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Carlin H, Dupuit M, Storme F, Chassard T, Meignié A, Sachet I, Brunet E, Toussaint JF, Antero J. Impact of menstrual cycle or combined oral contraception on elite female cyclists' training responses through a clustering analysis of training sessions. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1307436. [PMID: 38487254 PMCID: PMC10937518 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1307436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives (i) To classify training sessions of elite female cyclists according to an intensity index based on a longitudinal follow-up using multiparametric data collected in situ (ii) to measure the effect of estimated menstrual cycle (MC) phases and oral contraceptive pills (OC) phases on the athletes' training responses on each type of training identified. Method Thirteen elite French cyclists were followed up over 30 months and 5,190 training sessions were collected and 81 MC/OCs full cycles analyzed. Power sensors and position devices captured training data in situ, which was summarized into 14 external load variables. Principal Component Analysis and K-means clustering were used to identify cycling sessions according to an intensity load index. The clusters were then verified and categorized through the analysis of heart rate and rate of perceived effort. A calendar method was used to estimate 3 phases of the MC: menstruation, mid-cycle phase (MP) and late-cycle phase (LP). Two phases were defined among monophasic OC users: pills' taking/withdrawal. Results Four main types of training effort were identified: Intensive, Long, Medium and Light. In the MC group (n = 7; 52 cycles), the intensity index is 8% higher during the mid-cycle (vs. menstrual phase, p = 0.032) in the Intensive effort sessions. No differences were observed in Long, Medium or Light effort, nor between the phases of pills' taking/withdrawal among OC users. Conclusion The clustering analyses developed allows a training classification and a robust method to investigate the influence of the MC/OC in situ. A better training response during the mid-cycle when the sessions are the most intense suggest an impact of the MC when the athletes approach their maximal capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Carlin
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES, UPR7329), INSEP (Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance), Paris, France
| | - Marine Dupuit
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES, UPR7329), INSEP (Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance), Paris, France
| | - Florent Storme
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES, UPR7329), INSEP (Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance), Paris, France
| | - Tom Chassard
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES, UPR7329), INSEP (Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance), Paris, France
| | - Alice Meignié
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES, UPR7329), INSEP (Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance), Paris, France
| | - Iris Sachet
- Fédération Française de Cyclisme (FFC), Saint Quentin en Yvelines, France
| | - Emanuel Brunet
- Fédération Française de Cyclisme (FFC), Saint Quentin en Yvelines, France
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES, UPR7329), INSEP (Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance), Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigations en Médecine du Sport—CIMS, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Juliana Antero
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES, UPR7329), INSEP (Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance), Paris, France
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Training-Load Management in Rhythmic Gymnastics: Practices and Perceptions of Coaches, Medical Staff, and Gymnasts. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:530-540. [PMID: 35016155 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study described and analyzed practices and perceptions of rhythmic gymnastics coaches, medical staff, and athletes on training-load management. METHODS Online surveys were distributed among professionals and gymnasts involved in rhythmic gymnastics training across the world. One hundred (50 coaches, 12 medical staff, and 38 gymnasts) participants from 25 different countries completed the surveys. RESULTS Respondents stated using coaches' perception on a daily basis as a method of monitoring external (57%) and internal (58%) load, recovery/fatigue (52%), and performance (64%). Variables and methods (eg, wearable devices, athlete self-reported measures, session rating of perceived exertion), and metrics (eg, acute and chronic load) commonly reported in the training-load literature and other sports were not frequently used in rhythmic gymnastics. The majority of coaches (60.3% [17%]) perceived that maladaptation rarely or never occurred. Medical staff involvement in sharing and discussing training-load information was limited, and they perceived that the measurement of athletes' recovery/fatigue was poor. Gymnasts noted good quality in relation to the measurement of performance. Most participants (≥85%) believed that a specific training-load management model for rhythmic gymnastics could be very or extremely effective. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, rhythmic gymnastics coaches' perception is the most commonly used strategy to monitor load, recovery/fatigue, and performance; although, this could be a limited method to guarantee effective training-load management in this sport.
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Taberner M, Allen T, O'keefe J, Cohen DD. Contextual considerations using the 'control-chaos continuum' for return to sport in elite football - Part 1: Load planning. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 53:67-74. [PMID: 34839202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The 'control-chaos continnum' is an adaptable framework developed to guide the on-pitch rehabilitation process in elite football. One of the key objectives of the continuum is to progressively return players to their preinjury chronic running load, while incorporating the qualitative aspects of movement and cognitive stresses integral to competitive match-play. Whilst injury and player-specific considerations are key to an individualised rehabilitation approach, a host of contextual factors also play an important role in return to sport (RTS) planning. In this article, we highlight some key intrinsic and extrinsic contextual factors for the practitioner to consider in the RTS planning process to help mitigate reinjury risk upon a return to team training. While a return to chronic running load is generally a critical component of the framework, we highlight circumstances in elite football where it is a less relevant factor in RTS decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taberner
- Performance and Medical Department, Orlando Magic Basketball Club, Orlando, USA; School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moore's University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - T Allen
- Arsenal Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK; Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK. https://twitter.com/tallen_5
| | - J O'keefe
- Academy Sports Science Department, Everton Football Club, Liverpool, UK. https://twitter.com/JasonOkeefe10
| | - D D Cohen
- Masira Research Institute, University of Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Colombia; Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Colombia. https://twitter.com/danielcohen1971
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Zouhal H, Boullosa D, Ramirez-Campillo R, Ali A, Granacher U. Editorial: Acute: Chronic Workload Ratio: Is There Scientific Evidence? Front Physiol 2021; 12:669687. [PMID: 34025457 PMCID: PMC8138569 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.669687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Zouhal
- University of Rennes, Department of Sport Sciences. M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Rennes, France
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ajmol Ali
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Nobari H, Vahabidelshad R, Pérez-Gómez J, Ardigò LP. Variations of Training Workload in Micro- and Meso-Cycles Based on Position in Elite Young Soccer Players: A Competition Season Study. Front Physiol 2021; 12:668145. [PMID: 33995127 PMCID: PMC8117006 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.668145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to quantify the matches and training workload in micro-cycles of an elite young soccer team considering field position and to explain meso-cycles based on change of weekly acute (wAWL), chronic load (wCWL), acute-to-chronic workload ratio, training monotony (wTM), and training strain (wTS) between early-, mid-, and end-season periods considering playing position and whole team. Twenty-six under-16 elite young soccer players participated in this study, including six wide defenders and wide midfielders (WM), five central defenders (CD) and central midfielders, and four strikers (ST). Daily monitoring was performed by players for 20 weeks with the rating of perceived exertion using the Borg CR-10 scale. In comparison with early-season, results showed that there was a significant increase, in all playing positions, in wAWL and wCWL (except ST) and in wTM (except CD and ST) compared with end-season. On the other hand, there were significant reductions in wTS in CD, WM, and ST at the end-season. According to the results, coaches should consider the field position in different situations. Differences between training workload and matches can be a good guide for coaches, who have a special understanding of what causes the most load in training programs. Excessive training workload can potentially cause injury to adolescent athletes and controlling wTM can prevent this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.,Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan, Iran.,Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Reyhaneh Vahabidelshad
- Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan, Iran.,Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Younesi S, Rabbani A, Clemente FM, Silva R, Sarmento H, Figueiredo AJ. Dose-Response Relationships between Training Load Measures and Physical Fitness in Professional Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084321. [PMID: 33921736 PMCID: PMC8073015 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this cohort study was two-fold: (i) to analyze within-group changes of final velocity in a 30-15 intermittent fitness test (VIFT), final velocity in a Vameval test (Vvameval), 20-m sprint and countermovement jump (CMJ); (ii) to explore the relationships between VIFT and Vvameval outcomes and their changes with internal and external loads. Twenty-two professional soccer players (mean ± SD; age 27.2 ± 3.4 years, height 174.2 ± 3.6 cm, body mass 69.1 ± 6.4 kg, and body fat 10.4 ± 4.1%, 3.1 ± 1.5 years in the club) participated in this study. External and internal loads were obtained using global positioning system, heart rate and rate of perceived effort (sRPE) after each training session. Players were assessed in CMJ, 20-m sprint, Vameval and 30-15 intermittent fitness test, before and after the observed period. Very large relationships were observed between VIFT and Vameval for pre- (r = 0.76), post (r = 0.80) and pooled-data (r = 0.81). Vvameval showed less sensitivity (-22.4%, [-45.0 to 9.4]), ES -0.45 [-1.05 to 0.16]) than VIFT. ∆VIFT had unclear associations with all sRPE, but had moderate correlations with objective internal and external measures, while, ∆Vvameval varied between large and very large relationships with all sRPE, but had unclear associations with all other selected training loads. Objective internal and external loads may be used to track aerobic power related changes from VIFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Younesi
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.Y.); (H.S.); (A.J.F.)
| | - Alireza Rabbani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Rui Silva
- Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.Y.); (H.S.); (A.J.F.)
| | - António José Figueiredo
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.Y.); (H.S.); (A.J.F.)
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Nobari H, Silva R, Clemente FM, Akyildiz Z, Ardigò LP, Pérez-Gómez J. Weekly Variations in the Workload of Turkish National Youth Wrestlers: A Season of Complete Preparation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073832. [PMID: 33917536 PMCID: PMC8038824 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to describe the weekly acute workload (wAW), chronic workload (wCW), acute/chronic workload ratio (wACWR), training monotony (wTM), and strain (wTS) across the preparation season (PS), and (2) to analyze the variations of wAW, wCW, wACWR, wTM, and training strain (wTS) between periods of PS (early-, mid-, and end). Ten elite young wrestlers were monitored daily during the 32 weeks of the season. Internal loads were monitored using session rating of perceived exertion, and weekly workload measures of wACWR, wTM, and wTS were also calculated. Results revealed that the greatest differences were found between early- and mid-PS for wAW (p = 0.004, g = 0.34), wCW (p = 0.002, g = 0.90), wTM (p = 0.005, g = 0.39), and wTS (p = 0.009, g = -1.1), respectively. The wACWR showed significant differences between early- and end-PS (p ≤ 0.001, g = -0.30). We concluded that wAW, wCW, and wTM are slightly lower during the first weeks of the PS. The wTM remained relatively high during the entire season, while wAW and wCW remained balanced throughout the PS. The greatest workload changes seem to happen from the early to mid-PS season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-7344, Iran
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
- Correspondence: (H.N.); (L.P.A.)
| | - Rui Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (R.S.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (R.S.); (F.M.C.)
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Zeki Akyildiz
- Movement and Training Science Department, Gazi University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence: (H.N.); (L.P.A.)
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
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Dominski FH, Siqueira TC, Tibana RA, Andrade A. Injuries in functional fitness: an updated systematic review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:673-683. [PMID: 33721984 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to analyze injuries of functional fitness participants through a systematic review. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic search of the literature was conducted in CINAHL, EMBASE, PEDro, PubMed, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science, supplemented by searching in the grey literature, from 2017 to November 2020. This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines and was documented in the PROSPERO registry (CRD42020201259). Two reviewers independently extracted data including methodological (age, sex, time of practice, location, period, time frame, and completion rate) and injury (definition, diagnosis, prevalence, incidence, severity, mechanism, type, location, risk factors, and treatment) variables, as well as assessing study quality and risk of bias. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Twenty-six studies were included (10967, range 6-3049, participants). Injury was defined fairly differently across studies. The majority of studies used a retrospective study design and the main variables reported were prevalence, body location, and associated factors of injuries. The mean prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries was 32.8%, ranging from 2.4 to 60.6%, and the injury incidence per 1000 hours ranged from 0.21 to 67 36. The most affected body location in the studies was the shoulder, followed by lumbar spine, and knee. Muscle, joint, and ligament/tendon injuries were the most frequently reported. The majority of studies were of moderate methodological quality. All studies were considered as high risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS This review broadened the scope of 75 previous reviews on injuries in functional fitness. There have been few investigations regarding severity, mechanism, and treatment of injuries, so further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio H Dominski
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Human Movement Sciences Graduate Program, College of Health and Sport Science of the Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil - .,Univille University, Joinville, Brazil -
| | - Thais C Siqueira
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Human Movement Sciences Graduate Program, College of Health and Sport Science of the Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ramires A Tibana
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFTM), Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Alexandro Andrade
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Human Movement Sciences Graduate Program, College of Health and Sport Science of the Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil
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