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Mazzella N, Trowell D, Fox A, Saunders N, Vicenzino B, Bonacci J. The Immediate Biomechanical Effects of a Flat, Flexible School Shoe in Adolescents with Patellofemoral Pain. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:745-752. [PMID: 37908025 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment options for adolescent patellofemoral pain (PFP) are limited. School footwear might be a suitable intervention to modulate patellofemoral joint (PFJ) loads in adolescents with PFP. This study examined the immediate effects of a flat, flexible school shoe compared with a traditional school shoe on knee joint kinematics and kinetics, and PFJ reaction force during walking and running in adolescents with PFP. METHODS A total of 28 adolescents (12 female, 16 male; mean ± SD age, 14.3 ± 1.7 yr) with PFP walked and ran on an instrumented treadmill in two randomly ordered conditions: (i) flat, flexible school shoe and (ii) traditional school shoe. Three-dimensional marker trajectory and ground reaction force data were sampled at 250 and 1000 Hz, respectively. Continuous ankle and knee joint angles and moments, PFJ reaction force, and ankle power were compared between conditions using one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping paired t -tests ( α < 0.05). RESULTS Walking in the flat, flexible school shoe resulted in a significant reduction in knee flexion (15%-35% of gait cycle, P < 0.001), knee extension moment (15%-40% of gait cycle, P < 0.001), and PFJ reaction force (15%-40% of gait cycle, P < 0.001) compared with the traditional school shoe. During running, knee flexion (10%-33% of gait cycle, P < 0.001), knee extension moment (15%-25% of gait cycle, P < 0.001), and PFJ reaction force (15%-25% of gait cycle, P < 0.001) were lower when wearing the flat, flexible school shoe compared with the traditional school shoe. CONCLUSIONS PFJ reaction force is reduced when adolescents walk and run in a flat, flexible school shoe compared with a traditional school shoe. Flat, flexible school shoes may be an effective intervention to modulate biomechanical factors related to PFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Mazzella
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | - Danielle Trowell
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | - Aaron Fox
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | - Natalie Saunders
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | - Bill Vicenzino
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - Jason Bonacci
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Victoria, AUSTRALIA
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Mazzella N, Fox A, Trowell D, Saunders N, Vicenzino B, Bonacci J. Flat flexible school shoes for adolescents with patellofemoral pain: a randomised, assessor-blinded, parallel-group feasibility trial. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001717. [PMID: 37953970 PMCID: PMC10632893 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the feasibility of conducting a large-scale randomised controlled trial on the efficacy of flat, flexible school footwear versus traditional school footwear in adolescents (aged 12-18 years) with patellofemoral pain (PFP). Methods Adolescents with PFP were recruited for this study. Participants were randomised to wear either a (1) flat, flexible school shoe or (2) a traditional school shoe. Participants wore the shoes as per school requirements for 12 weeks. Feasibility was assessed by (1) adherence to allocated shoe wear of ≥75% of total weekly school shoe wear time (recorded through weekly log sheets), (2) a recruitment rate of one participant per fortnight and (3) a dropout rate of ≤ 20%. Descriptive statistics were used for feasibility outcomes. Results 24 adolescents (15 men, 9 women, mean (SD) age 14.3 (1.7) years) participated in this study. Two participants (8%) were lost to follow-up. The recruitment rate was 1.7 participants per fortnight. 11 of 12 participants (91%) in the flat flexible shoe group and 9 of 10 participants (90%) in the traditional shoe group met the minimum adherence for shoe wear. Mean weekly shoe wear was 20 (7.6) and 21 (4.5) hours per week in the flat, flexible, and traditional shoe groups, respectively. Conclusion Our results indicate that progression to a full-scale randomised controlled trial is feasible based on the current protocol. A full-scale randomised controlled trial powered to detect estimates of treatment efficacy using flat, flexible school shoes versus traditional school shoes is warranted and will guide evidence-based management of adolescent PFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Mazzella
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron Fox
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danielle Trowell
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie Saunders
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bill Vicenzino
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason Bonacci
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
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Ramsey C, Peterson B, Hébert-Losier K. Measurement and reporting of footwear characteristics in running biomechanics: A systematic search and narrative synthesis of contemporary research methods. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:351-387. [PMID: 36214324 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2125431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This review aimed to synthesise the methods for assessing and reporting footwear characteristics among studies evaluating the effect of footwear on running biomechanics. Electronic searches of Scopus®, EBSCO, PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, and Web of Science® were performed to identify original research articles of the effect of running footwear on running biomechanics published from 1st January 2015 to 7th October 2020. Risk of bias among included studies was not assessed. Results were presented via narrative synthesis. Eligible studies compared the effect of two or more footwear conditions in adult runners on a biomechanical parameter. Eighty-seven articles were included and data from 242 individual footwear were extracted. Predominantly, studies reported footwear taxonomy (i.e., classification) and manufacturer information, however omitted detail regarding the technical specifications of running footwear and did not use validated footwear reporting tools. There is inconsistency among contemporary studies in the methods by which footwear characteristics are assessed and reported. These findings point towards a need for consensus regarding the reporting of these characteristics within biomechanical studies to facilitate the conduct of systematic reviews and meta-analyses pertaining to the effect of running footwear on running biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Codi Ramsey
- Institute of Sport , Exercise and Health, Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Peterson
- Department of Podiatry, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Kim Hébert-Losier
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
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Malisoux L, Gette P, Backes A, Delattre N, Theisen D. Lower impact forces but greater burden for the musculoskeletal system in running shoes with greater cushioning stiffness. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:210-220. [PMID: 35014593 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2023655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In a recent randomised trial investigating running shoe cushioning, injury risk was greater in recreational runners who trained in the shoe version with greater cushioning stiffness (Stiff) compared to those using the Soft version. However, vertical impact peak force (VIPF) was lower in the Stiff version. To investigate further the mechanisms involved in the protective effect of greater cushioning, the present study used an intra-subject design and analysed the differences in running kinematics and kinetics between the Stiff and Soft shoe versions on a subsample of 41 runners from the previous trial. Data were recorded in the two shoe conditions using an instrumented treadmill at 10 km.h-1. VIPF was confirmed to be lower in the Stiff version compared to the Soft version (1.39 ± 0.25 vs. 1.50 ± 0.25 BW, respectively; p = 0.009, d = 0.42), but not difference was observed in vertical loading rate (p = 0.255 and 0.897 for vertical average and instantaneous loading rate, respectively). Ankle eversion maximal velocity was not different (p = 0.099), but the Stiff version induced greater ankle negative work (-0.55 ± 0.09 vs. -0.52 ± 0.10 J.kg-1; p = 0.009, d = 0.32), maximal ankle negative power (-7.21 ± 1.90 vs. -6.96 ± 1.92 W.kg-1; p = 0.037, d = 0.13) and maximal hip extension moment (1.25 ± 0.32 vs.1.18 ± 0.30 N.m.kg-1; p = 0.009, d = 0.22). Our results suggest that the Stiff shoe version is related to increased mechanical burden for the musculoskeletal system, especially around the ankle joint.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03115437.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malisoux
- Physical Activity, Sport & Health Research Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Paul Gette
- Human Motion, Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine and Digital Methods, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Anne Backes
- Physical Activity, Sport & Health Research Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Delattre
- Movement Sciences Department, Decathlon Sports Lab, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Daniel Theisen
- ALAN - Maladies Rares Luxembourg, Bascharage, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
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Bonacci J, Spratford W, Kenneally-Dabrowski C, Trowell D, Lai A. The effect of footwear on mechanical behaviour of the human ankle plantar-flexors in forefoot runners. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274806. [PMID: 36121825 PMCID: PMC9484631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the ankle plantar-flexor muscle-tendon mechanical behaviour during barefoot and shod forefoot running. Methods Thirteen highly trained forefoot runners performed five overground steady-state running trials (4.5 ± 0.5 m.s-1) while barefoot and shod. Three-dimensional kinematic and ground reaction force data were collected and used as inputs for musculoskeletal modelling. Muscle-tendon behaviour of the ankle plantar-flexors (soleus; medial gastrocnemius; and lateral gastrocnemius) were estimated across the stance phase and compared between barefoot and shod running using a two-way multivariate analysis of variance. Results During barefoot running peak muscle-tendon unit (MTU) power generation was 16.5% (p = 0.01) higher compared to shod running. Total positive MTU work was 18.5% (p = 0.002) higher during barefoot running compared to shod running. The total sum of tendon elastic strain energy was 8% (p = 0.036) greater during barefoot compared to shod running, however the relative contribution of tendon and muscle fibres to muscle-tendon unit positive work was not different between conditions. Conclusion Barefoot forefoot running demands greater muscle and tendon work than shod forefoot running, but the relative contribution of tendon strain energy to overall muscle-tendon unit work was not greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bonacci
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Wayne Spratford
- Movement Science, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Claire Kenneally-Dabrowski
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Danielle Trowell
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Ogaya S, Okubo S, Utsumi T, Konno F, Kita S. Effects of flat-flexible shoes on lower limb joint kinetics and kinematics in gait. J Biomech 2022; 141:111216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sanno M, Epro G, Brüggemann GP, Willwacher S. Running into Fatigue: The Effects of Footwear on Kinematics, Kinetics, and Energetics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1217-1227. [PMID: 33394899 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies identified a redistribution of positive mechanical work from distal to proximal joints during prolonged runs, which might partly explain the reduced running economy observed with running-induced fatigue. Higher mechanical demand of plantar flexor muscle-tendon units, for example, through minimal footwear, can lead to an earlier onset of fatigue, which might affect the redistribution of lower extremity joint work during prolonged runs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a racing flat and cushioned running shoe on the joint-specific contributions to lower extremity joint work during a prolonged fatiguing run. METHODS On different days, 18 runners performed two 10-km runs with near-maximal effort in a racing flat and a cushioned shoe on an instrumented treadmill synchronized with a motion capture system. Joint kinetics and kinematics were calculated at 13 predetermined distances throughout the run. The effects of shoes, distance, and their interaction were analyzed using a two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS For both shoes, we found a redistribution of positive joint work from the ankle (-6%) to the knee (+3%) and the hip (+3%) throughout the entire run. Negative ankle joint work was higher (P < 0.01) with the racing flat compared with the cushioned shoe. Initial differences in foot strike patterns between shoes disappeared after 2 km of running distance. CONCLUSIONS Irrespective of the shoe design, alterations in the running mechanics occurred in the first 2 km of the run, which might be attributed to the existence of a habituation rather than fatigue effect. Although we did not find a difference between shoes in the fatigue-related redistribution of joint work from distal to more proximal joints, more systematical studies are needed to explore the effects of specific footwear design features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaspar Epro
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Gert-Peter Brüggemann
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, GERMANY
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Smith RE, Paquette MR, Harry JR, Powell DW, Weiss LW. Footwear and Sex Differences in Performance and Joint Kinetics During Maximal Vertical Jumping. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1634-1642. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sun X, Lam WK, Zhang X, Wang J, Fu W. Systematic Review of the Role of Footwear Constructions in Running Biomechanics: Implications for Running-Related Injury and Performance. J Sports Sci Med 2020; 19:20-37. [PMID: 32132824 PMCID: PMC7039038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the role of shoe constructions on running injury and performance has been widely investigated, systematic reviews on the shoe construction effects on running biomechanics were rarely reported. Therefore, this review focuses on the relevant research studies examining the biomechanical effect of running shoe constructions on reducing running-related injury and optimising performance. Searches of five databases and Footwear Science from January 1994 to September 2018 for related biomechanical studies which investigated running footwear constructions yielded a total of 1260 articles. After duplications were removed and exclusion criteria applied to the titles, abstracts and full text, 63 studies remained and categorised into following constructions: (a) shoe lace, (b) midsole, (c) heel flare, (d) heel-toe drop, (e) minimalist shoes, (f) Masai Barefoot Technologies, (g) heel cup, (h) upper, and (i) bending stiffness. Some running shoe constructions positively affect athletic performance-related and injury-related variables: 1) increasing the stiffness of running shoes at the optimal range can benefit performance-related variables; 2) softer midsoles can reduce impact forces and loading rates; 3) thicker midsoles can provide better cushioning effects and attenuate shock during impacts but may also decrease plantar sensations of a foot; 4) minimalist shoes can improve running economy and increase the cross-sectional area and stiffness of Achilles tendon but it would increase the metatarsophalangeal and ankle joint loading compared to the conventional shoes. While shoe constructions can effectively influence running biomechanics, research on some constructions including shoe lace, heel flare, heel-toe drop, Masai Barefoot Technologies, heel cup, and upper requires further investigation before a viable scientific guideline can be made. Future research is also needed to develop standard testing protocols to determine the optimal stiffness, thickness, and heel-toe drop of running shoes to optimise performance-related variables and prevent running-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Sun
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xini Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqing Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Fuller JT, Thewlis D, Tsiros MD, Brown NA, Hamill J, Buckley JD. Longer-term effects of minimalist shoes on running performance, strength and bone density: A 20-week follow-up study. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:402-412. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1505958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel T. Fuller
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dominic Thewlis
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Margarita D. Tsiros
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Joseph Hamill
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Lindlein K, Zech A, Zoch A, Braumann KM, Hollander K. Improving Running Economy by Transitioning to Minimalist Footwear: A Randomised Controlled Trial. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1298-1303. [PMID: 29807719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ongoing debates about benefits and risks of barefoot- and minimally-shod running have, to date, revealed no conclusive findings for long-term effects on physical performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an 8-week transition to minimalist footwear (MFW) on running economy (RE). DESIGN Randomised controlled trial. METHODS Thirty-two male, habitually-shod runners were assigned randomly to an 8-week training intervention either in minimalist (=intervention group) or conventional running shoes (=control group). The intervention consisted of a gradual increase in use of the new footwear by 5% of the individual weekly distance. Before and after the intervention, a VO2max test was followed by a submaximal RE test at 70% and 80% of vVO2max in both shoe conditions 7days later. RE was measured at the submaximal tests and expressed as caloric unit cost (kcalkg-1km-1) and oxygen consumption (mlkg-1km-1). RESULTS RE improved in the intervention group over time compared to the control group with small to moderate effect sizes (ES) in both shoe conditions: Effects on RE (kcalkg-1km-1) in conventional running shoes: ES vVO270%: 0.68 (95% CI: -0.14 to 1.51), ES vVO280%: 0.78 (95% CI: 0-1.56). In minimalist footwear: ES vVO270%: 0.3 (95% CI: -0.54 to 1.14), ES vVO280%: 0.42 (95% CI: -0.41 to 1.25). These effects were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The repeated-measures ANOVA also showed no group by time interactions for all submaximal RE testing conditions (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although not reaching statistical significance, training in MFW compared to CRS resulted in small to moderate improvements in RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lindlein
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine I, Helios Albert-Schweitzer-Hospital, Germany
| | - A Zech
- Institute of Sports Science, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany
| | - A Zoch
- Department of Economics, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - K-M Braumann
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Hollander
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Germany; Department of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, BG Trauma Hospital of Hamburg, Germany.
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Gait retraining versus foot orthoses for patellofemoral pain: a pilot randomised clinical trial. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:457-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.09.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Full Step Cycle Kinematic and Kinetic Comparison of Barefoot Walking and a Traditional Shoe Walking in Healthy Youth: Insights for Barefoot Technology. Appl Bionics Biomech 2017; 2017:2638908. [PMID: 29238158 PMCID: PMC5697121 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2638908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Barefoot technology shoes are becoming increasingly popular, yet modifications are still needed. The present study aims to gain valuable insights by comparing barefoot walking to neutral shoe walking in a healthy youth population. Methods 28 healthy university students (22 females and 6 males) were recruited to walk on a 10-meter walkway both barefoot and in neutral running shoes at their comfortable walking speed. Full step cycle kinematic and kinetic data were collected using an 8-camera motion capture system. Results In the early stance phase, the knee extension moment (MK1), the first peak absorbed joint power at the knee joint (PK1), and the flexion angle of knee/dorsiflexion angle of the ankle were significantly reduced when walking in neutral running shoes. However, in the late stance, barefoot walking resulted in decreased hip joint flexion moment (MH2), second peak extension knee moment (MK3), hip flexors absorbed power (PH2), hip flexors generated power (PH3), second peak absorbed power by knee flexors (PK2), and second peak anterior-posterior component of joint force at the hip (APFH2), knee (APFK2), and ankle (APFA2). Conclusions These results indicate that it should be cautious to discard conventional elements from future running shoe designs and rush to embrace the barefoot technology fashion.
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Fuller JT, Thewlis D, Tsiros MD, Brown NAT, Buckley JD. Six-week transition to minimalist shoes improves running economy and time-trial performance. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:1117-1122. [PMID: 28483557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated if gradually introducing runners to minimalist shoes during training improved running economy and time-trial performance compared to training in conventional shoes. Changes in stride rate, stride length, footfall pattern and ankle plantar-flexor strength were also investigated. DESIGN Randomised parallel intervention trial. METHODS 61 trained runners gradually increased the amount of running performed in either minimalist (n=31) or conventional (n=30) shoes during a six-week standardised training program. 5-km time-trial performance, running economy, ankle plantar-flexor strength, footfall pattern, stride rate and length were assessed in the allocated shoes at baseline and after training. Footfall pattern was determined from the time differential between rearfoot and forefoot (TDR-F) pressure sensors. RESULTS The minimalist shoe group improved time-trial performance (effect size (ES): 0.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01, 0.48; p=0.046) and running economy (ES 0.48; 95%CI: 0.22, 0.74; p<0.001) more than the conventional shoe group. There were no minimalist shoe training effects on ankle plantar-flexor concentric (ES: 0.11; 95%CI: -0.18, 0.41; p=0.45), isometric (ES: 0.23; 95%CI: -0.17, 0.64; p=0.25), or eccentric strength (ES: 0.24; 95%CI: -0.17, 0.65; p=0.24). Minimalist shoes caused large reductions in TDR-F (ES: 1.03; 95%CI: 0.65, 1.40; p<0.001) but only two runners changed to a forefoot footfall. Minimalist shoes had no effect on stride rate (ES: 0.04; 95%CI: -0.08, 0.16; p=0.53) or length (ES: 0.06; 95%CI: -0.06, 0.18; p=0.35). CONCLUSIONS Gradually introducing minimalist shoes over a six-week training block is an effective method for improving running economy and performance in trained runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Fuller
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia.
| | - Dominic Thewlis
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Margarita D Tsiros
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia
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Bertelsen ML, Hulme A, Petersen J, Brund RK, Sørensen H, Finch CF, Parner ET, Nielsen RO. A framework for the etiology of running-related injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27:1170-1180. [PMID: 28329441 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of running-related injury is important to consider as the effectiveness of a given running-related injury prevention intervention is dependent on whether etiologic factors are readily modifiable and consistent with a biologically plausible causal mechanism. Therefore, the purpose of the present article was to present an evidence-informed conceptual framework outlining the multifactorial nature of running-related injury etiology. In the framework, four mutually exclusive parts are presented: (a) Structure-specific capacity when entering a running session; (b) structure-specific cumulative load per running session; (c) reduction in the structure-specific capacity during a running session; and (d) exceeding the structure-specific capacity. The framework can then be used to inform the design of future running-related injury prevention studies, including the formation of research questions and hypotheses, as well as the monitoring of participation-related and non-participation-related exposures. In addition, future research applications should focus on addressing how changes in one or more exposures influence the risk of running-related injury. This necessitates the investigation of how different factors affect the structure-specific load and/or the load capacity, and the dose-response relationship between running participation and injury risk. Ultimately, this direction allows researchers to move beyond traditional risk factor identification to produce research findings that are not only reliably reported in terms of the observed cause-effect association, but also translatable in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Bertelsen
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - A Hulme
- Australian Collaboration for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Vic., Australia
| | - J Petersen
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - R K Brund
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, SMI®, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - H Sørensen
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - C F Finch
- Australian Collaboration for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Vic., Australia
| | - E T Parner
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - R O Nielsen
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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