Factors influencing the confidence and knowledge of nurses prescribing antiretroviral treatment in a rural and urban district in the Western Cape province

Determinants of primary healthcare providers' readiness for integration of ART services at departmental levels: A case study of Lira City and District, Uganda

BACKGROUND

Decreasing or flattening funding for vertical HIV services means that new and innovative ways of providing care are necessary. This study aimed to assess the determinants of readiness for integration of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) services at the departmental level among primary health care providers (PHCP) at selected health facilities in Lira District.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey employing mixed methods approaches was conducted between January and February 2022 among 340 primary healthcare practitioners (PHCP) at selected health facilities in Lira district. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data. Quantitative data was analyzed using Stata version 15. and presented as proportions, means, percentages, frequencies, and odds ratios. Logistic regression was used to determine associations of the factors with readiness for ART integration at a 95% level of significance. Thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data.

RESULTS

The majority 75.2% (95% CI; 0.703-0.795) of the respondents reported being ready for the integration of ART services. PHCPs who were aware of the integration of services and those who had worked in the same facility for at least 6 years had higher odds of readiness for integration of ART, compared with their counterparts [aOR = 7.36; 95% CI = 3.857-14.028, p-value <0.001] for knowledge and duration at the current facility [aOR = 2.92; 95% CI = 1.293-6.599, p-value < 0.05] respectively. From the qualitative data, the dominant view was that integration is a good thing that should be implemented immediately. However, several challenges were noted, key among which include limited staffing and drug supplies at the facilities, coupled with limited space.

CONCLUSIONS

The study reveals a high level of readiness for the integration of ART services at departmental levels among Primary Healthcare Providers. Notably, PHCPs knowledgeable about integration and those who spent at least six years at the current health facility of work, were strong determinants for the integration of ART services in resource limited settings. In light of these findings, we recommend that policymakers prioritize the implementation of training programs aimed at upskilling healthcare workers. Furthermore, we advocate that a cluster randomized controlled trial be conducted, to evaluate the long-term effects of this integration on overall health outcomes.

Training, guideline access and knowledge of antiretroviral interactions: Is the South African private sector being left behind?

BACKGROUND

South Africa (SA) has the largest antiretroviral therapy programme in the world. While the majority of the country accesses healthcare in the public sector, 15.2% access private healthcare. In 2019, dolutegravir was introduced as first-line treatment for HIV. Dolutegravir has clinically significant interactions with numerous commonly used medicines, e.g. rifampicin and cation-containing medicines such as calcium and iron. They require dosage adjustments, detailed in public and private HIV guidelines.

OBJECTIVES

To describe SA healthcare workers' guideline access, training and knowledge of dolutegravir's interactions, focusing on differences between the public and private sectors.

METHODS

A cross-sectional, descriptive study was done using an online survey of healthcare workers in the field of HIV in SA, conducted by the National HIV and TB Healthcare Worker Hotline. Convenience sampling was used, with electronic dissemination to users of the hotline and by relevant HIV-focused organisations. Simple descriptive statistics and statistical analyses were used.

RESULTS

A total of 1 939 surveys were analysed, with 22% from the private sector. Training on the dolutegravir guidelines was received by significantly fewer healthcare workers in the private sector v. the public sector: 42.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 37 - 48) v. 67.5% (95% CI I 65 - 70), respectively. Significantly fewer healthcare workers in the private sector had access to the guidelines (63.8%; 95% CI 59 - 69 v. 78.8%; 95% CI 77 - 81). When asked if they were aware that dolutegravir has interactions, just over half (56.9%) of healthcare workers in the private sector responded 'yes', 24.6% responded 'no' and 18.5% did not answer. Of those who were aware that dolutegravir has interactions, 48.9% knew that dolutegravir interacts with calcium, 44.6% with iron and 82.0% with rifampicin. Private sector knowledge of dosing changes was lower for all interacting drugs, with the difference only significant for calcium and iron. Private sector healthcare workers reported significantly lower levels of counselling on dolutegravir use in all appropriate situations.

CONCLUSION

Private sector healthcare worker access to HIV training and guidelines requires attention. In a high-burden HIV setting such as SA, it is vital that healthcare workers across all professions, in both the public and private sector, know how to adjust antiretroviral dosing due to clinically significant interactions. Without these adjustments, there is a risk of treatment failure, increased mother-to-child transmission and morbidity and mortality.

Ten years of nurse-initiated antiretroviral treatment in South Africa: A narrative review of enablers and barriers

Background

The roll out of nurse-initiated and managed antiretroviral treatment (NIMART) was implemented in 2010 by the National Department of Health (NDoH) in South Africa in response to the large numbers of persons living with HIV who needed treatment. To enable access to treatment requires shifting the task from doctors to nurses, which had its own challenges, barriers and enablers.

Objectives

The aim of this narrative is to review content on the implementation of NIMART in South Africa over the period 2010–2020, with a focus on enablers and barriers to the implementation.

Method

A comprehensive search of databases, namely, PubMed, Google Scholar and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), yielded qualitative, quantitative and mixed-method studies that addressed various topics on NIMART. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were set and 38 publications met the inclusion criteria for the review.

Results

Training, mentorship, tailored tuberculosis (TB) and HIV guidelines, integration of services and monitoring and support have enabled the implementation of NIMART. This resulted in increased knowledge and confidence of nurses to initiate patients on antiretroviral treatment (ART) and decreased time to initiation and loads on referral facilities. Barriers such as non-standardised training, inadequate mentoring, human resource constraints, health system challenges, lack of support and empowerment, and challenges with legislation, policy and guidelines still hinder NIMART implementation.

Conclusion

Identifying barriers and enablers will assist policymakers in implementing a structured programme for NIMART in South Africa and improve access, as well as the training and mentoring of professional nurses, which will enhance their competence and confidence.

Integralidade na Atenção Primária: análise do discurso acerca da organização da oferta do teste rápido anti-HIV

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar o discurso dos gerentes saúde relacionado à organização da oferta do teste rápido anti-HIV, na perspectiva do atributo integralidade. Método Pesquisa exploratória de natureza qualitativa realizada em um distrito sanitário do município de João Pessoa/PB. A coleta de dados foi realizada em setembro de 2017, utilizando-se um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado, o qual foi aplicado a treze gerentes de saúde de serviços de Atenção Primária à Saúde. O material empírico foi analisado à luz do dispositivo teórico-metodológico de Análise de Discurso, identificando-se o bloco discursivo: Organização dos serviços para a realização do teste rápido anti-HIV. Resultados Os discursos apontam a filiação ideológica que compreende a fragmentação da assistência, normatização da demanda com enfoque em agendamentos, estigmatização e desresponsabilização do cuidado, dificultando a realização da integralidade na perspectiva da descentralização da oferta do teste rápido anti-HIV. Conclusão e implicações para a prática O discurso dos gerentes de saúde aponta fragilidades na qualidade do serviço e organização da oferta do teste rápido anti-HIV. Executar as políticas para reverter a situação atual e a educação permanente dos profissionais podem potencializar a integralidade do serviço.