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Karodia AB, Shaik T, Qekwana DN. Occurrence of Salmonella spp. in animal patients and the hospital environment at a veterinary academic hospital in South Africa. Vet World 2024; 17:922-932. [PMID: 38798288 PMCID: PMC11111710 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.922-932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Nosocomial infections caused by Salmonella spp. are common in veterinary facilities. The early identification of high-risk patients and sources of infection is important for mitigating the spread of infections to animal patients and humans. This study investigated the occurrence of Salmonella spp. among patients at a veterinary academic hospital in South Africa. In addition, this study describes the environmental factors that contribute to the spread of Salmonella spp. in the veterinary facility. Materials and Methods This study used a dataset of Salmonella-positive animals and environmental samples submitted to the bacteriology laboratory between 2012 and 2019. The occurrence of Salmonella isolates at the veterinary hospital was described based on source, month, season, year, and location. Proportions and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each variable. Results A total of 715 Salmonella isolates were recorded, of which 67.6% (483/715) came from animals and the remainder (32.4%, 232/715) came from environmental samples. The highest proportion (29.2%) of Salmonella isolates was recorded in 2016 and most isolates were reported in November (17.4%). The winter season had the lowest (14.6%) proportion of isolates reported compared to spring (31.3%), summer (27.8%), and autumn (26.4%). Salmonella Typhimurium (20.0%) was the most frequently reported serotype among the samples tested, followed by Salmonella Anatum (11.2%). Among the positive animal cases, most (86.3%) came from equine clinics. Most reported isolates differed based on animal species with S. Typhimurium being common in equines and S. Anatum in bovines. Conclusion In this study, S. Typhimurium emerged as the predominant strain in animal and environmental samples. Equines were the most affected animals; however, Salmonella serotypes were also detected in the production animals. Environmental contamination was also a major source of Salmonella species in this study. To reduce the risk of transmission, strict infection prevention and control measures (biosecurity) must be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Bibi Karodia
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Section Veterinary Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Tahiyya Shaik
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Section Veterinary Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Daniel Nenene Qekwana
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Section Veterinary Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
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Bojanić K, Acke E, Biggs PJ, Midwinter AC. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in working farm dogs and their home-kill raw meat diets in Manawatū, New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2022; 70:233-237. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2022.2064929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Bojanić
- EpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - E Acke
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - PJ Biggs
- EpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - AC Midwinter
- EpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Schirò G, Gambino D, Mira F, Vitale M, Guercio A, Purpari G, Antoci F, Licitra F, Chiaramonte G, La Giglia M, Randazzo V, Vicari D. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) of Bacteria Isolated from Dogs with Canine Parvovirus (CPV) Infection: The Need for a Rational Use of Antibiotics in Companion Animal Health. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020142. [PMID: 35203745 PMCID: PMC8868125 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) represents a major viral threat to dogs. Considering the potential effects of pets on antimicrobial resistance, information on the CPV and associated bacterial co-infections is limited. The aim of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility and multidrug-resistance profiles of bacterial species from tissue samples of dogs with canine parvovirus infection. A set of PCR assays and sequence analyses was used for the detection and the molecular characterization of the CPV strains and other enteric viruses. Bacterial isolation, the determination of antimicrobial susceptibility via the disk diffusion method, and the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration were performed. The detection of β-lactamase genes and toxin genes for specific bacteria was also carried out. CPV infection was confirmed in 23 dogs. Forty-three bacterial strains were isolated and all showed phenotypic resistance. Seventeen multidrug-resistant bacteria and bacteria with high resistance to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins and metronidazole were detected. Almost 50% of the isolated Enterobacteriaceae were positive for at least one β-lactamase gene, with the majority carrying more genes as well. The evidence for multi-resistant bacteria with the potential for intra- or cross-species transmission should be further considered in a One Health approach.
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Dróżdż M, Małaszczuk M, Paluch E, Pawlak A. Zoonotic potential and prevalence of Salmonella serovars isolated from pets. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2021; 11:1975530. [PMID: 34531964 PMCID: PMC8439213 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2021.1975530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a global health problem, affecting approximately 1.3 billion people annually. Most of these cases are related to food contamination. However, although the majority of Salmonella serovars are pathogenic to humans, animals can be asymptomatic carriers of these bacteria. Nowadays, a wide range of animals is present in human households as pets, including reptiles, amphibians, dogs, cats, ornamental birds, and rodents. Pets contaminate the environment of their owners by shedding the bacteria intermittently in their feaces. In consequence, theyare thought to cause salmonellosis through pet-to-human transmission. Each Salmonella serovar has a different zoonotic potential, which is strongly regulated by stress factors such as transportation, crowding, food deprivation, or temperature. In this review, we summarize the latest reports concerning Salmonella-prevalence and distribution in pets as well as the risk factors and means of prevention of human salmonellosis caused by contact with their pets. Our literature analysis (based on PubMed and Google Scholar databases) is limited to the distribution of Salmonella serovars found in commonly owned pet species. We collected the recent results of studies concerning testing for Salmonella spp. in biological samples, indicating their prevalence in pets, with regard to clinical cases of human salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Dróżdż
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Rna Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Emil Paluch
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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Ramadhani ME, Indarjulianto S, Yanuartono, Nururrozi A, Raharjo S, Nakkeeran A. Case Report: Diagnosis and Treatment of Enteritis Caused by Bacterial in a Dog. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20213306003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of the cause of enteritis in dogs greatly influences the success of its treatment. This case report describes the management of a male dog, 5 months old, 4.8 kg body weight which reported diarrhea, fever and no appetite. The physical examination showed the dog had diarrhea, lethargy, anemic mucous membranes, body temperature of 39.6 °C and an increase in intestinal peristalsis. The results of blood tests showed normochromic microcytic anemia, decreased hemoglobin and PCV, lymphocytopenia, and eosinopenia. The results of the stool examination identified Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila and coliform. The dog is diagnosed with bacterial enteritis with a good prognosis. Treatment is given for 5 days with intramuscular injection of amoxicillin at a dose of 10 mg/kgBW bid, diphenhydramine HCl at a dose of 2 mg/kgBW bid, multivitamin syrup 0.1 ml/kgBW bid orally, and intramuscular injection of iron dextran at a dose of 10 mg/kgBW only on the fifth day. It was concluded that the dog had enteritis due to bacterial infection, and it recovered after 5 days of treatment.
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Blake AB, Cigarroa A, Klein HL, Khattab MR, Keating T, Van De Coevering P, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS. Developmental stages in microbiota, bile acids, and clostridial species in healthy puppies. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2345-2356. [PMID: 33047396 PMCID: PMC7694855 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fecal microbiota, fecal bile acid concentrations, and abundance of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile are altered in acute and chronic gastrointestinal disease in adult dogs. However, less is known in young puppies. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine composition of the fecal microbiota, assess development of fecal bile acid profiles, and determine the abundance of Clostridial species in puppies, young adult dogs, and adult dogs. Animals Healthy puppies from a whelping kennel (n = 53) and healthy client‐owned dogs <1 year old (n = 20) were separated into 6 age groups, then compared to client‐owned dogs over 1 year of age (n = 13). Methods Prospective observational study. Naturally voided fecal samples were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction to measure bacterial abundances. Fecal bile acids were quantified using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Results Puppies up to 5 to 6 weeks of age had increased Dysbiosis Index (median [min‐max]: 5.39 [1.32‐8.6], P < .001), increased abundance of C. difficile (4.1 [0.01‐4.85] log DNA, P < .001), decreased secondary bile acid concentrations (0.61 [0.28‐5.06] μg/mg, P = .006), and decreased abundance of C. hiranonis (0.84 [0.01‐6.71], P = .005) compared to adult dogs (−4.62 [−8.36 to −0.61], 0.01 [0.01‐0.01], 4.12 [0.32‐8.94], and 6.02 [5.06‐7.00], respectively). Secondary bile acid concentration positively correlated with C. hiranonis abundance (ρ = 0.77; P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The increase in secondary bile acids and simultaneous decrease of C. difficile and C. perfringens after 5 to 6 weeks of age warrants further investigation into regulatory impacts that secondary bile acids could have on clostridial species in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Blake
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory - Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Annalis Cigarroa
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory - Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Hannah L Klein
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory - Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Mohammad R Khattab
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory - Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory - Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory - Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory - Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Abstract
Canine parvoviral enteritis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs worldwide. Tests can detect viral antigen in feces, and characteristic decreases in total leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts can increase the index of suspicion in affected cases and can be used to prognosticate morbidity and mortality. The standard of care for infected animals includes IV crystalloid and sometimes colloid fluids, antiemetics, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and early enteral nutrition. Vaccination induces protective immunity in most dogs. Vaccination, along with limiting exposure in young puppies, is the most effective means of preventing parvoviral enteritis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Mazzaferro
- Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, 880 Canal Street, Stamford, CT 06902, USA; Emergency and Critical Care, Cornell University Hospital for Animals, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Prevalence and Drug Resistance of Salmonella in Dogs and Cats in Xuzhou, China. J Vet Res 2020; 64:263-268. [PMID: 32587913 PMCID: PMC7305642 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Salmonellosis is a zoonotic disease, and Salmonella spp. can sometimes be found in dogs and cats, posing a risk to human health. In this study, the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of faecal Salmonella were investigated in pet dogs and cats in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. Material and Methods Faecal samples from 243 dogs and 113 cats, at seven pet clinics, were tested between March 2018 and May 2019. Each Salmonella isolate was characterised using serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Results The prevalence of Salmonella was 9.47% in dogs and 1.77% in cats. Among the 25 isolates, eight serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica were detected, S. Kentucky (n = 11), S. Indiana (n = 5), and S. Typhimurium (n = 4) predominating. S. Derby, S. Toucra, S. Sandiego, S. Newport, and S. Saintpaul all occurred singly. The 23 Salmonella strains found in dogs were from seven different serovars, while the two strains in cats were from two. The highest resistance rates were found for tetracycline (92%), azithromycin (88%), cefazolin (84%), nalidixic acid (80%), ampicillin (80%), ceftriaxone (80%), and streptomycin (76%). Resistance to three or more antimicrobial agents was detected in 24 (96%) isolates. Most of the S. Kentucky and S. Indiana isolates were multi-drug resistant to more than 11 agents. Conclusion The carriage rate was far higher in dogs than in cats from Xuzhou. Some isolated strains were highly resistant to antimicrobials used to treat infections in humans and pets, which may raise the risk of humans being infected with multi-drug resistant Salmonella via close contact with pets.
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Adebowale OO, Afolabi MO, Adesokan HK, Fasanmi OG, Adeyemo OK, Awoyomi OJ, Fasina FO. Determinants of Work-Related Risks among Veterinary Clinical Students in South West Nigeria. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:2780378. [PMID: 32802304 PMCID: PMC7416248 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2780378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Veterinary practices or activities expose professionals, including students, to hazards associated with animal contact. To describe workplace health and safety status and risk factors associated with hazards among veterinary clinical students in South West Nigeria, a cross-sectional survey was conducted using a semistructured questionnaire. Data on demographics, health and safety (HS) status, work-related hazards, healthcare facilities, and immunisation history were obtained. Of 167 students recruited, 100 (60.2%) were males, and >77.1% fell within the age group of 21-25 years. Many participants (77.0%) reported the lack of active HS committee. Exposures to various physical hazards (PHs) such as needlestick injuries (NSIs, 41.5%), animal scratches (42.0%), animal kicks (33.0%), falls/slips (25.0%), and, less frequently, animal bites (13.8%) were reported. Allergies (35.9%) and acute gastrointestinal infection (25.6%) mainly after contact with dogs presented with parvoviral enteritis were reported. For chemical hazards, 27.8% and 29.0% of participants indicated having had eye burn and choke on exposure to formalin. No adequate immunisation against either tetanus, rabies, or both was provided (<18%). An association between accommodation type and students' level of health and safety training was observed (OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.241-0.897, p=0.02), and frequencies of student contact with various animal types were strongly associated with exposures to different physical and biological risks (p < 0.05). This study revealed poor health and safety training, practices, and increased exposure of students to a wide range of hazards. Therefore, the development of mitigation programmes in veterinary schools becomes critical to safeguard students' wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwawemimo O. Adebowale
- 1Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Alabata, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Monsurat O. Afolabi
- 1Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Alabata, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Hezekiah K. Adesokan
- 2Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olubunmi G. Fasanmi
- 3Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olanike K. Adeyemo
- 2Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olajoju J. Awoyomi
- 1Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Alabata, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- 4ECTAD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- 5Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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