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Panneerselvam S, Palanisamy V, Balasubramaniam M, Palanisamy S, Jaganathan M, Kannan TA. Effect of nonstructural carbohydrates on production performance, rumen metabolism and rumen health in lambs fed with isocaloric and isonitrogenous complete diets. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:181. [PMID: 38822166 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) are readily fermentable in the rumen and, are a critical factor while preparing protracted feed for higher animal performance. Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous complete feeds were prepared for this investigation to contain varying levels of nonstructural carbohydrates viz., 40.13 (NSC1), 45.21 (NSC2), 50.00 (NSC3) and 55.85 (NSC4) per cent, respectively. The four isocaloric and isonitrogenous complete feeds were tested in 32 Mecheri ram lambs (around three months of age) in a completely randomised block design (n = 8), and the lambs were fed their respective feed for six months. The study revealed that the increased NSC level in the complete diet increased the body weight and weight gain linearly (P < 0.05). The dietary NSC level affected the dry matter consumption in a quadratic manner (P < 0.05) and the lambs of the NSC4 group consumed significantly (P < 0.05) less DM compared to other dietary groups. The overall average feed conversion efficiency differed significantly (P < 0.05) among dietary groups. The correlation between dietary NSC level and faecal score was quadratic (r2 = 62.7, P < 0.05). The rumen pH, total nitrogen and NH3-N concentration were linearly decreased (P < 0.05) and the molar proportion of total short-chain fatty acids and propionic acid were increased (P < 0.05). The energy loss expressed as methane production was significantly (P < 0.01) lower for the high NSC diet-fed lambs. The lambs fed on a low NSC diet had significantly (P < 0.05) lower carcass weights, dressing percentage and loin eye area. The per cent share of rumen weight in the total fore stomach and the rumen papillae measurements length, width and surface area were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in high NSC diet-fed lambs. Increased levels of NSC in the diet increased (P < 0.05) fat deposition in the internal organs. The saturated fatty acids content in the meat was significantly (P < 0.05) lowered, whereas, the oleic acid and linoleic acid were increased (P < 0.05) as the NSC level increased in the diet. The study revealed that as the level of NSC increased in the complete diet there was a concomitant improvement in the final body weight, ADG and feed efficiency of post-weaned Mecheri lambs. It can therefore be recommended that the complete feed with 50 per cent NSC levels would be optimum to reap maximum returns from fattening Mecheri lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasan Palanisamy
- Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohan Balasubramaniam
- Controller of Examinations, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Palanisamy
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, India
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Yi S, Zhang X, Chen X, Zhou J, Gao C, Ma Z, Wang R, Tan Z, Wang M. Fermentation of increasing ratios of grain starch and straw fiber: effects on hydrogen allocation and methanogenesis through in vitro ruminal batch culture. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15050. [PMID: 37077306 PMCID: PMC10108854 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Grain starch has a faster rate of rumen fermentation than straw fiber and causes a rapid increase in ruminal molecular hydrogen (H2) partial pressure, which may promote other H2 sinks to compete H2 away from methanogenesis. The study was designed to investigate the effects of increasing ratios of grain starch to straw fiber on hydrogen allocation and methanogenesis through in vitro ruminal batch incubation. Corn grain and corn straw were employed as starch and fiber source respectively. Seven treatments were the ratios of corn grain to corn straw (RGS) being 0:6, 1:5, 2:4, 3:3, 4:2, 5:1, and 6:0. Elevating RGS increased dry matter (DM) degradation and decreased methane (CH4) and hydrogen gas (gH2) production relative to DM degraded. Elevating RGS increased volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, propionate molar percentage and microbial protein (MCP) concentration, decreased acetate molar percentage, acetate to propionate ratio and estimated net metabolic hydrogen ([H]) production relative to DM degraded. Elevating RGS decreased the molar percentage of [H] utilized for CH4 and gH2 production. In summary, increasing ratios of grain starch to straw fiber altered rumen fermentation pathway from acetate to propionate production, reduced the efficiency of [H] production with the enhancement of MCP synthesis, and led to a reduction in the efficiency of CH4 and gH2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Yi
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiumin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xuezong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Juwang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Mulakala BK, Smith KM, Snider MA, Ayers A, Honan MC, Greenwood SL. Influence of dietary carbohydrate profile on the dairy cow rumen meta-proteome. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:8485-8496. [PMID: 36028341 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diet starch and fiber contents influence the rumen microbial profile and its fermentation products, yet no information exists about the effects of these dietary carbohydrate fractions on the metabolic activity of these microbes. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrate profile changes on the rumen meta-proteome profile. Eight cannulated Holstein cows were assigned to the study as part of a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement including four 28-d periods. Cows received 1 of 4 dietary treatments on a dry matter (DM) basis. Diets included different concentrations of rumen fermentable starch (RFS) and physically effective undigested NDF (peuNDF240) content in the diet: (1) low peuNDF240, low RFS (LNLS); (2) high peuNDF240, low RFS (HNLS); (3) low peuNDF240, high RFS (LNHS); and (4) high peuNDF240, high RFS (HNHS). Rumen fluid samples were collected from each cow on the last 2 d of each period at 3 time points (0600, 1000, and 1400 h). The microbial protein fraction was isolated, isobarically labeled, and analyzed using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry techniques. Product ion spectra were searched using the SEQUEST search on Proteome Discoverer 2.4 (Thermo Scientific) against 71 curated microbe-specific databases. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc.). A total of 138 proteins were characterized across 26 of the searched microbial species. In total, 46 proteins were affected by treatments across 17 of the searched microbial species. Of these 46 proteins, 28 were affected by RFS content across 13 microbial species, with 20 proteins having higher abundance with higher dietary RFS and 8 proteins having higher abundance with lower dietary RFS. The majority of these proteins have roles in energetics, carbon metabolism, and protein synthesis. Examples include pyruvate, phosphate dikinase (Ruminococcus albus SY3), 30S ribosomal protein S11 (Clostridium aminophilum), and methyl-coenzyme M reductase subunit α (Methanobrevibacter ruminantium strain 35063), which had higher abundances with higher dietary RFS. Conversely, glutamate dehydrogenase (Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens) and 50S ribosomal protein L5 (Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis) and L15 (Ruminococcus bromii) had lower abundances with higher dietary RFS content. Among the remaining 18 proteins unaffected by RFS content alone, 5 proteins were affected by peuNDF240 content, and 13 were affected by peuNDF240 × RFS interactions. Our results suggest that the RFS content of the diet may have a greater influence on rumen microbial protein abundances than dietary peuNDF240 content or peuNDF240 × RFS interactions. This research highlights that dietary carbohydrate profile changes can influence rumen microbial protein abundances. Further research is needed to fully characterize the effects of diet on the rumen meta-proteome and manipulate the various roles of rumen microbes. This will aid in designing the strategies to maximize the efficiency of nutrient use in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Mulakala
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
| | - K M Smith
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - M A Snider
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
| | - A Ayers
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
| | - M C Honan
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405; Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - S L Greenwood
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405.
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Zhang X, Dong X, Wanapat M, Shah AM, Luo X, Peng Q, Kang K, Hu R, Guan J, Wang Z. Ruminal pH pattern, fermentation characteristics and related bacteria in response to dietary live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation in beef cattle. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:184-195. [PMID: 34474533 PMCID: PMC8738953 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary live yeast supplementation on ruminal pH pattern, fermentation characteristics and associated bacteria in beef cattle. Methods This work comprised of in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro fermentation was conducted by incubating 0%, 0.05%, 0.075%, 0.1%, 0.125%, and 0.15% active dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ADY) with total mixed ration substrate to determine its dose effect. According to in vitro results, 0.1% ADY inclusion level was assigned in in vivo study for continuously monitoring ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbes. Six ruminally cannulated steers were randomly assigned to 2 treatments (Control and ADY supplementation) as two-period crossover design (30-day). Blood samples were harvested before-feeding and rumen fluid was sampled at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h post-feeding on 30 d. Results After 24 h in vitro fermentation, pH and gas production were increased at 0.1% ADY where ammonia nitrogen and microbial crude protein also displayed lowest and peak values, respectively. Acetate, butyrate and total volatile fatty acids concentrations heightened with increasing ADY doses and plateaued at high levels, while acetate to propionate ratio was decreased accordingly. In in vivo study, ruminal pH was increased with ADY supplementation that also elevated acetate and propionate. Conversely, ADY reduced lactate level by dampening Streptococcus bovis and inducing greater Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii populations involved in lactate utilization. The serum urea nitrogen decreased, whereas glucose, albumin and total protein concentrations were increased with ADY supplementation. Conclusion The results demonstrated dietary ADY improved ruminal fermentation dose-dependently. The ruminal lactate reduction through modification of lactate metabolic bacteria could be an important reason for rumen pH stabilization induced by ADY. ADY supplementation offered a complementary probiotics strategy in improving gluconeogenesis and nitrogen metabolism of beef cattle, potentially resulted from optimized rumen pH and fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Zhang
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production-University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China.,Institute of Plateau Animals, Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu 610097, P. R. China
| | - Xianwen Dong
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, P. R. China
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ali Mujtaba Shah
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production-University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Institute of Plateau Animals, Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu 610097, P. R. China
| | - Quanhui Peng
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production-University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Kun Kang
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production-University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Rui Hu
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production-University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Jiuqiang Guan
- Institute of Plateau Animals, Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu 610097, P. R. China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production-University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
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Khattab IM, Anele UY. Dry matter intake, digestibility, nitrogen utilization and fermentation characteristics of sheep fed Atriplex hay-based diet supplemented with discarded dates as a replacement for barley grain. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:229-238. [PMID: 34060680 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of substituting barley grain with discarded dates on intake and digestibility, nitrogen (N) utilization and fermentation characteristics of sheep fed Atriplex hay-based diets. Four Barki sheep (50.9 ± 2.93 kg of body weight (BW)) fitted with rumen cannula were used in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design with 23-day periods. Four isonitrogenous (~140 g crude protein (CP)/kg of dry matter (DM)) experimental diets were formulated with Atriplex hay, and dietary sugar content was increased by replacing barley grain with discarded dates (the proportions of discarded dates in the diet were 0, 93, 187 and 280 g/kg DM). Nutrient intakes were not influenced by diet. Organic matter, CP and neutral detergent fibre digestibility increased (p < 0.05) linearly and DM digestibility tended to increase with increased dates inclusion. Ruminal pH and molar proportion of butyrate increased (p < 0.05) linearly with increasing levels of dates inclusion, whereas ruminal ammonia-N decreased (p < 0.05) linearly. Total volatile fatty acid concentration was unaffected. Microbial protein synthesis (MCP) increased linearly and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis tended to increase as discarded dates increased. Total N intake was not affected by diets whereas, urinary N, urea-N and total N execrations linearly decreased (p < 0.05) with higher amounts of dates in the diets. Blood urea-N tended to decrease with increasing levels of dates. It could be concluded that replacing 100% barley grain with discarded dates as a source of soluble carbohydrates can enhance the utilization of N in Atriplex hay-based diet and consequently improve digestibility and MCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mohamed Khattab
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Desert and Environmental Agriculture, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Uchenna Y Anele
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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Renuh S, Candyrine SCL, Paengkoum P, Goh YM, Sazili AQ, Liang JB. Enhancing bypass starch in cassava chip to sustain growth in goat. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abbasi IHR, Abbasi F, Liu L, Bodinga BM, Abdel-Latif MA, Swelum AA, Mohamed MAE, Cao Y. Rumen-protected methionine a feed supplement to low dietary protein: effects on microbial population, gases production and fermentation characteristics. AMB Express 2019; 9:93. [PMID: 31243611 PMCID: PMC6595026 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of different concentration of rumen-protected methionine (RPMet) with a low level of crude protein (CP) using rumen simulation technology on many parameters. The experiment was assigned randomly into four treatments: (1) high protein diet (163.39 g/kg CP) without RPMet (HP); (2) low protein diet (146.33 g/kg CP) without RPMet (LP); (3) low protein diet, supplement with low RPMet (RPMet: 0.11 g/kg) (LPLMet); and (4) low protein diet, supplement with high RPMet (RPMet: 0.81 g/kg) (LPHMet), mixed with 20 g basal diet in each fermenter. Based on National Research Council (NRC) (Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2001) recommendation for dairy ruminants HP diet was formulated as positive normal control and LP as a negative control. Results demonstrated that CP disappearance was found significantly higher (P < 0.05) in supplement groups compared with HP and found similar (P > 0.05) with LP. However, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and gross energy (GE) were found a parallel among supplement groups compared to HP and higher than LP. Furthermore, microbial crude protein, total and short chain fatty acids were found similar in LPHMet and HP and found significantly higher than LPLMet and LP. The R. albus population of LPHMet found parallel to HP and pointedly higher than LP in a solid and liquid fraction. Daily production of ammonia nitrogen, total gas, and methane were higher in HP than LP, LPLMet, and LPHMet. Overall, results concluded that values of digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbial crude protein, and R. albus population were similar of LPHMet to that of HP group. However, production of ammonia-N, total gas, and methane volume were significantly higher in the HP group than LPLMet, LPHMet, and LP groups. In conclusion, rumen-protected methionine is a good feed supplement to low dietary protein in the level of 0.81 g/kg.
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Raabis S, Li W, Cersosimo L. Effects and immune responses of probiotic treatment in ruminants. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 208:58-66. [PMID: 30712793 PMCID: PMC6526955 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbial colonization and establishment are vital to ruminant health and production. This review article focuses on current knowledge and methods used to understand and manipulate the gut microbial community in ruminant animals, with a special focus on probiotics treatment. This review highlights the most promising of studies in this area, including gut microbial colonization and establishment, effect of gastrointestinal tract microbial community on host mucosal innate immune function, impact of feeding strategies on gut microbial community, current probiotic treatments in ruminants, methods to manipulate the gut microbiota and associated antimicrobial compounds, and models and cell lines used in understanding the host immune response to probiotic treatments. As a lot of work in this area was done in humans and mice, this review article also includes up-to-date knowledge from relevant studies in human and mouse models. This review is a useful resource for scientists working in the areas of ruminant nutrition and health, and to researchers investigating the microbial ecology and its relation to animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Raabis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Wenli Li
- Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1925 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, United States.
| | - Laura Cersosimo
- University of Florida, Department of Animal Sciences, Gainesville, FL, United States
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