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Granulated Cane Sugar as a Partial Replacement for Steam-Flaked Corn in Diets for Feedlot Cattle: Ruminal Fermentation and Microbial Protein Synthesis. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of supplemental granulated cane sugar (GCS) levels (0, 13.3, 26.6, and 39.9% on a dry matter basis) in a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet on measures of ruminal fermentation and the site and extent of nutrient digestion. Four Holstein steers (251 ± 3.6 kg live weight) with “T” type cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment to evaluate the treatments. The experiment lasted 84 d. Replacing steam-flaked corn (SFC) with GCS linearly decreased the flow of ammonia-N (NH3-N) to the small intestine, increasing the flow of microbial nitrogen (MN; quadratic effect, p = 0.02), ruminal N efficiency (linear effect, p = 0.03) and MN efficiency (quadratic effect, p = 0.04). The ruminal digestion of starch and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) decreased (linear effect, p ≤ 0.02) as the level of GCS increased. The postruminal digestion of organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and starch were not affected by the GCS inclusion. However, postruminal N digestion decreased (linear effect, p = 0.02) as the level of GCS increased. There were no treatment effects on total tract OM digestion. However, total tract NDF and N digestion decreased (linear effect, p ≤ 0.02) as the level of GCS increased. The ruminal pH decreased (linear effect, p < 0.01) as the GCS increased in the diet. The ruminal acetate molar proportion decreased (linear effect, p = 0.02) and the ruminal valerate molar proportion tended to increase (linear effect, p = 0.08) as the level of GCS increased. It is concluded that replacing as much as 13% of SFC with GCS in a finishing diet will enhance the efficiency of N utilization (g non-ammonia-N entering the small intestine/g N intake) without detrimental effects on total tract OM digestion. The inclusion of GCS decreased the ruminal proportion of acetate linearly without an effect on the acetate-to-propionate ratio or estimated methane production. Some of the effects on N utilization at a high level of GCS inclusion (27 and 40%) can be magnified by the differences in the CP content between diets. A higher level of GCS supplementation in the diet decreased the ruminal pH below 5.5, increasing the risk of ruminal acidosis.
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Ellett M, Parsons C, Hay J, Daniels K. Persistence of sugars used for intestinal permeability measures in an in vitro rumen environment. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:245-249. [PMID: 36338022 PMCID: PMC9623714 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sucralose persisted in an in vitro rumen environment for 48 h. d-Glucose and d-mannitol were nondetectable at 6 h in an in vitro rumen environment. Lactulose could not be quantified in the rumen content and medium matrix via high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Neutral detergent fiber loss and the medium pH were unaffected by treatment.
Orally administered synthetic sugars are routinely used as markers of intestinal permeability in nonruminants and young calves, but not adult ruminants, likely because of uncertainty surrounding degradation of such sugar markers (e.g., d-mannitol, sucralose, lactulose) in the rumen. The objective was to evaluate persistence of d-mannitol, sucralose, and lactulose in a closed in vitro rumen fermentation system over 48 h. The null hypothesis was that sugar concentration would not be affected by time. Rumen contents were collected and processed under anerobic conditions a total of 12 times from a ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cow. These 12 rumen samplings reflect 4 in vitro experiments (d-mannitol, sucralose, lactulose, and d-glucose as a positive methodological control), each replicated 3 times. For each replication, filtered rumen contents and rumen buffer (1:3; vol/vol) were added to a series of six 500-mL flasks, each containing 3 filter bags. Each filter bag contained 500 mg of ground total mixed ration (94.2% dry matter; 15.2% crude protein, 40.9% neutral detergent fiber, 3.9% fat, and 6.2% ash, dry matter basis) and three 5-mm glass beads. The 6 flasks represented 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h time points, and a 48-h negative control flask. A single sugar was tested during each experimental replicate. Final flask concentrations of each sugar were 4.07 mg/mL d-glucose, 1.99 mg/mL d-mannitol, 2.17 mg/mL sucralose, or 3.10 mg/mL lactulose. Flasks were incubated under anerobic conditions at 39°C where they remained undisturbed until the designated time of removal (0, 6, 12, 24, or 48 h). At removal, an aliquot of each flask was removed and sugar concentration was quantified by HPLC-mass spectrometry. Data for each experiment were analyzed using an ANOVA model that included the single fixed effect of time (0, 6, 12, 24, or 48 h); flask within replicate was the random term. Lactulose was not resolved in any samples due to interfering components within the sample matrix; no lactulose data are presented. As expected, positive methodological control of glucose decreased to negligible concentrations by 6 h of in vitro incubation. d-Mannitol followed the same pattern as glucose, which was different from our hypothesis. The interpretation is that d-mannitol is degraded in the in vitro rumen culture system and, by extension, is therefore not a viable choice to use in in vivo intestinal permeability tests in adult ruminants when dosed orally. As hypothesized, sucralose concentration did not change over 48 h of incubation in a closed in vitro rumen fermentation system. This suggests feasibility of orally dosed sucralose in adult ruminants as a rumen-inert marker of intestinal permeability with subsequent analysis of biological samples (e.g., urine, blood) by HPLC-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.D. Ellett
- Dairy Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - C.L.M. Parsons
- Dairy Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - J.M. Hay
- ECC Test Lab, 10329 Stony Run Ln., Ashland, VA 23005
| | - K.M. Daniels
- Dairy Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
- Corresponding author
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Dell’Anno M, Reggi S, Caprarulo V, Hejna M, Sgoifo Rossi CA, Callegari ML, Baldi A, Rossi L. Evaluation of Tannin Extracts, Leonardite and Tributyrin Supplementation on Diarrhoea Incidence and Gut Microbiota of Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1693. [PMID: 34204108 PMCID: PMC8229630 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of the dietary administration of a combination of Quebracho and Chestnut tannins, leonardite and tributyrin were evaluated in weaned piglets. A total of 168 weaned piglets (Landrace × Large White) were randomly allotted to two experimental groups (6 pens/group, 14 piglets/pen). Animals were fed a basal control diet (CTRL) and a treatment diet (MIX) supplemented with 0.75% tannin extracts, 0.25% leonardite and 0.20% tributyrin for 28 days. Individual body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly. Diarrhoea incidence was recorded by a faecal scoring scale (0-3; considering diarrhoea ≥ 2). At 0 and 28 days, faecal samples were obtained from four piglets/pen for microbiological and chemical analyses of faecal microbiota, which were then assessed by V3-V4 region amplification sequencing. At 28 days, blood from two piglets/pen was sampled to evaluate the serum metabolic profile. After 28 days, a reduction in diarrhoea incidence was observed in the MIX compared to CTRL group (p < 0.05). In addition, compared to CTRL, MIX showed a higher lactobacilli:coliform ratio and increased Prevotella and Fibrobacter genera presence (p < 0.01). The serum metabolic profile showed a decreased level of low-density lipoproteins in the treated group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a combination of tannin extract, leonardite and tributyrin could decrease diarrhoea incidence and modulate the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Dell’Anno
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety “Carlo Cantoni” (VESPA), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.R.); (M.H.); (C.A.S.R.); (A.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Serena Reggi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety “Carlo Cantoni” (VESPA), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.R.); (M.H.); (C.A.S.R.); (A.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Valentina Caprarulo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMMT), Università Degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Monika Hejna
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety “Carlo Cantoni” (VESPA), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.R.); (M.H.); (C.A.S.R.); (A.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Carlo Angelo Sgoifo Rossi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety “Carlo Cantoni” (VESPA), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.R.); (M.H.); (C.A.S.R.); (A.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Maria Luisa Callegari
- Department for Sustainable Food Process (DiSTAS), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Antonella Baldi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety “Carlo Cantoni” (VESPA), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.R.); (M.H.); (C.A.S.R.); (A.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Luciana Rossi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety “Carlo Cantoni” (VESPA), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.R.); (M.H.); (C.A.S.R.); (A.B.); (L.R.)
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Kondo M, Mulianda R, Matamura M, Shibata T, Mishima T, Jayanegara A, Isono N. Validation of a phenol-sulfuric acid method in a microplate format for the quantification of soluble sugars in ruminant feeds. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13530. [PMID: 33638207 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Soluble sugars in feeds are important for ruminant production; however, performing numerous sugar analyses within a short period is a laborious task. Here, we developed a phenol-sulfuric acid (PSA) assay in a microplate format to quantify soluble sugars in ruminant feeds. This method is easy and quick and requires only a small quantity of harmful reagents. We found that assay measurements were not affected by the representative organic acids and sugar alcohol contained in feeds. The treatment of activated charcoal with ethanol extract prior to the PSA assay was effective in removing interfering compounds for a more accurate determination of soluble sugars in certain feeds. Furthermore, the inter-day and intra-day repeatability of the present method was acceptable. Hence, we conclude that the method developed in this study is suitable for routine analysis of soluble sugars content in ruminant feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kondo
- Department of Sustainable Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Randi Mulianda
- Department of Sustainable Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.,Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Masaya Matamura
- Department of Sustainable Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shibata
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Mishima
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Naoto Isono
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
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Fleming A, Beck M, Bryant R, Dalley D, Edwards G, Gregorini P. In vitro fermentation of fodder beet root increases cumulative gas production of methane and carbon dioxide. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lopreiato V, Vailati-Riboni M, Morittu V, Britti D, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Trevisi E, Minuti A. Post-weaning rumen fermentation of Simmental calves in response to weaning age and relationship with rumination time measured by the Hr-Tag rumination-monitoring system. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.103918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Muetzel S, Ronimus RS, Lunn K, Kindermann M, Duval S, Tavendale M. A small scale rumen incubation system to screen chemical libraries for potential methane inhibitors. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liang H, Xu L, Zhao X, Bai J, Chen Z, Zhou S, Song X, Ouyang K, Pan K, Liu C, Qu M. Effect of daidzein on fermentation parameters and bacterial community of finishing Xianan cattle. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1431965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lanjiao Xu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xianghui Zhao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Bai
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zuodong Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaozhen Song
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kehui Ouyang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chanjuan Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingren Qu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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Trevisi E, Riva F, Filipe JFS, Massara M, Minuti A, Bani P, Amadori M. Innate immune responses to metabolic stress can be detected in rumen fluids. Res Vet Sci 2017; 117:65-73. [PMID: 29179031 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many production diseases of dairy cows are related to digestive troubles. The rumen subacute acidosis is the most relevant one, albeit not easily recognized. Recent studies suggest that forestomachs can perform regulatory actions at both regional and systemic levels, since forestomach walls express immune receptors and cytokines, and the rumen liquor is infiltrated by leukocytes. Therefore, the rumen fluid could be conveniently collected for investigating metabolic production diseases. Thus, we investigated the origin of the leukocytes of the rumen fluid and demonstrated that they partly derive from saliva. Next, we carried out a field survey of innate immunity in rumen fluids of 128 cows from 12 dairy farms, along with clinical inspections, assessment of milk yield, rumen pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and major inflammo-metabolic parameters. Significant statistical correlations were found between immune markers in rumen fluids and biochemical parameters. A significant negative correlation was found in rumen between CD45 gene expression (leukocyte infiltration) and pH level. B cells were the most frequent mononuclear leukocyte population in the rumen liquor and their infiltration was negatively affected by low ruminal pH and high concentrations of VFA. Moreover, total Ig and IgM in rumen fluids were negatively correlated with ruminal pH and positively correlated with uremia. Our data suggest that forestomach immune responses could be directed to "dangers" arising within the forestomach environment. The immune markers could integrate consolidated diagnostic parameters (e.g. rumen pH) and contribute to robust, early diagnosis of tricky digestive troubles of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erminio Trevisi
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Federica Riva
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Joel Fernando Soares Filipe
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Matteo Massara
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Andrea Minuti
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bani
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Massimo Amadori
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
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The Potential Role of Seaweeds in the Natural Manipulation of Rumen Fermentation and Methane Production. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32321. [PMID: 27572486 PMCID: PMC5004155 DOI: 10.1038/srep32321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is the first to evaluate the effects of five seaweeds (Ulva sp., Laminaria ochroleuca, Saccharina latissima, Gigartina sp., and Gracilaria vermiculophylla) on gas and methane production and ruminal fermentation parameters when incubated in vitro with two substrates (meadow hay and corn silage) for 24 h. Seaweeds led to lower gas production, with Gigartina sp. presenting the lowest value. When incubated with meadow hay, Ulva sp., Gigartina sp. and G. vermiculophylla decreased methane production, but with corn silage, methane production was only decreased by G. vermiculophylla. With meadow hay, L. ochroleuca and S. latissima promoted similar methane production as the control, but with corn silage, L. ochroleuca increased it. With the exception of S. latissima, all seaweeds promoted similar levels of total volatile fatty acid production. The highest proportion of acetic acid was produced with Ulva sp., G. vermiculophylla, and S. latissima; the highest proportion of butyric acid with the control and L. ochroleuca; and the highest proportion of iso-valeric acid with Gigartina sp. These results reveal the potential of seaweeds to mitigate ruminal methane production and the importance of the basal diet. To efficiently use seaweeds as feed ingredients with nutritional and environmental benefits, more research is required to determine the mechanisms underlying seaweed and substrate interactions.
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Bani P, Grossi P, Lucini L, Pellizzoni M, Minuti A, Trevisi E. Administration ofAloe arborescenshomogenate to cattle: interaction with rumen fermentation and gut absorption of aloin. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2016.1157007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ahmed S, Grecchi I, Ficuciello V, Bacciu N, Minuti A, Bani P. Effects of Hybrid and Maturity Stage on in Vitro Rumen Digestibility of Immature Corn Grain. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2014.3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Minuti A, Ahmed S, Trevisi E, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Bertoni G, Jahan N, Bani P. Experimental acute rumen acidosis in sheep: Consequences on clinical, rumen, and gastrointestinal permeability conditions and blood chemistry1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3966-77. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Minuti
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
- PRONUTRIGEN- Centro di Ricerca sulla Proteomica e Nutrigenomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - S. Ahmed
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
- Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - E. Trevisi
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
- PRONUTRIGEN- Centro di Ricerca sulla Proteomica e Nutrigenomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - F. Piccioli-Cappelli
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - G. Bertoni
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - N. Jahan
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - P. Bani
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
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