INFLUENCE OF FOAM ROLLING ON ELBOW PROPRIOCEPTION, STRENGTH, AND FUNCTIONAL MOTOR PERFORMANCE

The efficacy of taping on elbow proprioception in healthy individuals: A single-blinded randomized placebo-controlled study

BACKGROUND

Taping stimulates the mechanoreceptors, increases sensory information to the central nervous system, and improves sensorimotor synchronization, resulting in improved motor control. However, the efficacy of taping on elbow proprioception is not clear.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to evaluate the immediate effects of taping on elbow proprioception in healthy individuals.

STUDY DESIGN

This study was a two-arm, parallel-group, randomized, controlled, single-blinded study with a sham application.

METHODS

Fifty six healthy adults were randomized 1:1 to kinesio taping (n = 27) or sham taping (n = 29). Active joint position sense error (JPSE) was used to quantify proprioception using a universal goniometer at three-time points: baseline (BS), immediately after taping (IA), and 30 minutes after taping (30MA), with the tape still in place at 70° and 110° of elbow flexion. Participants were blinded to group assignments. The Friedman analysis assessed differences between evaluations within groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test determined differences between groups.

RESULTS

The study was completed with 56 participants and there were no dropouts. No skin reaction or adverse effect was observed in the participants and no test trial was excluded. The baseline scores of the groups were similar (p > 0.05). A significant difference was detected in the study group after kinesio taping at 70° (MD = -1.22; CI = (-2.33: -0.10; p < 0.005; d = 0.653) and 110° of elbow flexion (MD = -1.34; CI = 2,47: -0,21; p < 0.005; d = 0.73). This statistically significant difference was observed even at the 30MA evaluations at 70° (p < 0.05). Also, there was a statistically insignificant tendency to decrease in JPSE of both groups at both degrees following taping.

CONCLUSIONS

Elbow proprioception may be enhanced by kinesio taping, and this effect could last up to 30 minutes at 70° of elbow flexion. In contrast, sham taping did not produce such an improvement. Based on the differences in JPSE, kinesio taping proved more effective and had a longer-lasting impact than the sham application. The statistically insignificant tendency to decrease in JPSE may indicate that the 30-minute application period is inadequate to create a statistically significant effect on elbow proprioception. Longer usage periods can better reveal the effects of orthoses on proprioception.

Immediate Effects of Mulligan Mobilization on Elbow Proprioception in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Single-Blind Study

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of Mulligan's mobilization with movement (MWM) on elbow proprioception.

METHODS

The study included 26 participants in the intervention group and 30 participants in the control group. The intervention group received MWM, while the control group received a sham application. Proprioception was assessed with joint position sense error at baseline, immediately after mobilization, and 30 minutes after mobilization with 70° and 110° of elbow flexion. The hypothesis of interest was the group × time interaction.

RESULTS

At 110° of elbow flexion, group × time interaction was significant (F[2, 108] = 11.48, P = .001). In the paired comparisons, there was a statistically significant difference in favor of the control group in the first measurement (P = .003). No difference was detected in other time points (P = 1.00). At 70° of elbow flexion, there was no significant difference between the time point × group interaction (F[2, 108] = 1.37, P = .10). Therefore, no pairwise comparison was made.

CONCLUSION

In this study of healthy participants, no immediate difference was found between MWM and sham application on elbow proprioception.

Comparing position sense and isokinetic strength of the muscles of elbow joint between aikidokas and non-athlete people

BACKGROUND

Aikido is a martial art comprises of locking techniques and falls. During the locking techniques, the elbow joint is forced into extended position. Moreover, the elbow hits the ground during the falling techniques. These might compromise joint position sense (JPS). The objectives of this study were to compare JPS and strength of the muscles of elbow joint between Aikidokas and a non-athlete group and to evaluate the correlation between JPS and muscle strength among Aikidokas.

METHODS

All male Jiyushinkai style Aikidokas and a healthy matched non-athlete group participated in this cross-sectional study. Passive JPS at a speed of 4°/s and the isokinetic strength of elbow flexors and extensors were assessed.

RESULTS

Evaluating the isokinetic parameters revealed no significantly difference between the groups in either flexion or extension at speeds of 60 (P-value range: 0.2-0.99) and 120 °/s (P-value range: 0.05-0.96). Also, the groups had no significant difference regarding different types of reconstruction error including constant error (P-value range: 0.38-0.91), variable error (P-value range: 0.09-0.87), and total variability (P-value range: 0.30-0.80). Moreover, very weak to weak correlation was observed between isokinetic parameters and passive JPS (r-value range: 0.01-0.39).

CONCLUSIONS

JPS was not impaired in Aikidokas in spite of the repetitive stress applied to the elbow joint during the performance of Aikido techniques. The lack of significant difference in isokinetic between Aikidokas and healthy non-athletes, and the absence of an acceptable correlation between IPS and muscle strength in Aikidokas, might be attributed to the soft nature of Aikido.

The Effects of Foam Rolling Training on Performance Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis including Controlled and Randomized Controlled Trials

Foam rolling (FR) is a new and popular technique for increasing range of motion. While there are a few studies that demonstrate increased performance measures after an acute bout of FR, the overall evidence indicates trivial performance benefits. As there have been no meta-analyses on the effects of chronic FR on performance, the objective of this systematic meta-analytical review was to quantify the effects of FR training on performance. We searched PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane library, and Web of Science for FR training studies with a duration greater than two weeks, and found eight relevant studies. We used a random effect meta-analysis that employed a mixed-effect model to identify subgroup analyses. GRADE analysis was used to gauge the quality of the evidence obtained from this meta-analysis. Egger's regression intercept test (intercept 1.79; p = 0.62) and an average PEDro score of 6.25 (±0.89) indicated no or low risk of reporting bias, respectively. GRADE analysis indicated that we can be moderately confident in the effect estimates. The meta-analysis found no significant difference between FR and control conditions (ES = -0.294; p = 0.281; I² = 73.68). Analyses of the moderating variables showed no significant differences between randomized control vs. controlled trials (Q = 0.183; p = 0.67) and no relationship between ages (R² = 0.10; p = 0.37), weeks of intervention (R² = 0.17; p = 0.35), and total load of FR (R² = 0.24; p = 0.11). In conclusion, there were no significant performance changes with FR training and no specific circumstances leading to performance changes following FR training exceeding two weeks.