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The role of infections in the causation of cancer in Kenya. Cancer Causes Control 2022; 33:1391-1400. [PMID: 36087193 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-022-01625-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer constitutes a major health care burden in the world today with the situation worsening in resource poor settings as seen in most Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. Infections constitute by far the most common risk factors for cancer in SSA and being a typical country in this region, Kenya has experienced an upsurge in the incidence of various types of cancers in the last few decades. Although there is limited population-based data in Kenya of infections-associated cancers, this review provides an up-to-date literature-based discussion on infections-associated cancers, their pathogenesis, and preventive approaches in the country. The primary infectious agents identified are largely viral (human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus (HPV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus), and also bacterial: Helicobacter pylori and parasitic: Schistosomiasis haematobium. Cancers associated with infections in Kenya are varied but the predominant ones are Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, cervical, liver, and gastric cancers. The mechanisms of infections-induced carcinogenesis are varied but they mainly seem to stem from disruption of signaling, chronic inflammation, and immunosuppression. Based on our findings, actionable cancer-preventive measures that are economically feasible and aligned with existing infrastructure in Kenya include screening and treatment of infections, implementation of cancer awareness and screening, and vaccination against infections primarily HBV and HPV. The development of vaccines against other infectious agents associated with causation of cancer remains also as an important goal in cancer prevention.
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Malonga GA, Jary A, Leducq V, Moudiongui Mboungou Malanda D, Boumba ALM, Chicaud E, Malet I, Calvez V, Peko JF, Marcelin AG. Seroprevalence and molecular diversity of Human Herpesvirus 8 among people living with HIV in Brazzaville, Congo. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17442. [PMID: 34465868 PMCID: PMC8408137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is endemic in Africa, although studies of this infection are rare in Congo. We evaluated seroprevalence and HHV-8 diversity among people living with HIV. We included 353 patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Antibodies against HHV-8 latency-associated nuclear antigen were detected by indirect immunofluorescence. In HHV-8 positive patients, we performed HHV-8 quantification in blood and saliva by real-time PCR and typing by Sanger sequencing of K1 open reading frame. HHV-8 seroprevalence was 19%, being male (odd ratio [OR] = 1.741, [95% Confidence interval {CI}, 0.97-3.07]; p = 0.0581) and having multiple sex partners before HIV diagnosis (OR = 1.682, [CI 95%, 0.97-2.92]; p = 0.0629) tended to be associated with HHV-8 seropositivity. Of the 64 HHV-8 seropositive patients, HHV-8 DNA was detected in 10 (16%) in saliva, 6 (9%) in whole-blood and in 2 (3%) in both whole-blood and saliva. Three out of 6 HHV-8 strains were subtypes A5, 2 subtype B1 and 1 subtype C. HHV-8 seroprevalence was relatively low with more frequent carriage in men, associated with asymptomatic oral excretion and a predominance of subtype A5. These data tend to support the hypothesis of horizontal transmission in people living with HIV in Brazzaville.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervillien Arnold Malonga
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.
| | - Aude Jary
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Valentin Leducq
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Dimitry Moudiongui Mboungou Malanda
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brazzaville, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Anicet Luc Magloire Boumba
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Laboratoire d'Analyses Médicales, Hôpital Général de Loandjili, Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo
| | - Elodie Chicaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Malet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Jean Felix Peko
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brazzaville, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
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