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Zabeti Touchaei A, Vahidi S, Samadani AA. Immune landscape in APC and TP53 related tumor microenvironment in colon adenocarcinoma: A bioinformatic analysis. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2024; 14:154-165. [PMID: 38470482 PMCID: PMC11097784 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2024.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction APC and TP53 are the two most regularly mutated genes in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), especially in progressive malignancies and antitumoral immune response. The current bioinformatics analysis investigates the APC and TP53 gene expression profile in colon adenocarcinoma as a prognostic characteristic for survival, particularly concentrating on the correlated immune microenvironment. Methods Clinical and genetic data of colon cancer and normal tissue samples were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-COAD and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) online databases, respectively. The genetic differential expressions were analyzed in both groups via the one-way ANOVA test. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were applied to estimate the overall survival (OS). P < 0.05 was fixed as statistically significant. On Tumor Immune Estimation Resource and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis databases, the linkage between immune cell recruitment and APC and TP53 status was assessed through Spearman's correlation analysis. Results APC and TP53 were found mutated in 66.74% and 85.71% of the 454 and 7 TCGA-COAD patients in colon and rectosigmoid junction primary sites, respectively with a higher log2-transcriptome per million reads compared to the GTEx group (318 samples in sigmoid and 368 samples in transverse). Survival curves revealed a worse significant OS for the high-APC and TP53 profile colon. Spearman's analysis of immune cells demonstrated a strong positive correlation between the APC status and infiltration of T cell CD4+, T cell CD8+, NK cell, and macrophages and also a positive correlation between status and infiltration of T cell CD4+, T cell CD8+. Conclusions APC and TP53 gene mutations prevail in colon cancer and are extremely associated with poor prognosis and shortest survival. The infiltrating T cell CD4+, T cell CD8+, NK cell, and macrophages populate the colon microenvironment and regulate the mechanisms of tumor advancement, immune evasion, and sensitivity to standard chemotherapy. More comprehensive research is needed to demonstrate these results and turn them into new therapeutic outlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sogand Vahidi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Samadani
- Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Trauma Institute, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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2
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Doostmohammadi A, Jooya H, Ghorbanian K, Gohari S, Dadashpour M. Potentials and future perspectives of multi-target drugs in cancer treatment: the next generation anti-cancer agents. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:228. [PMID: 38622735 PMCID: PMC11020265 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health problem worldwide with more than an estimated 19.3 million new cases in 2020. The occurrence rises dramatically with age, and the overall risk accumulation is combined with the tendency for cellular repair mechanisms to be less effective in older individuals. Conventional cancer treatments, such as radiotherapy, surgery, and chemotherapy, have been used for decades to combat cancer. However, the emergence of novel fields of cancer research has led to the exploration of innovative treatment approaches focused on immunotherapy, epigenetic therapy, targeted therapy, multi-omics, and also multi-target therapy. The hypothesis was based on that drugs designed to act against individual targets cannot usually battle multigenic diseases like cancer. Multi-target therapies, either in combination or sequential order, have been recommended to combat acquired and intrinsic resistance to anti-cancer treatments. Several studies focused on multi-targeting treatments due to their advantages include; overcoming clonal heterogeneity, lower risk of multi-drug resistance (MDR), decreased drug toxicity, and thereby lower side effects. In this study, we'll discuss about multi-target drugs, their benefits in improving cancer treatments, and recent advances in the field of multi-targeted drugs. Also, we will study the research that performed clinical trials using multi-target therapeutic agents for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Doostmohammadi
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hossein Jooya
- Biochemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kimia Ghorbanian
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sargol Gohari
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dadashpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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3
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Hoch CC, Knoedler L, Knoedler S, Bashiri Dezfouli A, Schmidl B, Trill A, Douglas JE, Adappa ND, Stögbauer F, Wollenberg B. Integrated Molecular and Histological Insights for Targeted Therapies in Mesenchymal Sinonasal Tract Tumors. Curr Oncol Rep 2024; 26:272-291. [PMID: 38376625 PMCID: PMC10920452 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-024-01506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of mesenchymal sinonasal tract tumors (STTs), a distinct subset of STTs. Despite their rarity, mesenchymal STTs represent a unique clinical challenge, characterized by their rarity, often slow progression, and frequently subtle or overlooked symptoms. The complex anatomy of the sinonasal area, which includes critical structures such as the orbit, brain, and cranial nerves, further complicates surgical treatment options. This underscores an urgent need for more advanced and specialized therapeutic approaches. RECENT FINDINGS Advancements in molecular diagnostics, particularly in next-generation sequencing, have significantly enhanced our understanding of STTs. Consequently, the World Health Organization has updated its tumor classification to better reflect the distinct histological and molecular profiles of these tumors, as well as to categorize mesenchymal STTs with greater accuracy. The growing understanding of the molecular characteristics of mesenchymal STTs opens new possibilities for targeted therapeutic interventions, marking a significant shift in treatment paradigms. This review article concentrates on mesenchymal STTs, specifically addressing sinonasal tract angiofibroma, sinonasal glomangiopericytoma, biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma, and skull base chordoma. These entities are marked by unique histopathological and molecular features, which challenge conventional treatment approaches and simultaneously open avenues for novel targeted therapies. Our discussion is geared towards delineating the molecular underpinnings of mesenchymal STTs, with the objective of enhancing therapeutic strategies and addressing the existing shortcomings in the management of these intricate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima C Hoch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Leonard Knoedler
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Knoedler
- Institute of Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Bashiri Dezfouli
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schmidl
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Anskar Trill
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer E Douglas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fabian Stögbauer
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Wollenberg
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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Jirka GW, Lefler DS, Russo J, Bashir B. Colon adenocarcinoma and Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome in a young patient: case report and exploration of pathologic implications. Cancer Biol Ther 2023; 24:2184153. [PMID: 36859772 PMCID: PMC9988342 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2023.2184153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline mutations in the folliculin gene (FLCN) that result in the functional loss of the tumor suppressor folliculin. It is classically associated with cutaneous hamartomas, pulmonary cysts with spontaneous pneumothorax, and various renal cancers. In this case, we present a patient initially diagnosed with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and subsequently found to have colorectal cancer (CRC). The presence of two separate malignancies in a young patient with a strong family history of CRC (father and paternal grandfather) led to genetic testing, which revealed an FLCN c.1177-5_1177-3del mutation, and a diagnosis of BHD was made. Out of the more than 300 known unique mutations of the FLCN coding region, the c.1285dupC mutation on exon 11 has been the only one convincingly associated with CRC thus far. While larger cohort studies are needed to further clarify this association, we present the first patient with CRC to our knowledge with an FLCN c.1177-5_1177-3del mutation and loss of heterozygosity implicating it as an initiating factor in tumorigenesis. We further explore the studies supporting and refuting the connection between BHD and CRC and highlight the molecular signaling pathways that may play a role in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant W. Jirka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel S. Lefler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Babar Bashir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- CONTACT Babar Bashir Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025Walnut Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, PA19017
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Vuletić A, Mirjačić Martinović K, Spasić J. Role of Histone Deacetylase 6 and Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibition in Colorectal Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:54. [PMID: 38258065 PMCID: PMC10818982 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), by deacetylation of multiple substrates and association with interacting proteins, regulates many physiological processes that are involved in cancer development and invasiveness such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, motility, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. Due to its ability to remove misfolded proteins, induce autophagy, and regulate unfolded protein response, HDAC6 plays a protective role in responses to stress and enables tumor cell survival. The scope of this review is to discuss the roles of HDCA6 and its implications for the therapy of colorectal cancer (CRC). As HDAC6 is overexpressed in CRC, correlates with poor disease prognosis, and is not essential for normal mammalian development, it represents a good therapeutic target. Selective inhibition of HDAC6 impairs growth and progression without inducing major adverse events in experimental animals. In CRC, HDAC6 inhibitors have shown the potential to reduce tumor progression and enhance the therapeutic effect of other drugs. As HDAC6 is involved in the regulation of immune responses, HDAC6 inhibitors have shown the potential to improve antitumor immunity by increasing the immunogenicity of tumor cells, augmenting immune cell activity, and alleviating immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, HDAC6 inhibitors may represent promising candidates to improve the effect of and overcome resistance to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vuletić
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Katarina Mirjačić Martinović
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jelena Spasić
- Clinic for Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Sharma S, Bhattacharya S, Joshi K, Singh S. A shift in focus towards precision oncology, driven by revolutionary nanodiagnostics; revealing mysterious pathways in colorectal carcinogenesis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:16157-16177. [PMID: 37650995 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple molecular mechanisms contribute to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), with chromosomal instability (CIN) playing a significant role. CRC is influenced by mutations in several important genes, including APC, TP53, KRAS, PIK3CA, BRAF, and SMYD4. The three molecular subtypes of this disease are CIN, MSI-H, and CIMP (CpG-island phenotype). p53 dysfunction and aberrant Wnt signalling are common characteristics of CRC carcinogenesis. Despite advances in conventional therapy, metastatic CRC remains difficult to treat due to toxicity and resistance. Theranostics for cancer could significantly benefit from nanotechnology, as it would enable more targeted, individualised care with fewer side effects. Utilising functionalized nanoparticles has enabled MRI-guided gene therapy, magnetic hyperthermia, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and photothermal/photodynamic therapy, thereby radically modifying the way cancer is treated. Active targeting using ligands or peptides on nanoparticles improves the delivery of drugs to cancer cells. Nanostructures such as drug peptide conjugates, chitosan nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous silica-based nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, hybrid lipid-polymer nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles, and quantum dots may enable targeted drug delivery and enhanced therapeutic efficacy against CRC. Nanomedicines are presently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of colorectal cancer, with the promise of more effective and individualised therapies. This article examines current nanomedicine patents for CRC, including the work of Delta-Fly, Merrimack, and Pfenning, Meaning & Partner, among others. In terms of future nanomedicine research and development, ligand production, particle size, and clearance are crucial factors. Lastly, the numerous nanostructures utilized in nanomedicine for targeted drug administration and diagnostics indicate optimistic prospects for enhancing CRC treatment. The successes of nanomedicine research and development for existing colon cancer treatments are also highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyam Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Industrial Area, Vaishali, Hajipur, Bihar, 844102, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India.
| | - Kajal Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Industrial Area, Vaishali, Hajipur, Bihar, 844102, India
| | - Sanjiv Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Industrial Area, Vaishali, Hajipur, Bihar, 844102, India
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7
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Systemic TM4SF5 overexpression in Apc Min/+ mice promotes hepatic portal hypertension associated with fibrosis. BMB Rep 2022; 55:609-614. [PMID: 36104259 PMCID: PMC9813423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the gene for adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), as seen in ApcMin/+ mice, leads to intestinal adenomas and carcinomas via stabilization of β-catenin. Transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) is involved in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, fibrosis, and cancer. However, the functional linkage between TM4SF5 and APC or β-catenin has not been investigated for pathological outcomes. After interbreeding ApcMin/+ with TM4SF5-overexpressing transgenic (TgTM4SF5) mice, we explored pathological outcomes in the intestines and livers of the offspring. The intestines of 26-week-old dual-transgenic mice (ApcMin/+:TgTM4SF5) had intramucosal adenocarcinomas beyond the single-crypt adenomas in ApcMin/+ mice. Additional TM4SF5 overexpression increased the stabilization of β-catenin via reduced glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) phosphorylation on Ser9. Additionally, the livers of the dualtransgenic mice showed distinct sinusoidal dilatation and features of hepatic portal hypertension associated with fibrosis, more than did the relatively normal livers in ApcMin/+ mice. Interestingly, TM4SF5 overexpression in the liver was positively linked to increased GSK3β phosphorylation (opposite to that seen in the colon), β-catenin level, and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein expression, indicating fibrotic phenotypes. Consistent with these results, 78-week-old TgTM4SF5 mice similarly had sinusoidal dilatation, immune cell infiltration, and fibrosis. Altogether, systemic overexpression of TM4SF5 aggravates pathological abnormalities in both the colon and the liver. [BMB Reports 2022; 55(12): 609-614].
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Lee J, Kim E, Kang MK, Ryu J, Kim JE, Shin EA, Pinanga Y, Pyo KH, Lee H, Lee EH, Cho H, Cheon J, Kim W, Jho EH, Kim S, Lee JW. Systemic TM4SF5 overexpression in Apc Min/+ mice promotes hepatic portal hypertension associated with fibrosis. BMB Rep 2022; 55:609-614. [PMID: 36104259 PMCID: PMC9813423 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the gene for adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), as seen in ApcMin/+ mice, leads to intestinal adenomas and carcinomas via stabilization of β-catenin. Transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) is involved in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, fibrosis, and cancer. However, the functional linkage between TM4SF5 and APC or β-catenin has not been investigated for pathological outcomes. After interbreeding ApcMin/+ with TM4SF5-overexpressing transgenic (TgTM4SF5) mice, we explored pathological outcomes in the intestines and livers of the offspring. The intestines of 26-week-old dual-transgenic mice (ApcMin/+:TgTM4SF5) had intramucosal adenocarcinomas beyond the single-crypt adenomas in ApcMin/+ mice. Additional TM4SF5 overexpression increased the stabilization of β-catenin via reduced glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) phosphorylation on Ser9. Additionally, the livers of the dualtransgenic mice showed distinct sinusoidal dilatation and features of hepatic portal hypertension associated with fibrosis, more than did the relatively normal livers in ApcMin/+ mice. Interestingly, TM4SF5 overexpression in the liver was positively linked to increased GSK3β phosphorylation (opposite to that seen in the colon), β-catenin level, and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein expression, indicating fibrotic phenotypes. Consistent with these results, 78-week-old TgTM4SF5 mice similarly had sinusoidal dilatation, immune cell infiltration, and fibrosis. Altogether, systemic overexpression of TM4SF5 aggravates pathological abnormalities in both the colon and the liver. [BMB Reports 2022; 55(12): 609-614].
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohyeong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | | | - Jihye Ryu
- Department of Pharmacy, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Ji Eon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eun-Ae Shin
- Department of Pharmacy, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | | | | | - Haesong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eun Hae Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Heejin Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | | | - Wonsik Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eek-Hoon Jho
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
| | - Semi Kim
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Lepore Signorile M, Grossi V, Fasano C, Forte G, Disciglio V, Sanese P, De Marco K, La Rocca F, Armentano R, Valentini AM, Giannelli G, Simone C. c-MYC Protein Stability Is Sustained by MAPKs in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194840. [PMID: 36230763 PMCID: PMC9562641 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal tract malignancy. Previous reports have shown that cancerous phenotypes in the intestine are dependent on c-MYC target gene expression. Unfortunately, finding c-MYC inhibitors has proven difficult because c-MYC does not have a deep surface-binding pocket. Considering that c-MYC is maintained upregulated through β-catenin-mediated transcriptional activation and ERK-mediated post-translational stabilization, and since we have previously demonstrated that c-MYC transcriptional activation is affected by p38α as a β-catenin chromatin-associated kinase, here, we investigated p38α’s involvement in c-MYC protein stabilization in CRC. Interestingly, we found that p38α sustains c-MYC’s stability by preventing its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Moreover, we showed that p38α inhibitors exhibit a synthetic lethality effect when used in combination with MEK inhibitors in CRC cells. Our findings identify p38α as a promising therapeutic target that acts on the pharmacologically “undruggable” c-MYC protein, with implications for countering c-MYC-mediated CRC proliferation, metastasization, and chemoresistance. Abstract c-MYC is one of the most important factors involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and progression; indeed, it is found to be upregulated in up to 80% of sporadic cases. During colorectal carcinogenesis, c-MYC is maintained upregulated through β-catenin-mediated transcriptional activation and ERK-mediated post-translational stabilization. Our data demonstrate that p38α, a kinase involved in CRC metabolism and survival, contributes to c-Myc protein stability. Moreover, we show that p38α, like ERK, stabilizes c-MYC protein levels by preventing its ubiquitination. Of note, we found that p38α phosphorylates c-MYC and interacts with it both in vitro and in cellulo. Extensive molecular analyses in the cellular and in vivo models revealed that the p38α kinase inhibitors, SB202190 and ralimetinib, affect c-MYC protein levels. Ralimetinib also exhibited a synthetic lethality effect when used in combination with the MEK1 inhibitor trametinib. Overall, our findings identify p38α as a promising therapeutic target, acting directly on c-MYC, with potential implications for countering c-MYC-mediated CRC proliferation, metastatic dissemination, and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lepore Signorile
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology Saverio de Bellis, IRCCS Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (M.L.S.); (C.F.); (G.F.); (V.D.); (P.S.); (K.D.M.); (F.L.R.)
| | - Valentina Grossi
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology Saverio de Bellis, IRCCS Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (M.L.S.); (C.F.); (G.F.); (V.D.); (P.S.); (K.D.M.); (F.L.R.)
- Correspondence: (V.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Candida Fasano
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology Saverio de Bellis, IRCCS Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (M.L.S.); (C.F.); (G.F.); (V.D.); (P.S.); (K.D.M.); (F.L.R.)
| | - Giovanna Forte
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology Saverio de Bellis, IRCCS Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (M.L.S.); (C.F.); (G.F.); (V.D.); (P.S.); (K.D.M.); (F.L.R.)
| | - Vittoria Disciglio
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology Saverio de Bellis, IRCCS Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (M.L.S.); (C.F.); (G.F.); (V.D.); (P.S.); (K.D.M.); (F.L.R.)
| | - Paola Sanese
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology Saverio de Bellis, IRCCS Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (M.L.S.); (C.F.); (G.F.); (V.D.); (P.S.); (K.D.M.); (F.L.R.)
| | - Katia De Marco
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology Saverio de Bellis, IRCCS Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (M.L.S.); (C.F.); (G.F.); (V.D.); (P.S.); (K.D.M.); (F.L.R.)
| | - Francesca La Rocca
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology Saverio de Bellis, IRCCS Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (M.L.S.); (C.F.); (G.F.); (V.D.); (P.S.); (K.D.M.); (F.L.R.)
| | - Raffaele Armentano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology Saverio de Bellis, IRCCS Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (R.A.); (A.M.V.)
| | - Anna Maria Valentini
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology Saverio de Bellis, IRCCS Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (R.A.); (A.M.V.)
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology Saverio de Bellis, IRCCS Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy;
| | - Cristiano Simone
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology Saverio de Bellis, IRCCS Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (M.L.S.); (C.F.); (G.F.); (V.D.); (P.S.); (K.D.M.); (F.L.R.)
- Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.G.); (C.S.)
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Alpha Mangostin and Cisplatin as Modulators of Exosomal Interaction of Ovarian Cancer Cell with Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168913. [PMID: 36012171 PMCID: PMC9408324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of exosomes and their role in the microenvironment make them an important point of interest in the development of cancer. In our study, we evaluated the effect of exosomes derived from ovarian cancer cells on gene expression in fibroblasts, including genes involved in metastasis. We also attempted to evaluate the indirect effect of cisplatin and/or α-mangostin on metastasis. In this aspect, we verified the changes induced by the drugs we tested on vesicular transfer associated with the release of exosomes by cells. We isolated exosomes from ovarian cancer cells treated and untreated with drugs, and then normal human fibroblasts were treated with the isolated exosomes. Changes in the expression of genes involved in the metastasis process were then examined. In our study, we observed altered expression of genes involved in various steps of the metastasis process (including genes related to cell adhesion, genes related to the interaction with the extracellular matrix, the cell cycle, cell growth and proliferation, and apoptosis). We have shown that α-mangostin and/or cisplatin, as chemotherapeutic agents, not only directly affect tumor cells but may also indirectly (via exosomes) contribute to delaying metastasis development.
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