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John U, Rumpf HJÜ, Hanke M, Meyer C. Alcohol and Nicotine Dependence and Time to Death in a General Adult Population: A Mortality Cohort Study. Eur Addict Res 2023; 29:394-405. [PMID: 37883933 DOI: 10.1159/000534233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Findings from general population studies are lacking in regard to the co-occurrence of alcohol and nicotine dependence in relation to later mortality. The aim of this study was to analyze potential interactions of risky alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, alcohol and nicotine dependence, and time until the first cigarette is smoked in the morning after awakening in the prediction of mortality. METHODS This study analyzed a random sample of the general population in Northern Germany, which comprised adults aged 18-64 years. Risky alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, alcohol and nicotine dependence, and the time until the first cigarette in the morning after awakening were assessed for the period of 1996-1997 by applying the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Data about all-cause mortality were gathered for the period of 2017-2018 and analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Risky alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, alcohol and nicotine dependence, and the time until the first cigarette in the morning were associated with each other and predicted the time to death. Among participants with a former alcohol dependence, 29.59% had a current nicotine dependence. Participants who had ever been dependent on alcohol at some point in their life before and currently smoked their first cigarette in the morning within 30 min or less after awakening had a hazard ratio of 5.28 (95% confidence interval: 3.33-8.38) for early death compared to low-risk alcohol consumers who had never smoked. CONCLUSION Risky alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, alcohol and nicotine dependence, and the time until the first cigarette in the morning may have a cumulative impact on time to death. The findings suggest that it could be beneficial to provide support for quitting both risky alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking among nondependent individuals in addition to supporting remission from dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich John
- Prevention Research and Social Medicine, Institute of Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans-J Ürgen Rumpf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Group S:TEP, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Monika Hanke
- Prevention Research and Social Medicine, Institute of Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Meyer
- Prevention Research and Social Medicine, Institute of Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Sadeghi S, Toghyani A. Association of demographic variables and smoking habits with the severity of lung function in adult smokers. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 27:18. [PMID: 35342438 PMCID: PMC8943578 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_854_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study aims to evaluate the association between demographic and smoking variables with the severity of lung function loss (Stage I to IV) and spirometry data in smokers. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and fifty smoker men over the age of 20 who had visited in AL-Zahra hospital were involved. Spirometry tests were performed for measuring forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1, and FEV1%FVC. COPD was categorized into four stages by the (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) criteria of postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC <0.70. FEV1/FVC <70%, in combination with FEV1 ≥80% (Stage I), or 50%≤FEV1 <80% (Stage II), or 30%≤FEV1 <50% (Stage III), or FEV1 ≤30% (Stage IV). Independent t-test, Spearman correlation analysis was used for data analysis. To determine the predicting factors for pulmonary function multiple regressions analysis was performed. Results: 43 (19.5%) of men were defined as Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD) which 7% of them were Stage I, 23.3% were Stage II, 39.5% were III and 30.2% were stage IV. In 60 (27.1%) of men, the index of Fev1/FVC was <80%. The criteria of PRIS in 74 (33.5%) of the patients and BDR in 59 (26.7%) of participation was positive. There were significant differences in the mean of FEV1 with respect to history of lung disease in relatives (P = 0.035), lung disease hospitalization (P < 0.001) and previous diagnosis of asthma variables (P < 0.001). The mean of FVC was significantly different in patients categorized based on lung disease hospitalization (P < 0.001) and previous diagnosis of asthma (P = 0.018). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the mean of FEV1/FVC for variables as follows: Time to start smoking after waking up (P = 0.007), lung disease hospitalization (P < 0.001) and previous diagnosis of asthma (P < 0.001). There was a significant association between stages of lung function loss and age of onset of smoking (β-0.355 P = 0.019) and pack per year (β = 0.354 P = 0.02). A linear regression model showed that lung disease hospitalization and age were the influential variables on FEV1 with (B = −21.79 confidence interval [CI]: −28.7, −14.87, P < 0.001and B = −0.418 CI: −0.63, −0.21, P < 0.001), respectively. The only significant influential variable on FVC was lung disease hospitalization (B = −15.89 CI: −21.49, −10.296, P < 0.001). Body mass index, lung disease hospitalization, time to start smoking after waking up in the morning and age had significant relationship on FEV1/FVC with (B = 0.71CI: 0.32, 1.11, P < 0.001, B = −14.29, CI: −19.61,-8.97, P < 0.001, B = 6.54, CI: 2.26, 10.82, P = 0.003 and B = −0.44, CI: −0.59, −0.28, P < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion: The age of onset of smoking and pack-year appears to be associated with the severity of COPD. Hospitalization history due to lung disease, age, the time between waking up in the morning and first cigarette use, BMI, lung disease history in relatives, previous diagnosis of asthma have a negative relationship with lung function.
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Jo SE, Hwang HR, Kim YJ, Lee SY, Lee JG, Yi YH, Cho YH, Tak YJ, Lee SH, Park EJ, Lee Y. Association between Time to First Cigarette and Health-Related Quality of Life of Middle-Aged Male Current Smokers: A Nationwide Representative Study in Korea. Korean J Fam Med 2021; 42:225-231. [PMID: 32746541 PMCID: PMC8164927 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.19.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many studies have demonstrated that the first cigarette in the morning increases the prevalence of smoking-related morbidity, limited studies have examined the impact of time to first cigarette (TTFC) on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Thus, we assessed this relationship using nationally-representative data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VII-1 (2016). METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from 577 current male smokers aged 30-59 years, after excluding those with a certain disease. Participants were divided into four categories according to TTFC (≤5 min, 6-30 min, 31-60 min, >60 min). HRQoL was measured using self-reported EuroQol-5 (EQ-5D). The relationship between TTFC and EQ-5D index was analyzed using a multivariate-adjusted generalized linear model to assess how HRQoL varies according to TTFC. After adjusting for confounders, a multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed to identify which of the five dimensions of the EQ-5D affected the HRQoL according to TTFC. RESULTS The generalized linear analysis indicated that as TTFC decreased (6-30 min, 31-60 min vs. >60 min), the EQ-5D index score decreased significantly (P=0.037). Shorter TTFC (≤5 min vs. >60 min) was associated with higher pain/discomfort (odds ratio [OR], 3.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-10.48) and anxiety/depression (OR, 7.58; 95% CI, 1.75-32.88). CONCLUSION Higher nicotine dependence was associated with impaired HRQoL. These results may be used to improve smoking cessation treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Eun Jo
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Hye Rim Hwang
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Yun Jin Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang Yeoup Lee
- Family Medicine Clinic, Obesity, Metabolism and Nutrition Center, Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
- Department of Medical Education, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jeong Gyu Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
- Busan Tobacco Control Center, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Yu Hyeon Yi
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
- Busan Tobacco Control Center, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Young Hye Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Family Medicine Clinic, Obesity, Metabolism and Nutrition Center, Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Young Jin Tak
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
- Busan Tobacco Control Center, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Park
- Family Medicine Clinic, Obesity, Metabolism and Nutrition Center, Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Youngin Lee
- Family Medicine Clinic, Obesity, Metabolism and Nutrition Center, Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
- Busan Tobacco Control Center, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
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Sung B. Time to First Cigarette and Self-Reported Health Among US Adult Smokers. Tob Use Insights 2019; 12:1179173X18825262. [PMID: 30728728 PMCID: PMC6351964 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x18825262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Numerous studies have reported that shorter time to first cigarette (TTFC) is linked to elevated risk for smoking-related morbidity. However, little is known about the influence of early TTFC on self-reported health among current smokers. Hence, the objective of this study was to examine the association between TTFC and self-reported health among US adult smokers. Methods: Data came from the 2012-2013 National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATS). Current smokers aged 18 years and older (N = 3323) were categorized into 2 groups based on TTFC: ≤ 5 minutes (n = 1066) and >5 minutes (n = 2257). Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to control selection bias. Results: After adjusting for sociodemographic and smoking behavior factors, current smokers with early TTFC had higher odds for poor health in comparison with current smokers with late TTFC in the prematching (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.31-2.08) and postmatching (AOR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.22-2.09) samples. Conclusions: In conclusion, smokers with early TTFC were associated with increased risk of poor health in the United States. To reduce early TTFC, elaborate efforts are needed to educate people about harms of early TTFC and benefits of stopping early TTFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baksun Sung
- Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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Zhang R, Chen L, Cao L, Li KJ, Huang Y, Luan XQ, Li G. Effects of smoking on the lower respiratory tract microbiome in mice. Respir Res 2018; 19:253. [PMID: 30547792 PMCID: PMC6295055 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies break with traditional opinion that the lower respiratory tract is sterile, and increasingly focus on the lung microbiome and disease. Smoking, as an important etiology of inflammatory lung disease, was considered as a factor influencing lung microbiome variations in our study, and we aimed to study the effect of smoking on inflammation and microbial diversity and community. METHODS Forty male mice were selected and randomly divided into a smoking and a non-smoking group. Mice in the smoking group were exposed to smoke smog for 2 h/day for 90 days. Blood and lung tissues were obtained after the experiment, and ELISA was used to measure interleukin-6 and C reactive protein concentrations. 16S rRNA gene quantification and sequencing technology were used to compare microbial diversity and community between the two groups. SAS 9.1 and R software were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Thirty-six mice survived, and the weight of the smoking group increased more slowly than that of the non-smoking group. Denser inflammation and congestion were observed in the lungs of the smoking mice compared with the non-smoking group Higher microbial diversity was observed in the smoking group, and Enterobacter, Acidimicrobiales_norank, and Caulobacteraceae_Unclassified genus were significantly more abundant in the non-smoking group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Smoking altered microbial diversities and communities in the lower respiratory tract of mice. Microbial variation should be considered in future studies focusing on smoking-induced inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Ling Chen
- The Center of Experimental Teaching Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331 China
| | - Lei Cao
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Kang-jie Li
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yao Huang
- First Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Xiao-qian Luan
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Ge Li
- The Center of Experimental Teaching Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331 China
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