-making on safety policies. Further educational programmes for raw milk consumers or potential raw milk consumers are required to encourage consumers to boil milk to reduce the associated risk of illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giacometti
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via Pitagora 2, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Simonetta Amatiste
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lazio and Tuscany, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00187 Rome, Italy
| | - Norma Arrigoni
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Strada della Faggiola 1, 29027 Gariga di Podenzano, Italy
| | - Manila Bianchi
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Piedmont, Liguria and Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Marina Nadia Losio
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Bilei
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lazio and Tuscany, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00187 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cascone
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Sicily, Via G. Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Damiano Comin
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Veneto, Viale dell'Università, 10, Padua,35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Paolo Daminelli
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Decastelli
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Piedmont, Liguria and Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Merialdi
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via P. Fiorini, 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Renzo Mioni
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Veneto, Viale dell'Università, 10, Padua,35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Angelo Peli
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Petruzzelli
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Umbria and Marche, Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06162, Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Tonucci
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Umbria and Marche, Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06162, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Piva
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Scientific Opinion on the public health risks related to the consumption of raw drinking milk. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
21
|
Giacometti F, Bonilauri P, Albonetti S, Amatiste S, Arrigoni N, Bianchi M, Bertasi B, Bilei S, Bolzoni G, Cascone G, Comin D, Daminelli P, Decastelli L, Merialdi G, Mioni R, Peli A, Petruzzelli A, Tonucci F, Bonerba E, Serraino A. Quantitative risk assessment of human salmonellosis and listeriosis related to the consumption of raw milk in Italy. J Food Prot 2015; 78:13-21. [PMID: 25581173 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two quantitative risk assessment (RA) models were developed to describe the risk of salmonellosis and listeriosis linked to consumption of raw milk sold in vending machines in Italy. Exposure assessment considered the official microbiological records monitoring raw milk samples from vending machines performed by the regional veterinary authorities from 2008 to 2011, microbial growth during storage, destruction experiments, consumption frequency of raw milk, serving size, and consumption preference. Two separate RA models were developed: one for the consumption of boiled milk and the other for the consumption of raw milk. The RA models predicted no human listeriosis cases per year either in the best or worst storage conditions and with or without boiling raw milk, whereas the annual estimated cases of salmonellosis depend on the dose-response relationships used in the model, the milk storage conditions, and consumer behavior in relation to boiling raw milk or not. For example, the estimated salmonellosis cases ranged from no expected cases, assuming that the entire population boiled milk before consumption, to a maximum of 980,128 cases, assuming that the entire population drank raw milk without boiling, in the worst milk storage conditions, and with the lowest dose-response model. The findings of this study clearly show how consumer behavior could affect the probability and number of salmonellosis cases and in general, the risk of illness. Hence, the proposed RA models emphasize yet again that boiling milk before drinking is a simple yet effective tool to protect consumers against the risk of illness inherent in the consumption of raw milk. The models may also offer risk managers a useful tool to identify or implement appropriate measures to control the risk of acquiring foodborne pathogens. Quantification of the risks associated with raw milk consumption is necessary from a public health perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50-40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via Pitagora, 2-42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Albonetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50-40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simonetta Amatiste
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lazio and Tuscany, Via Appia Nuova, 1411-00187 Rome (Campanelle), Italy
| | - Norma Arrigoni
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Strada della Faggiola, 1-29027 Gariga di Podenzano (PC), Italy
| | - Manila Bianchi
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Piedmont, Liguria and Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna, 148-10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Bertasi
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 7/9-25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Bilei
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lazio and Tuscany, Via Appia Nuova, 1411-00187 Rome (Campanelle), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bolzoni
- National Reference Centre for Cattle Milk Quality, Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, 7/9-25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cascone
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Sicily, Via G. Marinuzzi, 3-90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Damiano Comin
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Venice, Viale dell'Università, 10-35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Daminelli
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 7/9-25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Decastelli
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Piedmont, Liguria and Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna, 148-10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Merialdi
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via P. Fiorini, 5-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Renzo Mioni
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Venice, Viale dell'Università, 10-35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Angelo Peli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50-40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Petruzzelli
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Umbria and Marche, Via G. Salvemini, 1-06162 Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Tonucci
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via P. Fiorini, 5-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bonerba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima, km 3, 70010 (BA), Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50-40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Doležalová H, Pícha K, Navrátil J, Bezemková A. Factors That Influence the Selling of Milk Through Milk Vending Machines. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201462040641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
23
|
Tremonte P, Tipaldi L, Succi M, Pannella G, Falasca L, Capilongo V, Coppola R, Sorrentino E. Raw milk from vending machines: Effects of boiling, microwave treatment, and refrigeration on microbiological quality. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3314-20. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
24
|
Giacometti F, Serraino A, Pasquali F, De Cesare A, Bonerba E, Rosmini R. Behavior ofArcobacter butzleriandArcobacter cryaerophilusin Ultrahigh-Temperature, Pasteurized, and Raw Cow's Milk Under Different Temperature Conditions. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:15-20. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Rosmini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Giacometti F, Bonilauri P, Serraino A, Peli A, Amatiste S, Arrigoni N, Bianchi M, Bilei S, Cascone G, Comin D, Daminelli P, Decastelli L, Fustini M, Mion R, Petruzzelli A, Rosmini R, Rugna G, Tamba M, Tonucci F, Bolzoni G. Four-year monitoring of foodborne pathogens in raw milk sold by vending machines in Italy. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1902-7. [PMID: 24215694 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence data were collected from official microbiological records monitoring four selected foodborne pathogens (Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Campylobacter jejuni) in raw milk sold by self-service vending machines in seven Italian regions (60,907 samples from 1,239 vending machines) from 2008 to 2011. Data from samples analyzed by both culture-based and real-time PCR methods were collected in one region. One hundred raw milk consumers in four regions were interviewed while purchasing raw milk from vending machines. One hundred seventy-eight of 60,907 samples were positive for one of the four foodborne pathogens investigated: 18 samples were positive for Salmonella, 83 for L. monocytogenes, 24 for E. coli O157:H7, and 53 for C. jejuni in the seven regions investigated. No significant differences in prevalence were found among regions, but a significant increase in C. jejuni prevalence was observed over the years of the study. A comparison of the two analysis methods revealed that real-time PCR was 2.71 to 9.40 times more sensitive than the culture-based method. Data on consumer habits revealed that some behaviors may enhance the risk of infection linked to raw milk consumption: 37% of consumers did not boil milk before consumption, 93% never used an insulated bag to transport raw milk home, and raw milk was consumed by children younger than 5 years of age. These results emphasize that end-product controls alone are not sufficient to guarantee an adequate level of consumer protection. The beta distribution of positive samples in this study and the data on raw milk consumer habits will be useful for the development of a national quantitative risk assessment of Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157, and C. jejuni infection associated with raw milk consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Serraino A, Florio D, Giacometti F, Piva S, Mion D, Zanoni RG. Presence of Campylobacter and Arcobacter species in in-line milk filters of farms authorized to produce and sell raw milk and of a water buffalo dairy farm in Italy. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:2801-7. [PMID: 23453517 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the presence of Campylobacter spp. and Arcobacter spp. in dairy herds authorized for the production and sale of raw milk and in a water buffalo dairy farm, and to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. A total of 196 in-line milk filters were collected from 14 dairy farms (13 bovine and 1 water buffalo) for detection of Campylobacter spp. and Arcobacter spp. by microbiological culture. For each farm investigated, 1 isolate for each Campylobacter and Arcobacter species isolated was tested using the Etest method (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) to evaluate the susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, erythromycin, and gentamicin. A total of 52 isolates were detected in 49 milk filters in 12 farms (85.7%) out of 14 and the isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni (6), Campylobacter hyointestinalis ssp. hyointestinalis (8), Campylobacter concisus (1), Campylobacter fetus ssp. fetus (1), Arcobacter butzleri (22), and Arcobacter cryaerophilus (14). The small number of isolates tested for antimicrobial susceptibility precludes any epidemiological consideration but highlights that all Campylobacter isolates were susceptible to macrolides, which are the first-choice drugs for the treatment of campylobacteriosis, and that resistance to fluoroquinolones and tetracycline was detected; for Arcobacter isolates, resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol was detected. The sale of raw milk for human consumption by self-service automatic vending machines has been allowed in Italy since 2004 and the presence of C. jejuni in in-line milk filters confirms that raw milk consumption is a significant risk factor for human infection. The high occurrence of emerging Campylobacter spp. and Arcobacter spp. discovered in dairy farms authorized for production and sale of raw milk represents an emerging hazard for human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Giacometti F, Serraino A, Bonilauri P, Ostanello F, Daminelli P, Finazzi G, Losio MN, Marchetti G, Liuzzo G, Zanoni RG, Rosmini R. Quantitative risk assessment of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 and Campylobacter jejuni related to consumption of raw milk in a province in Northern Italy. J Food Prot 2012; 75:2031-8. [PMID: 23127713 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative risk assessment was developed to describe the risk of campylobacteriosis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) linked to consumption of raw milk sold in vending machines in Northern Italy. Exposure assessment considered the microbiological status of dairy farms, expected milk contamination, storage conditions from bulk tank to home storage, microbial growth during storage, destruction experiments, consumption frequency of raw milk, age of consumers, serving size, and consumption preference. The differential risk between milk handled under regulation conditions (4°C throughout all phases) and the worst field handling conditions was considered. The probability of Campylobacter jejuni infection was modeled with a single-hit dose-response beta-Poisson model, whereas for HUS an exponential dose-response model was chosen and two probabilities were used to model the higher susceptibility of children younger than 5 years old. For every 10,000 to 20,000 consumers each year, the models predicted for the best and worst storage conditions, respectively, 2.12 and 1.14 campylobacteriosis cases and 0.02 and 0.09 HUS cases in the 0- to 5-year age group and 0.1 and 0.5 HUS cases in the >5-year age group. The expected pediatric HUS cases do not differ considerably from those reported in Italy by the Minister of Health. The model developed may be a useful tool for extending the assessment of the risk of campylobacteriosis and HUS due to raw milk consumption at the national level in Italy. Considering the epidemiological implications of this study, the risk of illness linked to raw milk consumption should not be ignored and could be reduced by the use of simple measures. Boiling milk before consumption and strict control of temperatures by farmers during raw milk distribution have significant effects on campylobacteriosis and HUS and are essential measures for risk management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|