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Xue P, Wang Y, Lv L, Wang D, Wang Y. Roles of Chemokines in Intervertebral Disk Degeneration. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2024; 28:95-108. [PMID: 37976014 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-023-01188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Intervertebral disc degeneration is the primary etiology of low back pain and radicular pain. This review examines the roles of crucial chemokines in different stages of degenerative disc disease, along with interventions targeting chemokine function to mitigate disc degeneration. RECENT FINDINGS The release of chemokines from degenerated discs facilitates the infiltration and activation of immune cells, thereby intensifying the inflammatory cascade response. The migration of immune cells into the venous lumen is concomitant with the emergence of microvascular tissue and nerve fibers. Furthermore, the presence of neurogenic factors secreted by disc cells and immune cells stimulates the activation of pain-related cation channels in the dorsal root ganglion, potentially exacerbating discogenic and neurogenic pain and intensifying the degenerative cascade response mediated by chemokines. Gaining a deeper comprehension of the functions of chemokines and immune cells in these processes involving catabolism, angiogenesis, and injury detection could offer novel therapeutic avenues for managing symptomatic disc disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xue
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
- Central Laboratory, Gaochun Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211300, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiujiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Long Lv
- Central Laboratory, Gaochun Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211300, China
| | - Dongming Wang
- Central Laboratory, Gaochun Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211300, China.
| | - Yuntao Wang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
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Wu XT, Wan BW, Feng XM, Tao YP, Wang YX, Sun HH. Nucleus Pulposus Cells Induce M2 Polarization of RAW264.7 via CX3CL1/CX3CR1 Pathway and M2 Macrophages Promote Proliferation and Anabolism of Nucleus Pulposus Cells. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:6400162. [PMID: 37274023 PMCID: PMC10234370 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6400162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms underlying M2 macrophage polarization induced by nucleus pulposus (NP) cells are unclear. The effects that M2-polarized macrophages have on NP cells are also controversial. Methods Transcriptome sequencing was performed to detect the gene change profiles between NP cells from ruptured intervertebral disc (IVD) and normal IVD. The main difference on biological activities between the two cell groups were analyzed by GO analysis and KEGG analysis. Virus transduction, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, western blot, CCK-8, TUNEL staining, and AO/EB staining were performed to explore the interactions between NP cells and RAW264.7 macrophages. Statistics were performed using SPSS26. Results 801 upregulated and 276 downregulated genes were identified in NP cells from ruptured IVD in mouse models. According to GO and KEGG analysis, we found that the differentially expressed genes (DEG) were dominantly enriched in inflammatory response, extracellular matrix degradation, blood vessel morphogenesis, immune effector process, ossification, chemokine signaling pathway, macrophage activation, etc. CX3CL1 was one of the top 20% DEG, and we confirmed that both NP tissue and cells expressed remarkably higher level of CX3CL1 in mouse models (p < 0.001∗). Besides, we further revealed that both the recombinant CX3CL1 and NP cells remarkably induced M2 polarization of RAW264.7 (p < 0.001∗), respectively, while this effect was significantly reversed by si-CX3CL1 or JMS-17-2 (p < 0.001∗). Furthermore, we found that M2 macrophages significantly decreased the apoptosis rate (p < 0.001∗) and the catabolic gene levels (p < 0.001∗) of NP cells, while increased the viability, proliferation as well as the anabolic gene levels of NP cells (p < 0.01∗). Conclusions Via regulating CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway, NP cells can induce the M2 macrophage polarization. M2 polarized macrophages can further promote NP cell viability, proliferation, and anabolism, while inhibit NP cell apoptosis and catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tao Wu
- Spine Department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, China
- Spine Department, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bo-Wen Wan
- Spine Department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Xin-Min Feng
- Spine Department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Yu-Ping Tao
- Spine Department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- Spine Department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Hui-Hui Sun
- Spine Department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, China
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Sarikidi A, Kefalakes E, Falk CS, Esser R, Ganser A, Thau-Habermann N, Petri S. Altered Immunomodulatory Responses in the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 Axis Mediated by hMSCs in an Early In Vitro SOD1 G93A Model of ALS. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112916. [PMID: 36428484 PMCID: PMC9688016 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron (MN) disease characterized by progressive MN loss and muscular atrophy resulting in rapidly progressive paralysis and respiratory failure. Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (hMSC)-based therapy has been suggested to prolong MN survival via secretion of growth factors and modulation of cytokines/chemokines. We investigated the effects of hMSCs and a hMSC-conditioned medium (CM) on Cu/Zn superoxidase dismutase 1G93A (SOD1G93A) transgenic primary MNs. We found that co-culture of hMSCs and MNs resulted in slightly higher MN numbers, but did not protect against staurosporine (STS)-induced toxicity, implying marginal direct trophic effects of hMSCs. Aiming to elucidate the crosstalk between hMSCs and MNs in vitro, we found high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and C-X3-C motif chemokine 1 (CX3CL1) in the hMSC secretome. Co-culture of hMSCs and MNs resulted in altered gene expression of growth factors and cytokines/chemokines in both MNs and hMSCs. hMSCs showed upregulation of CX3CL1 and its receptor CX3CR1 and downregulation of interleukin-1 β (IL1β) and interleukin-8 (IL8) when co-cultured with SOD1G93A MNs. MNs, on the other hand, showed upregulation of growth factors as well as CX3CR1 upon hMSC co-culture. Our results indicate that hMSCs only provide moderate trophic support to MNs by growth factor gene regulation and may mediate anti-inflammatory responses through the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis, but also increase expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which limits their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Sarikidi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ekaterini Kefalakes
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine S. Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Esser
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnold Ganser
- Institute of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-532-3740
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Yang JE, Zhao KH, Qu Y, Zou YC. Increased serum CXCL10 levels are associated with clinical severity and radiographic progression in patients with lumbar disc degeneration. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 525:15-22. [PMID: 34902344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumbar intervertebral degenerative disc disease (IDD) is a multifaceted progressive condition that commonly occurs in conjunction with lumbar disc herniation (LDH). CXCL10 mRNA appears to be increased in both IDD and LHD. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to identify the relationship between serum CXCL10 levels and disease severity in patients with IDD. METHODS 136 IDD patients with low back pain, 127 asymptomatic volunteers and 120 healthy controls were enrolled. Serum CXCL10 protein concentrations were detected using commercial human CXCL10 ELISA Kits. Serum CXCL10 mRNA were examined using qRT-PCR. Clinical severity was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index(ODI) scores. Radiographic severity was defined using the MRI-based Pfirrmann classification of disc degeneration. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used in estimating the correlation between CXCL10 and Pfirrmann grade. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the lumbar multifidus muscle (LMM) and psoas major (PM) were calculated, and fat infiltration was evaluated by Ropponen-Kjaer criteria. RESULTS Serum CXCL10 concentrations were markedly raised in IDD patients with low back pain in contrast to asymptomatic individuals and healthy controls. Serum CXCL10 levels were positively associated with Pfirrmann grade. ROC curve analysis indicated that serum CXCL10 correlated well with Pfirrmann grade. In addition, serum CXCL10 concentrations were significantly higher in IDD patients with LMM and PM degeneration compared with IDD patients without degeneration. Increased CXCL10 levels positively correlated with VAS and ODI scores, as well as decreased CSA and fat filtration of the LMM and PM. CONCLUSION Increased serum CXCL10 levels correspond to clinical severity and radiographic progression in IDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-En Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; College of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Foshan Gaoming Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke-Hong Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; College of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yun Qu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; College of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yu-Cong Zou
- Department of Rehabilitation,The third Affiliated Hospital,Southern Medical University ,Guangzhou 510630, GuangDong, China.
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Lee HS, Lee IH, Kang K, Jung M, Yang SG, Kwon TW, Lee DY. Network Pharmacological Dissection of the Mechanisms of Eucommiae Cortex-Achyranthis Radix Combination for Intervertebral Disc Herniation Treatment. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211055024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eucommiae cortex (EC) and Achyranthis radix (AR) are herbal medicines widely used in combination for the treatment of intervertebral disc herniation (IDH). The mechanisms of action of the herbal combination have not been understood from integrative and comprehensive points of view. By adopting network pharmacological methodology, we aimed to investigate the pharmacological properties of the EC-AR combination as a therapeutic agent for IDH at a systematic molecular level. Using the pharmacokinetic information for the chemical ingredients of the EC-AR combination obtained from the comprehensive herbal drug-associated databases, we determined its 31 bioactive ingredients and 68 IDH-related therapeutic targets. By analyzing their enrichment for biological functions, we observed that the targets of the EC-AR combination were associated with the regulation of angiogenesis; cytokine and chemokine activity; oxidative and inflammatory stress responses; extracellular matrix organization; immune response; and cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, differentiation, migration, and activation. Pathway enrichment investigation revealed that the EC-AR combination may target IDH-pathology-associated signaling pathways, such as those of cellular senescence and chemokine, neurotrophin, TNF, MAPK, toll-like receptor, and VEGF signaling, to exhibit its therapeutic effects. Collectively, these data provide mechanistic insights into the pharmacological activity of herbal medicines for the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases such as IDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sung Lee
- The Fore, 87 Ogeum-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05542, Republic of Korea
- Forest Hospital, 129 Ogeum-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05549, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hee Lee
- The Fore, 87 Ogeum-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05542, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungrae Kang
- Forest Hospital, 129 Ogeum-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05549, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Jung
- Forest Hospital, 129 Ogeum-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05549, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Gu Yang
- Kyunghee Naro Hospital, 67, Dolma-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13586, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Kwon
- Forest Hospital, 129 Ogeum-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05549, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Yeon Lee
- The Fore, 87 Ogeum-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05542, Republic of Korea
- Forest Hospital, 129 Ogeum-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05549, Republic of Korea
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Comparative Analysis of the Occurrence and Role of CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) and Its Receptor CX3CR1 in Hemophilic Arthropathy and Osteoarthritis. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2932696. [PMID: 32884948 PMCID: PMC7455839 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2932696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Hemophilic arthropathy is characterized by recurrent bleeding episodes in patients with hemophilia leading to irreversible joint degeneration. The involvement of CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and its receptor CX3CR1 was observed in the pathogenesis of numerous arthritis-associated diseases. Taking this into account, we have presented a study investigating the role of the CX3CL1/CX3XR1 axis in the course of hemophilic arthropathy, including the CX3CL1-dependent expression of CD56+, CD68+, and CD31+ cells along with evaluation of articular cartilage and synovial membrane morphology. Methods The study was carried out using cases (n = 20) of end-stage hemophilic arthropathy with a severe type of hemophilia A and control cases (n = 20) diagnosed with osteoarthritis. The biofluids including blood serum and synovial fluid were obtained intraoperatively for the evaluation of CX3CL1 using the ELISA test. Tissue specimens including articular cartilage and synovial membrane were similarly collected during surgery and stained immunohistologically using selected antibodies including anti-CX3CR1, anti-CD56, anti-CD68, and anti-CD31. Additionally, the analysis included the assessment of articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and blood vessel morphology. Results In our study, we have documented increased average concentration of CX3CL1 in the blood serum of the study group (7.16 ± 0.53 ng/ml) compared to the control group (5.85 ± 0.70 ng/ml) without statistically significant difference in synovial fluid concentration at the same time. We have observed an increased macrophage presence with more marked proliferation and fibrosis of the synovial membrane in the study group. Remaining results such as expression of CX3CR1 presence of NK cells and larger surface area of blood vessels within the synovial membrane were noted also without statistical significance. Conclusions This study has demonstrated collective CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis involvement in hemophilic arthropathy pathogenesis introducing new interesting diagnostics and a therapeutic target.
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Peng ZY, Chen R, Fang ZZ, Chen B, Wang ZH, Wang XY. Increased local expressions of CX3CL1 and CCL2 are related to clinical severity in lumbar disk herniation patients with sciatic pain. J Pain Res 2017; 10:157-165. [PMID: 28176921 PMCID: PMC5261840 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s125914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemokines have been identified to be involved in the modulation of pain through both peripheral and central mechanisms. However, the role of chemokines in lumbar disk herniation (LDH) with sciatic pain remains unknown. Objective The current study was performed to explore the expression of two most commonly studied chemokines CX3CL1 and CCL2 and assess their associations with clinical severity in LDH patients with sciatic pain. Methods The soft tissues around nerve root (STANR), annulus fibrosus (AF), and nucleus pulposus (NP) biopsies were obtained from 36 LDH patients with chronic sciatic pain and 10 scoliosis patients (painless controls). The serum and local expressions of CX3CL1 and CCL2 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis, respectively. The visual analog scale (VAS) scores for low back pain and lower extremity pain and Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores were recorded on the day of hospital admission to evaluate the clinical severity. LDH patients with sciatic pain were divided into severe pain (SP) group (VAS ≥7; n=18) and mild-to-moderate pain (M-MP) group (VAS <7; n=18) for lower extremity pain. Results Local expressions instead of CX3CL1 and CCL2 in STANR, AF, and NP were significantly higher in the SP group than in M-MP compared with scoliosis painless group. Expressions of both CX3CL1 and CCL2 in STANR and AF were positively correlated with VAS scores for lower extremity and for low back pain, respectively. In addition, CX3CL1 and CCL2 expressions in STANR were negatively associated with JOA scores. There were no significant differences of serum CX3CL1 and CCL2 levels among SP group, M-MP group, and scoliosis painless group. Conclusion Both CX3CL1 and CCL2 may play important roles in maintaining pain in LDH patients. Local blockade of CX3CL1 and CCL2 in LDH patients with persistent pain deserves further intensive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Peng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha; Department of Spine Surgery, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanhua Hospital Affiliated to Nanhua University, Hengyang
| | - Zuo-Zhong Fang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou
| | - Zhi-Hua Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Yang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha
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