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Langston J, Stump S, Filigenzi M, Tkachenko A, Guag J, Poppenga R, Rumbeiha WK. Extensive evaluation of a new LC-MS-MS method to quantify monofluoroacetate toxin in the kidney. J Anal Toxicol 2024; 48:210-216. [PMID: 38581653 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Monofluoroacetate is a highly lethal toxin that causes death by inhibiting cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. The heart and brain are the primary target organs. Acute death is attributed to cardiac fibrillation and/or convulsions. Although it occurs naturally in some plants, a major source of animal intoxication is access to sodium monofluoroacetate (NaMFA) pesticide, which continues to be a concern in the USA and around the world despite restricted use in some countries including the USA. There are also concerns about misuse of this pesticide for malicious poisoning. Currently, a tissue-based diagnostic method for NaMFA intoxication in animals is lacking. There is a critical need by the veterinary diagnostic community for a simple, sensitive and reliable tissue-based diagnostic test to confirm NaMFA poisoning in animals. We have developed and extensively evaluated a sensitive novel liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry method suitable for this purpose. The limits of detection and limits of quantitation are 1.7 and 5.0 ng/g, respectively. The accuracy and precision met or exceeded expectations. The method performance was verified using the incurred kidney obtained from animal diagnostic cases. This novel kidney-based method is now available for clinical use and can help with diagnostic purposes, including detecting potential issues related to animal foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Langston
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., 1210 VM3B, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Samuel Stump
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Michael Filigenzi
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Andriy Tkachenko
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel MD 20708 Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Jake Guag
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel MD 20708 Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Robert Poppenga
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Wilson K Rumbeiha
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., 1210 VM3B, Davis, CA, United States
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Yeung KA, Chai PR, Russell BL, Erickson TB. Avian Toxins and Poisoning Mechanisms. J Med Toxicol 2022; 18:321-333. [PMID: 35474563 PMCID: PMC9492810 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-022-00891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
All around the world, there are species of birds that have developed the ability to acquire toxic chemicals in their bodies making them less palatable or even lethal when consumed or contacted. Exposure to poisonous bird species is rare among humans, yet their poisons can produce serious clinical outcomes. In this study, we conducted a literature search focusing on seven avian species: the pitohuis (Pitohui spp.), blue-capped ifrita (Ifrita kowaldi), European quail (Cortunix corturnix coturnix), spur or spoor-winged goose (Plectropterus gambensis), North American ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), Brush bronzewings (Phaps elegans), and European hoopoes and woodhoopoes (Upupa epops and Phoeniculus purpureus, respectively). We present the geographic distribution of each poisonous bird, toxin physiology and origin, clinical signs and symptoms of poisoning, cases of human toxicity if available and discuss the birds’ ability to prevent self-intoxication. Our results suggest that most cases of contact with toxic birds produce mild symptoms as most of these birds apart from the European quail (C. c. corturnix) and North American ruffed grouse (B. umbellus) are not commonly consumed by humans. Furthermore, we discuss several methods of toxin acquisition in these bird species, which are mostly diet acquired apart from the hoopoes and woodhoopoes (Upupa and Phoeniculus spp.) who have a symbiotic relationship with chemical-producing bacteria in their uropygial glands. In summary, our study provides a comprehensive review of the toxic physiology, clinical manifestations, and evolutionary insight to avian toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara A Yeung
- Harvard Affiliated Emergency Medicine Residency (HAEMR) Program, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter R Chai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Mass General Brigham, Vining St. Neville House Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,The Fenway Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,The Koch Institute for Integrated Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Division of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brendan L Russell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Mass General Brigham, Vining St. Neville House Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Timothy B Erickson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Mass General Brigham, Vining St. Neville House Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Harvard Humanitarian Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Earwax: A clue to discover fluoroacetate intoxication in cattle. Toxicon 2017; 137:54-57. [PMID: 28716647 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An innovative method was developed to detect fluoroacetate poisoning in cattle by headspace/gas chromatographic analysis of earwax samples of intoxicated cattle. Samples were collected from 2 groups of cattle subjected to induced fluoroacetate intoxication, each group receiving a different dose of acetamide (antidote). Monofluoroacetic acid was detected in samples of intoxicated cattle in concentrations inversely proportional to the dose of acetamide. Thus, earwax analysis represents a successful approach for detection and monitoring of fluoroacetate poisoning.
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Diseases of the Nervous System. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7322266 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Giannitti F, Anderson M, Caspe SG, Mete A, East NE, Mostrom M, Poppenga R. An outbreak of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) intoxication in selenium- and copper-deficient sheep in California. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:1022-7. [PMID: 23613492 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813486813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sodium fluoroacetate is an organofluorine compound toxic to mammals, insects, and birds, currently registered for use only in livestock protection collars as a predacide in some North American states, with restricted use in California. A flock of 445 lambs and ewes in California were moved into a native pasture on a municipal refuse disposal site. Within 24 hours, 14 ewes were found dead, and the remaining sheep were moved off the site. Both ewes and lambs exhibited disoriented running, followed by apparent blindness, weakness, ataxia, coma, and death. Over the next 4 days, 63 ewes and 80 lambs died with a peak at 3 days after grazing the suspect pasture (157/445, 35% mortality). Two dead 4-month-old lambs and 2 ewes were submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety laboratory for necropsy. Grossly, there were bilateral diffuse pulmonary congestion and edema, hydrothorax and hydropericardium with fibrin clots, and multifocally extensive areas of epicardial petechiae, ecchymoses, and pallor. In 1 ewe, there was regional caudodorsal pulmonary hemorrhage and intraluminal tracheal clotted blood. Microscopically in all cases, there was multifocal acute myocardial degeneration and necrosis with nonsuppurative pleocellular myocarditis. Sodium fluoroacetate was detected in kidney from a lamb and a ewe at 27.5 and 12.5 parts per billion, respectively. All sheep were selenium deficient, and concurrent copper deficiency was diagnosed in 3. The pathological and toxicological findings were consistent with 1080 poisoning, possibly exacerbated by micronutrient deficiency. This outbreak raised an alert about the use of restricted products with potential lethal effect in animals in California.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Giannitti
- California Animal Health and Food Safety (CAHFS) Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 620 West Health Sciences Dr, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Green W, Rohan M. Opposition to aerial 1080 poisoning for control of invasive mammals in New Zealand: risk perceptions and agency responses. J R Soc N Z 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2011.556130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Is sodium fluoroacetate (1080) a humane poison? The influence of mode of action, physiological effects, and target specificity. Anim Welf 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600001639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract1080 (sodium fluoroacetate)-baiting programmes are an important and often the only option for reducing the impact of invasive vertebrate pests on biodiversity and agricultural production in Australia and New Zealand. These programmes are generally recognised as being target specific, and environmentally and user safe. Nevertheless, although 1080 has few recognised long-term side-effects, its potential to disrupt endocrine systems has been recently raised, and there is some conjecture regarding the humaneness of 1080 for certain target species. However, the assessment of the humaneness of any vertebrate pesticide must be commensurate with its mode of action, metabolism, target specificity, and operational use. This has not always occurred with 1080, particularly regarding these aspects, and its overall effects. The actual risk faced by non-target species during baiting operations is not accurately reflected simply by their sensitivity to 1080. 1080 is not endocrine-disrupting or carcinogenic, and because of the lag phase before signs of poisoning occur, the time from ingestion to death is not a reliable indicator of its humaneness. Moreover, functional receptors and neurological pathways are required to experience pain. However, as 1080 impairs neurological function, mainly through effects on acetylcholine and glutamate, and as this impairment includes some pain receptors, it is difficult to interpret the behaviour of affected animals, or to assess their ability to experience discomfort and pain. This has implications for assessing the merits of including ameliorative agents in 1080 baits aimed at further improving welfare outcomes. We also suggest that the assessment of the humaneness of any vertebrate pesticide should follow the ethical pest control approach, and on this basis, believe that the use of 1080 to reduce the detrimental impacts of invasive vertebrates is ethical, particularly with respect to the expectations of the wider community.
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