1
|
Lechel T, Silva Otero R, Springer A, Rutkowski A, Matzkow D, Zart J, Hartmann T, Hochhuth D. Identification and structural elucidation of an oxidation product generated during stability studies of Cabergoline drug product. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 248:116282. [PMID: 38870835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Cabergoline is a dopamine agonist with applications as anti-Parkinson drug and prolactin inhibitor. The cabergoline drug product Laktostop® 50 µg/mL is used in veterinary medicine for lactation suppression in cats and dogs e.g. during false pregnancy. Recently, during ongoing HPLC stability testing of Laktostop® 50 µg/mL a new oxidation product of Cabergoline was identified. A synthesis starting from Cabergoline was developed, followed by full characterization of the unknown impurity. Preliminary HPLC and LC-MS analyses indicated the unknown impurity as mono-oxygenated product of Cabergoline (Cabergoline N-oxide) that is presumably formed with oxygen by a radical mechanism. Thus, Cabergoline was treated with oxidizing agents such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid to afford the desired Cabergoline-N-oxide as a byproduct. After isolation by column chromatography, NMR and LC-MS-MS studies provided evidence that oxidation occurred at the N-allyl nitrogen of Cabergoline to form Cabergoline-N-oxide. © 1905 Elsevier Science. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Lechel
- Chemisch-pharmazeutisches Labor, Rolf Sachse GmbH, Stieffring 14, Berlin 13627, Germany
| | - Ruben Silva Otero
- Chemisch-pharmazeutisches Labor, Rolf Sachse GmbH, Stieffring 14, Berlin 13627, Germany.
| | - Andreas Springer
- CoreFacility BioSupraMol, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Anja Rutkowski
- Chemisch-pharmazeutisches Labor, Rolf Sachse GmbH, Stieffring 14, Berlin 13627, Germany
| | - Dominik Matzkow
- Chemisch-pharmazeutisches Labor, Rolf Sachse GmbH, Stieffring 14, Berlin 13627, Germany
| | - Johannes Zart
- Chemisch-pharmazeutisches Labor, Rolf Sachse GmbH, Stieffring 14, Berlin 13627, Germany
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Chemisch-pharmazeutisches Labor, Rolf Sachse GmbH, Stieffring 14, Berlin 13627, Germany
| | - Dieter Hochhuth
- CP-Pharma Handelsgesellschaft mbH, Ostlandring 13, Burgdorf 31303, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Comanescu C, Racovita RC. An Overview of Degradation Strategies for Amitriptyline. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3822. [PMID: 38612638 PMCID: PMC11012176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Antidepressant drugs play a crucial role in the treatment of mental health disorders, but their efficacy and safety can be compromised by drug degradation. Recent reports point to several drugs found in concentrations ranging from the limit of detection (LOD) to hundreds of ng/L in wastewater plants around the globe; hence, antidepressants can be considered emerging pollutants with potential consequences for human health and wellbeing. Understanding and implementing effective degradation strategies are essential not only to ensure the stability and potency of these medications but also for their safe disposal in line with current environment remediation goals. This review provides an overview of degradation pathways for amitriptyline, a typical tricyclic antidepressant drug, by exploring chemical routes such as oxidation, hydrolysis, and photodegradation. Connex issues such as stability-enhancing approaches through formulation and packaging considerations, regulatory guidelines, and quality control measures are also briefly noted. Specific case studies of amitriptyline degradation pathways forecast the future perspectives and challenges in this field, helping researchers and pharmaceutical manufacturers to provide guidelines for the most effective degradation pathways employed for minimal environmental impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cezar Comanescu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor 405, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Radu C. Racovita
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gates EL, Bradley JP, Berry DBG, Nilsson M, Morris GA, Adams RW, Castañar L. Solvent Suppression in Pure Shift NMR. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3879-3885. [PMID: 38380610 PMCID: PMC10918619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Intense solvent signals in 1H solution-state NMR experiments typically cause severe distortion of spectra and mask nearby solute signals. It is often infeasible or undesirable to replace a solvent with its perdeuterated form, for example, when analyzing formulations in situ, when exchangeable protons are present, or for practical reasons. Solvent signal suppression techniques are therefore required. WATERGATE methods are well-known to provide good solvent suppression while enabling retention of signals undergoing chemical exchange with the solvent signal. Spectra of mixtures, such as pharmaceutical formulations, are often complicated by signal overlap, high dynamic range, the narrow spectral width of 1H NMR, and signal multiplicity. Here, we show that by combining WATERGATE solvent suppression with pure shift NMR, ultrahigh-resolution 1H NMR spectra can be acquired while suppressing intense solvent signals and retaining exchangeable 1H signals. The new method is demonstrated in the analysis of cyanocobalamin, a vitamin B12 supplement, and of an eye-drop formulation of atropine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Gates
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Jonathan P. Bradley
- Johnson
Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court Road, Sonning
Common RG4 9NH, U.K.
| | - Daniel B. G. Berry
- Johnson
Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court Road, Sonning
Common RG4 9NH, U.K.
| | - Mathias Nilsson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Gareth A. Morris
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Ralph W. Adams
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Laura Castañar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Science, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Surukonti SR, Surendrababu MS. Understanding the Stress Testing Characteristics of Apixaban, Structural Elucidation of a Novel Degradation Impurity, and Stability-Indicating Method Development for Quantification of Related Substances. J AOAC Int 2024; 107:22-30. [PMID: 37698982 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsad106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who have non-valvular atrial fibrillation may benefit from taking a new oral anticoagulant called apixaban, which has recently been given the green light by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. During stress testing, apixaban was found to have a high degree of degradability when subjected to both acidic and basic conditions, and one significant unknown impurity was observed in addition to the major known impurities. OBJECTIVE Our aim is the isolation and characterization of degradation product observed in stress/forced degradation studies, and also the development of a single HPLC method that is both reliable and accurate for quantifying all 10 related impurities of apixaban. METHODS Preparative HPLC was used to isolate the degradation product, and 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS were used to elucidate the structure of the product. Additionally, a single reverse-phase (RP) HPLC method was developed for quantification of all related impurities of apixaban. RESULTS Based on the spectral characterization data, the identified unknown degradation impurity was found to be a pH-independent hydrolysis degradation impurity of apixaban. The developed method is specific, linear, accurate, robust, and rugged. CONCLUSION The isolated and characterized impurities were the same as those found during stress testing. The developed method has been validated for its intended purpose in accordance with the regulatory requirements that were outlined. HIGHLIGHTS The unknown impurity is a new apixaban degradation impurity that helps us understand its toxicity. The scientific community will benefit from the developed analytical method information as it relates to understanding drug product impurity profiling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Reddy Surukonti
- GITAM deemed to be University, Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, Hyderabad, Telangana 502 329, India
| | - M S Surendrababu
- GITAM deemed to be University, Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, Hyderabad, Telangana 502 329, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chandrasekar N, Sharma K, Jain S, Shinde M, Patil G, Shah RP. A critical assessment on stability behaviour of Vorinostat using LC-MS-QTOF with H/D exchange and NMR. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115687. [PMID: 37657178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Vorinostat is the first USFDA-approved HDAC inhibitor for the treatment of cutaneous t-cell lymphoma. Vorinostat was exposed to ICH-recommended hydrolytic (acid, base, and neutral), oxidative, thermal, and photolytic stress conditions to understand the degradation behaviour. A Stability indicating LC method was developed and validated for separating and identifying forced degradation products. Under different stress conditions, six degradants were identified and characterized by LC-HRMS, MS/MS, and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass studies. Vorinostat was found to be highly susceptible to the acidic and basic environment. In contrast, the drug substance was stable in the solid state under thermal and photolytic conditions whereas, it was found moderately stable when photolytic stress was provided to dissolved state of Vorinostat in acetonitrile-water. The degradants were identified as 7-amino-N-phenylheptanamide, 8-hydrazineyl-8-oxo-N-phenyloctanamide, 8-oxo-8-(phenylamino)octanoic acid, 8-oxo-8-(2-(7-oxo-7-(phenylamino)heptyl)hydrazineyl)-N-phenyloctanamide, 8,8'-(1-hydroxyhydrazine-1,2-diyl)bis(8-oxo-N-phenyloctanamide), and N1-((8-oxo-8-(phenylamino)octanoyl)oxy)-N8-phenyloctanediamide. The mechanistic explanation for the formation of each degradant in stability conditions has also been derived. The major degradants were also isolated/synthesized and characterized through 1H NMR for preparing impurity standards. Additionally, in-silico toxicity of the degradants was predicted in comparison to the drug, to identify whether any degradant has any specific type of toxicity and requires special focus to set specification limits during formulation development. The predicted toxicity indicated that the degradants have similar safety profile as that of the drug and specification can be set as per general impurity guideline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Chandrasekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kalyani Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sonali Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Muktabai Shinde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Girish Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Ravi P Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tawfik SA, Hegazy MA, El-Ragehy NA, Sedik GA. Smart chemometrics-assisted spectrophotometric methods for efficient resolution and simultaneous determination of paracetamol, caffeine, drotaverine HCl along with three of their corresponding related impurities. BMC Chem 2023; 17:133. [PMID: 37798793 PMCID: PMC10557158 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three novel, simple and accurate multivariate spectrophotometric assisted mathematical techniques were developed for determination of paracetamol, caffeine, drotaverine HCl and their related impurities. The used multivariate algorithms are principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares (PLS), and synergy intervals partial least squares (siPLS). Linearity of the suggested methods was found to be (1.00-14.60, 1.40-7.00, 1.40-3.80, 1.00-3.00, 1.50-3.50 and 2.50-4.50 µg/mL) for paracetamol, caffeine, drotaverine HCl, and their related impurities; p-aminophenol, theophylline and homoveratric acid, correspondingly. The presented methods were effectively implemented in the determination of the cited compounds in their laboratory prepared mixtures. Commercially available tablet preparation was also analyzed using the applied methods where no impurities were detected and without interference from tablet additives. Moreover, statistical analysis did not reveal any noticeable differences between the obtained results and those acquired from the reported method in terms of accuracy and precision. The developed multivariate algorithms were validated by means of internal and external validation sets. The obtained results showed the siPLS algorithm's superiority to PCR and PLS according to the values of correlation coefficient values (r) and the lowest root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP). The combination of four subintervals [10, 12, 14, and 17] produced the highest efficiency model. Furthermore, these methods may be an applicable substitute to HPLC ones in quality control laboratories during rush of analyses where several samples have to be analyzed in a short time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samia A. Tawfik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562 Egypt
| | - Maha A. Hegazy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562 Egypt
| | - Nariman A. El-Ragehy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562 Egypt
| | - Ghada A. Sedik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sharma G, Mitra S, Kamil SM, Ghosh SK. Shear-induced phase transition in the aqueous solution of an imidazolium-based ionic liquid. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:094904. [PMID: 36889950 DOI: 10.1063/5.0138078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An ionic liquid (IL) is a salt in the liquid state that consists of a cation and an anion, one of which possesses an organic component. Because of their non-volatile property, these solvents have a high recovery rate, and, hence, they are considered as environment-friendly green solvents. It is necessary to study the detailed physicochemical properties of these liquids for designing and processing techniques and find suitable operating conditions for IL-based systems. In the present work, the flow behavior of aqueous solutions of an imidazolium-based IL, 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride, is investigated, where the dynamic viscosity measurements indicate non-Newtonian shear thickening behavior in the solutions. Polarizing optical microscopy shows that the pristine samples are isotropic and transform into anisotropic after shear. These shear thickened liquid crystalline samples change into an isotropic phase upon heating, which is quantified by the differential scanning calorimetry. The small angle x-ray scattering study revealed that the pristine isotropic cubic phase of spherical micelles distort into non-spherical micelles. This has provided the detailed structural evolution of mesoscopic aggregates of the IL in an aqueous solution and the corresponding viscoelastic property of the solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Sharma
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, G.B. Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Saheli Mitra
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, G.B. Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Syed Mohammad Kamil
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, G.B. Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Sajal Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, G.B. Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
De Bhowmick G, Guieysse B, Everett DW, Reis MG, Thum C. Novel source of microalgal lipids for infant formula. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
|
9
|
Hegazy AM, Batubara AS, Abdelgawad MA, El-Sherbiny M, Ghoneim MM, Ahmed AM, Gamal M. Recommended and verified stability indicating GC–MS procedures for green separation of quaternary mixture of naphazoline, ephedrine, methylparaben, and naphazoline impurity. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
10
|
Mahrouse MA, Youssef YM, Mostafa EA. Assessment of Environmental Impact of a Novel Stability-Indicating RP-HPLC Method and Reported Methods for The Determination of Selexipag in Bulk and Dosage Form: A Comparative Study Using Different Greenness Assessment Tools. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
|
11
|
Russell C, Rodriguez C, Yaseen M. Microalgae for lipid production: Cultivation, extraction & detection. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
12
|
Dash SK, Acharjya SK, Chakraborty A, Sahoo M, Tripathy S, Tripathy B, Deo R. Application of Analytical Tools and Techniques for Estimation of a Proton Pump Inhibitor (Esomeprazole Magnesium Trihydrate): A Comprehensive Review. CURR PHARM ANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412918666220426110831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
The application of various sophisticated analytical tools and techniques is essential for estimating an active pharmaceutical ingredient present in either biofluids or pharmaceutical dosage forms. Reporting the multiple analytical methods used to quantify esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate, a proton pump inhibitor, is the ultimate goal of this review article.
Evidence acquisition:
This article deals with a detailed discussion of different reported analytical procedures along with their pros and cons and their relevant criteria for quantifying the drug. Various analytical techniques like UV-Visible spectrophotometry, HPLC, HPTLC, hyphenated techniques, etc., are developed to assess the esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate in bulk materials, different pharmaceutical formulations, and biological matrices.
Conclusion:
Literature survey confirmed that the hyphenated techniques and chromatographic techniques are best tools for biological matrices. Spectroscopic methods like UV and visible techniques are widely used for pharmaceutical matrices. All of the reported methods are accurate, precise, cost-effective, and sensitive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanat Kumar Dash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, India
| | - Sasmita Kumari Acharjya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, India
| | - Atyurmila Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, India
| | - Mitali Sahoo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, India
| | - Satyanarayan Tripathy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, India
| | - Bimala Tripathy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, India
| | - Ramanath Deo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Garrepalli S, Gudipati R, Amasa SR, Ravindhranath K, Pal M. Synthesis of two diastereomeric impurities of a fluorinated antiretroviral drug dolutegravir. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
14
|
Sussman EM, Oktem B, Isayeva IS, Liu J, Wickramasekara S, Chandrasekar V, Nahan K, Shin HY, Zheng J. Chemical Characterization and Non-targeted Analysis of Medical Device Extracts: A Review of Current Approaches, Gaps, and Emerging Practices. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:939-963. [PMID: 35171560 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The developers of medical devices evaluate the biocompatibility of their device prior to FDA's review and subsequent introduction to the market. Chemical characterization, described in ISO 10993-18:2020, can generate information for toxicological risk assessment and is an alternative approach for addressing some biocompatibility end points (e.g., systemic toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity) that can reduce the time and cost of testing and the need for animal testing. Additionally, chemical characterization can be used to determine whether modifications to the materials and manufacturing processes alter the chemistry of a patient-contacting device to an extent that could impact device safety. Extractables testing is one approach to chemical characterization that employs combinations of non-targeted analysis, non-targeted screening, and/or targeted analysis to establish the identities and quantities of the various chemical constituents that can be released from a device. Due to the difficulty in obtaining a priori information on all the constituents in finished devices, information generation strategies in the form of analytical chemistry testing are often used. Identified and quantified extractables are then assessed using toxicological risk assessment approaches to determine if reported quantities are sufficiently low to overcome the need for further chemical analysis, biological evaluation of select end points, or risk control. For extractables studies to be useful as a screening tool, comprehensive and reliable non-targeted methods are needed. Although non-targeted methods have been adopted by many laboratories, they are laboratory-specific and require expensive analytical instruments and advanced technical expertise to perform. In this Perspective, we describe the elements of extractables studies and provide an overview of the current practices, identified gaps, and emerging practices that may be adopted on a wider scale in the future. This Perspective is outlined according to the steps of an extractables study: information gathering, extraction, extract sample processing, system selection, qualification, quantification, and identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Sussman
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Berk Oktem
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Irada S Isayeva
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jinrong Liu
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Samanthi Wickramasekara
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Vaishnavi Chandrasekar
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Keaton Nahan
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Hainsworth Y Shin
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chatzopoulou M, Madden KS, Bromhead LJ, Greaves C, Cogswell TJ, Da Silva Pinto S, Galan SRG, Georgiou I, Kennedy MS, Kennett A, Apps G, Russell AJ, Wynne GM. Pilot Study to Quantify Palladium Impurities in Lead-like Compounds Following Commonly Used Purification Techniques. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:262-270. [PMID: 35173892 PMCID: PMC8842129 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Palladium-catalyzed
reactions are among the most commonly used
procedures in organic synthesis. The products have a range of uses,
including as intermediates in total synthesis and as screening compounds
for drug discovery or agrochemical projects. Despite the known and
potentially deleterious effects of low-level metal impurities in biological
assays, the quantification of metal remaining in reaction products
to verify the effective removal of the transition element is rarely
reported. Using palladium as an exemplar, we describe a pilot study
that for the first time quantifies residual metal levels in reaction
products following increasingly rigorous purification protocols. Our
results demonstrate that significant levels of residual palladium
can remain in isolated reaction products following chromatographic
purification, and only by using a subsequent metal scavenging step
are they reliably reduced to a low level. Finally, we provide a set
of simple guidelines that should minimize the potential for issues
associated with residual palladium in reaction products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chatzopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina S. Madden
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Bromhead
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Greaves
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3PQ, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J. Cogswell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3PQ, United Kingdom
| | - Solange Da Silva Pinto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3PQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien R. G. Galan
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Georgiou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3PQ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew S. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3PQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Kennett
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Geraint Apps
- CEMAS, Imperial House, Oaklands Business Centre, Oaklands Park,
Wokingham, Berkshire RG41 2FD, United Kingdom
| | - Angela J. Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3PQ, United Kingdom
| | - Graham M. Wynne
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- OxStem Limited, Midland House, West Way, Botley, Oxford OX2 0PH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen B, Kurita KL, Wong N, Crittenden CM. Ultraviolet photodissociation facilitates mass spectrometry-based structure elucidation with pyrrolidine and piperidine containing compounds. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 211:114622. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
17
|
Saito J, Yoshikawa N, Hanawa T, Ozawa A, Matsumoto T, Harada T, Iwahashi K, Nakamura H, Yamatani A. Stability of Hydrocortisone in Oral Powder Form Compounded for Pediatric Patients in Japan. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081267. [PMID: 34452228 PMCID: PMC8400744 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrocortisone has been utilized in the management of adrenal insufficiency. For pediatric patients, the commercially available enteral form of hydrocortisone tablets (Cortoril®) is administered in powder form after being compounded by a pharmacist. However, the stability and quality of compounded hydrocortisone powder have not been verified. In this study, we formulated a 20 mg/g oral hydrocortisone powder by adding lactose monohydrate to crushed and filtered hydrocortisone tablets and assessed the stability and physical properties of this compounded product in polycarbonate amber bottles or coated paper packages laminated with cellophane and polyethylene. Stability was examined over 120 days in three storage conditions: closed bottle, in-use bottle, and laminated paper. Drug dissolution and powder X-ray diffraction analysis were conducted to assess its physicochemical stabilities. Validated liquid chromatography-diode array detection was used to detect and quantify hydrocortisone and its degradation products. Although impurity B (cortisone) and G (hydrocortisone-21-aldehyde) were found after 120 days of storage, no crystallographic and dissolution changes were noted. Hydrocortisone content was maintained between 90% and 110% of initial contents for 120 days at 25 ± 2 °C and 60 ± 5% relative humidity in all packaging conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Saito
- Department of Pharmacy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-0054, Japan; (N.Y.); (K.I.); (A.Y.)
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Oral Formulation Development, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-0054, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(0)3-3416-0181
| | - Nozomi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-0054, Japan; (N.Y.); (K.I.); (A.Y.)
| | - Takehisa Hanawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (T.H.); (A.O.)
| | - Ayuna Ozawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (T.H.); (A.O.)
| | | | - Tsutomu Harada
- Division of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan;
| | - Kana Iwahashi
- Department of Pharmacy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-0054, Japan; (N.Y.); (K.I.); (A.Y.)
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Oral Formulation Development, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-0054, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Nakamura
- Department of Research and Development Supervision, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-0054, Japan;
| | - Akimasa Yamatani
- Department of Pharmacy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-0054, Japan; (N.Y.); (K.I.); (A.Y.)
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Oral Formulation Development, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-0054, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hassib ST, Hashem HMA, Mahrouse MA, Mostafa EA. Determination of Rufinamide in the Presence of 1-[(2,6-Difluorophenyl)Methyl]-1H-1,2,3-Triazole-4 Carboxylic Acid Using RP-HPLC and Derivative Ratio Methods as Stability Indicating Assays to Be Applied on Dosage Form. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:1215-1222. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Rufinamide is a triazole derivative that is structurally dissimilar to other marketed antiepileptic drugs, has been assumed a marketing authorization, by the European Union and FDA, for use as a complementary therapy for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
Objective
This work is concerned with development of two methods for determination of rufinamide (RUF) in presence of 1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4 carboxylic acid as its alkaline degradation product in dosage form.
Methods
The first method was capable of determing RUF in the presence of its alkaline degradation product and in dosage form. Kromasil C8 column and mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile–water (50:50, v/v) were used and UV detection at 210 nm. In the second method, first derivative ratio spectrophotometry, RUF was determined by measuring peak amplitude at 269.5 nm over 5–30 μg/mL.
Results
The linearity range of RUF was 10–90 μg/mL for HPLC method covering its therapeutic range with r2 = 0.9999. Forced degradation under alkaline conditions was carried out, the degradation product was isolated and its structure was confirmed. Both methods were validated in accordance to ICH guidelines. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between obtained results and reported ones.
Conclusion
The present study is useful for therapeutic drug monitoring and routine analysis of RUF in quality control laboratories.
Highlights
Kinetics of the alkaline degradation of RUF was studied by following the concentration of the remaining drug until complete degradation was achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia T Hassib
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Hanaa M A Hashem
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Marianne A Mahrouse
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Eman A Mostafa
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shaik KM, Sarmah B, Wadekar GS, Kumar P. Regulatory Updates and Analytical Methodologies for Nitrosamine Impurities Detection in Sartans, Ranitidine, Nizatidine, and Metformin along with Sample Preparation Techniques. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:53-71. [PMID: 32691615 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1788375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaja Moinuddin Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), P.O.: Changsari, Dist: Kamrup, Assam, India-781101
| | - Bhaskar Sarmah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), P.O.: Changsari, Dist: Kamrup, Assam, India-781101
| | - Gaurav Suresh Wadekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), P.O.: Changsari, Dist: Kamrup, Assam, India-781101
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), P.O.: Changsari, Dist: Kamrup, Assam, India-781101
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A Validated RP-HPLC Stability Method for the Estimation of Chlorthalidone and Its Process-Related Impurities in an API and Tablet Formulation. Int J Anal Chem 2020; 2020:3593805. [PMID: 32328101 PMCID: PMC7171635 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3593805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-dose thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics are widely used as first-line therapy for hypertension. Chlorthalidone, a monosulfamyl diuretic, is frequently prescribed in cases of hypertension and congestive heart failure. In this research paper, an improved reverse-phase HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous identification and quantitation of pharmacopoeia-listed and in-house process- and degradation-related impurities of chlorthalidone in bulk drug and formulations. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a C8 column (250 × 4.6 mm; '5 μm particle size) at a flow rate of 1.4 mL/min with a 220 nm detection wavelength. Mobile phase A consisted of buffer solution (diammonium hydrogen orthophosphate (10 mM, pH 5.5)) and methanol at a 65 : 35 ratio (v/v), and mobile phase B consisted of buffer solution and methanol at a 50 : 50 ratio (v/v). The API and formulation were subjected to stress conditions such as acid, alkali, oxidation, thermal, and photolytic conditions. Validation studies for the in-house process impurities were performed for specificity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. Thus, an improved RP-HPLC method capable of good separation of all known and unknown impurities with acceptable resolution and tailing factor was developed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wadhwa A, Ali F, Parveen S, Kumar R, Singh GN. Synthesis, Analytical Characterization and Spectroscopic Investigation of Chloramphenicol Impurity A for the Quality Control of Chloramphenicol and its Formulation as Per International Compendium. Curr Org Synth 2020; 17:382-388. [PMID: 32275490 DOI: 10.2174/1570179417666200410170237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main aim of the present work is to synthesize chloramphenicol impurity A (CLRMIMP- A) in the purest form and its subsequent characterization by using a panel of sophisticated analytical techniques (LC-MS, DSC, TGA, NMR, FTIR, HPLC, and CHNS) to provide as a reference standard mentioned in most of the international compendiums, including IP, BP, USP, and EP. The present synthetic procedure has not been disclosed anywhere in the prior art. METHODS A simple, cheaper, and new synthesis method was described for the preparation of CLRM-IMP-A. It was synthesized and characterized by FTIR, DSC, TGA, NMR (1H and 13C), LC-MS, CHNS, and HPLC. RESULTS CLRM-IMP-A present in drugs and dosage form can alter the therapeutic effects and adverse reaction of a drug considerably, it is mandatory to have a precise method for the estimation of impurities to safeguard the public health. Under these circumstances, the presence of CLRM-IMP-A in chloramphenicol (CLRM) requires strict quality control to satisfy the specified regulatory limit. The synthetic impurity obtained was in the pure form to provide a certified reference standard or working standard to stakeholders with defined potency. CONCLUSION The present research describes a novel technique for the synthesis of pharmacopoeial impurity, which can help in checking/controlling the quality of the CLRM in the international markets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Wadhwa
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Faraat Ali
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Sana Parveen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, Delhi-Meerut Road, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Robin Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Gyanendra N Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Moussa YE, Ong YQE, Perry JD, Cheng Z, Kayser V, Cruz E, Kim RR, Sciortino N, Wheate NJ. Demonstration of In Vitro Host-Guest Complex Formation and Safety of para-Sulfonatocalix[8]arene as a Delivery Vehicle for Two Antibiotic Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:3105-3111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
23
|
Acosta-Vélez GF, Zhu TZ, Linsley CS, Wu BM. Photocurable poly(ethylene glycol) as a bioink for the inkjet 3D pharming of hydrophobic drugs. Int J Pharm 2018; 546:145-153. [PMID: 29705105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Binder jetting and material extrusion are the two most common additive manufacturing techniques used to create pharmaceutical tablets. However, their versatility is limited since the powder component is present throughout the dosage forms fabricated by binder jet 3D printing and material extrusion 3D printing requires high operating temperatures. Conversely, material jetting allows for compositional control at a voxel level and can dispense material at room temperature. Unfortunately, there are a limited number of materials that are both printable and biocompatible. Therefore, the aim of this study was to engineer photocurable bioinks that are suitable for hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients and have rapid gelation times upon visible light exposure. The resulting bioinks were comprised of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (250 Da) as the crosslinkable monomer, Eosin Y as the photoinitiator, and methoxide-poly(ethylene glycol)-amine as the coinitiator. Additionally, poly(ethylene glycol) (200 Da) was added as a plasticizer to modulate the drug release profiles, and Naproxen was used as the model drug due to its high hydrophobicity. Various bioink formulations were dispensed into the bottom half of blank preform tablets - made via direct compression - using a piezoelectric nozzle, photopolymerized, and capped with the top half of the preform tablet to complete the pharmaceutical dosage form. Results from the release studies showed that drug release can be modulated by both the percent of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate in the formulation and the light exposure time used to cure the bioinks. These bioinks have the potential to expand the library of materials available for creating pharmaceutical tablets via inkjet printing with personalized drug dosages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanny F Acosta-Vélez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5121, Engineering V, P.O. Box: 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Timothy Z Zhu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5121, Engineering V, P.O. Box: 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Chase S Linsley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5121, Engineering V, P.O. Box: 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Benjamin M Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5121, Engineering V, P.O. Box: 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Advanced Prosthodontics and the Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kancherla P, Keesari S, Alegete P, Khagga M, Das P. Identification, isolation, and synthesis of seven novel impurities of anti-diabetic drug Repaglinide. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:212-221. [PMID: 28421713 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Seven unknown impurities in Repaglinide bulk drug batches at below 0.1% (ranging from 0.05 to 0.10%) were detected by an ultra-performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method. These impurities were isolated from the crude sample of Repaglinide using preparative high performance liquid chromatography (prep-HPLC). Based on liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS) study, the chemical structures of seven new impurities (8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, and 16) were presumed and characterized as 4-(cyanomethyl)-2-ethoxybenzoic acid (8), 4-(cyanomethyl)-2-ethoxy-N-(3-methyl-1-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)butyl)benzamide (9), 4-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-2-ethoxy-N-(3-methyl-1-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)butyl) benzamide (10) and 2-(3-ethoxy-4-((3-methyl-1-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)butyl) carbamoyl) phenyl) acetic acid (11) and 4-(cyanomethyl)-N-cyclohexyl-2-ethoxybenzamide (13), 2-(4-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)-3-ethoxyphenyl) acetic acid (14) and N-cyclohexyl-4-(2-(cyclohexylamino)-2-oxoethyl)-2-ethoxybenzamide (16). The complete spectral analysis, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR), 13 C NMR, MS, and infrared (IR) confirmed the proposed chemical structures of impurities. Identification, structural characterization, formation, and their synthesis was first reported in this study. The impurity 11 was crystallized and structure was solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Kancherla
- Institute of Science &Technology, JNT University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500085, India.,Green Evolution Laboratories, Nacharam, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500017, India
| | - Srinivas Keesari
- Green Evolution Laboratories, Nacharam, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500017, India
| | - Pallavi Alegete
- Institute of Science &Technology, JNT University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500085, India.,Green Evolution Laboratories, Nacharam, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500017, India
| | - Mukkanti Khagga
- Institute of Science &Technology, JNT University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500085, India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Medicinal Chemistry Divison, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shershnev IV, Cherkasova AV, Kopylov AS, Glagolev NN, Bragina NA, Solov’eva AB. Features of the supercritical CO2-assisted immobilization of fluorinated tetraphenylporphyrins into tetrafluoroethylene copolymers. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024417070275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
26
|
Kar JR, Singhal RS. Pilot scale production, kinetic modeling, and purification of glycine betaine and trehalose produced from Actinopolyspora halophila (MTCC 263) using acid whey: A dairy industry effluent. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
27
|
Acosta-Vélez GF, Linsley CS, Craig MC, Wu BM. Photocurable Bioink for the Inkjet 3D Pharming of Hydrophilic Drugs. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4010011. [PMID: 28952490 PMCID: PMC5590429 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel strategies are required to manufacture customized oral solid dosage forms for personalized medicine applications. 3D Pharming, the direct printing of pharmaceutical tablets, is an attractive strategy, since it allows for the rapid production of solid dosage forms containing custom drug dosages. This study reports on the design and characterization of a biocompatible photocurable pharmaceutical polymer for inkjet 3D printing that is suitable for hydrophilic active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Specifically, hyaluronic acid was functionalized with norbornene moieties that, in the presence of poly(ethylene) glycol dithiol, Eosin Y as a photoinitiator, and a visible light source, undergoes a rapid step-growth polymerization reaction through thiol-ene chemistry. The engineered bioink was loaded with Ropinirole HCL, dispensed through a piezoelectric nozzle onto a blank preform tablet, and polymerized. Drug release analysis of the tablet resulted in 60% release within 15 min of tablet dissolution. The study confirms the potential of inkjet printing for the rapid production of tablets through the deposition of a photocurable bioink designed for hydrophilic APIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanny F Acosta-Vélez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5531, Boelter Hall, P.O. Box: 951592, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1592, USA.
| | - Chase S Linsley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5121, Engineering V, P.O. Box: 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Madison C Craig
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5121, Engineering V, P.O. Box: 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Benjamin M Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5121, Engineering V, P.O. Box: 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics and the Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Płonka M, Walorczyk S, Miszczyk M. Chromatographic methods for the determination of active substances and characterization of their impurities in pesticide formulations. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
29
|
Tang Y, Zhang Y, Rosenberg JN, Sharif N, Betenbaugh MJ, Wang F. Efficient lipid extraction and quantification of fatty acids from algal biomass using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23519g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerated solvent extraction optimized for extraction of algal lipids and recovery of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Tang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals
- Nanjing 210037
- China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - Julian N. Rosenberg
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - Nadia Sharif
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals
- Nanjing 210037
- China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhou Y, Zhou F, Yan F, Yang F, Yao Y, Zou Q. Structural Analysis and Quantitative Determination of Clevidipine Butyrate Impurities Using an Advanced RP-HPLC Method. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 54:353-60. [PMID: 26489435 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Eleven potential impurities, including process-related compounds and degradation products, have been analyzed by comprehensive studies on the manufacturing process of clevidipine butyrate. Possible formation mechanisms could also be devised. MS and NMR techniques have been used for the structural characterization of three previously unreported impurities (Imp-3, Imp-5 and Imp-11). To separate and quantify the potential impurities in a simultaneous fashion, an efficient and advanced RP-HPLC method has been developed. In doing so, four major degradation products (Imp-2, Imp-4, Imp-8 and Imp-10) can be observed under varying stress conditions. This analytical method has been validated according to ICH guidelines with respect to specificity, accuracy, linearity, robustness and stability. The method described has been demonstrated to be applicable in routine quality control processes and stability evaluation studies of clevidipine butyrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Zhou
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical University, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fei Yan
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical University, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Feng Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical University, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Yuxian Yao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical University, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Qiaogen Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Emerce E, Cok I, Degim IT. Determination of the impurities in drug products containing montelukast and in silico/in vitro genotoxicological assessments of sulfoxide impurity. Toxicol Lett 2015. [PMID: 26205398 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Impurities affecting safety, efficacy, and quality of pharmaceuticals are of increasing concern for regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical industries, since genotoxic impurities are understood to play important role in carcinogenesis. The study aimed to analyse impurities of montelukast chronically used in asthma theraphy and perform genotoxicological assessment considering regulatory approaches. Impurities (sulfoxide, cis-isomer, Michael adducts-I&II, methylketone, methylstyrene) were quantified using RP-HPLC analysis on commercial products available in Turkish market. For sulfoxide impurity, having no toxicity data and found to be above the qualification limit, in silico mutagenicity prediction analysis, miniaturized bacterial gene mutation test, mitotic index determination and in vitro chromosomal aberration test w/wo metabolic activation system were conducted. In the analysis of different batches of 20 commercial drug products from 11 companies, only sulfoxide impurity exceeded qualification limit in pediatric tablets from 2 companies and in adult tablets from 7 companies. Leadscope and ToxTree programs predicted sulfoxide impurity as nonmutagenic. It was also found to be nonmutagenic in Ames MPF Penta I assay. Sulfoxide impurity was dose-dependent cytotoxic in human peripheral lymphocytes, however, it was found to be nongenotoxic. It was concluded that sulfoxide impurity should be considered as nonmutagenic and can be classified as ordinary impurity according to guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Emerce
- Gazi University, Pharmacy Faculty, Toxicology Department, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ismet Cok
- Gazi University, Pharmacy Faculty, Toxicology Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - I Tuncer Degim
- Gazi University, Pharmacy Faculty, Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ehtezazi T, Dempster NM, Martin GD, Hoath SD, Hutchings IM. Development of High‐Throughput Glass Inkjet Devices for Pharmaceutical Applications. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3733-3742. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
33
|
Neu V, Bielow C, Reinert K, Huber CG. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet absorbance detection-high-resolution-mass spectrometry combined with automated data processing for studying the kinetics of oxidative thermal degradation of thyroxine in the solid state. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1371:196-203. [PMID: 25456598 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Levothyroxine as active pharmaceutical ingredient of formulations used for the treatment of hypothyroidism is distributed worldwide and taken by millions of people. An important issue in terms of compound stability is its capability to react with ambient oxygen, especially in case of long term compound storage at elevated temperature. In this study we demonstrate that ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to UV spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-UV-HRMS) represent very useful approaches to investigate the influence of ambient oxygen on the degradation kinetics of levothyroxine in the solid state at enhanced degradation conditions. Moreover, the impurity pattern of oxidative degradation of levothyroxine is elucidated and classified with respect to degradation kinetics at different oxygen levels. Kinetic analysis of thyroxine bulk material at 100 °C reveals bi-phasic degradation kinetics with a distinct change in degradation phases dependent on the availability of oxygen. The results clearly show that contact of the bulk material to ambient oxygen is a key factor for fast compound degradation. Furthermore, the combination of time-resolved HRMS data and automated data processing is shown to allow insights into the kinetics and mechanism of impurity formation on individual compound basis. By comparing degradation profiles, four main classes of profiles linked to reaction pathways of thyroxine degradation were identifiable. Finally, we show the capability of automated data processing for the matching of different stressing conditions, in order to extract information about mechanistic similarities. As a result, degradation kinetics is influenced by factors like availability of oxygen, stressing time, or stressing temperature, while the degradation mechanisms appear to be conserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Neu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Chris Bielow
- Department for Computer Science and Mathematics, Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse 9, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Knut Reinert
- Department for Computer Science and Mathematics, Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse 9, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian G Huber
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Near-real-time analysis of the phenotypic responses of Escherichia coli to 1-butanol exposure using Raman Spectroscopy. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:3983-91. [PMID: 25157078 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01590-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy was used to study the time course of phenotypic responses of Escherichia coli (DH5α) to 1-butanol exposure (1.2% [vol/vol]). Raman spectroscopy is of interest for bacterial phenotyping because it can be performed (i) in near real time, (ii) with minimal sample preparation (label-free), and (iii) with minimal spectral interference from water. Traditional off-line analytical methodologies were applied to both 1-butanol-treated and control cells to draw correlations with Raman data. Here, distinct sets of Raman bands are presented that characterize phenotypic traits of E. coli with maximized correlation to off-line measurements. In addition, the observed time course phenotypic responses of E. coli to 1.2% (vol/vol) 1-butanol exposure included the following: (i) decreased saturated fatty acids levels, (ii) retention of unsaturated fatty acids and low levels of cyclopropane fatty acids, (iii) increased membrane fluidity following the initial response of increased rigidity, and (iv) no changes in total protein content or protein-derived amino acid composition. For most phenotypic traits, correlation coefficients between Raman spectroscopy and traditional off-line analytical approaches exceeded 0.75, and major trends were captured. The results suggest that near-real-time Raman spectroscopy is suitable for approximating metabolic and physiological phenotyping of bacterial cells subjected to toxic environmental conditions.
Collapse
|
35
|
Alsante KM, Huynh-Ba KC, Baertschi SW, Reed RA, Landis MS, Furness S, Olsen B, Mowery M, Russo K, Iser R, Stephenson GA, Jansen P. Recent trends in product development and regulatory issues on impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and drug products. Part 2: Safety considerations of impurities in pharmaceutical products and surveying the impurity landscape. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:237-51. [PMID: 24363207 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-0061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
36
|
Foti C, Alsante K, Cheng G, Zelesky T, Zell M. Tools and workflow for structure elucidation of drug degradation products. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
37
|
Neu V, Bielow C, Schneider P, Reinert K, Stuppner H, Huber CG. Investigation of reaction mechanisms of drug degradation in the solid state: a kinetic study implementing ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry for thermally stressed thyroxine. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2385-90. [PMID: 23311729 DOI: 10.1021/ac303404e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A reaction scheme was derived for the thermal degradation of thyroxine in the solid state, using data obtained from ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). To study the reaction mechanism and kinetics of the thermal degradation of the pharmaceutical in the solid state, a workflow was developed by generating compound-specific, time-dependent degradation or formation curves of at least 13 different degradation products. Such curves allowed one to distinguish between first- and second-generation degradation products, as well as impurities resulting from chemical synthesis. The structures of the degradation products were derived from accurate molecular masses and multistage mass spectrometry. Deiodination and oxidative side chain degradation were found to be the major degradation reactions, resulting in the formation of deiodinated thyroxines, as well as acetic acid, benzoic acid, formaldehyde, acetamide, hydroxyacetic acid, oxoacetic acid, hydroxyacetamide, or oxoacetamide derivatives of thyroxine or deiodinated thyroxine. Upon additional structural verification of mass spectrometric data using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, this comprehensive body of data sheds light on an elaborate, radical-driven reaction scheme, explaining the presence or formation of impurities in thermally stressed thyroxine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Neu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sethiya NK, Trivedi A, Patel MB, Mishra SH. Comparative pharmacognostical investigation on four ethanobotanicals traditionally used as Shankhpushpi in India. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2012; 1:388-95. [PMID: 22247878 PMCID: PMC3255406 DOI: 10.4103/0110-5558.76437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
People in Indian region often apply Shankhpushpi and other Sanskrit-based common name to Evolvulus alsinoides, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Canscora decussata, and Clitorea ternatea. These are pre-European names that are applied to a medicinal plant. Before the establishment of British rule, like the other books, ayurvedic treatises were also hand written. This might be one of the reasons due to which ayurveda could not stand parallel to the western medicine and an ambiguity is reflected in the interpretation of names and description of drugs found in the books like Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. The most widespread application of Shankhpushpi is for mental problems, but they have been considered for an array of other human maladies. The present investigation deals with the comparative pharmacognostical evaluation of four ethanobotanicals of Shankhpushpi. A comparative morphoanatomy of the root, stem, and leaves has been studied with the aim to aid pharmacognostic and taxonomic species identification. Various physicochemical, morphological, histological parameters, comparative high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and comparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), chromatogram of methanolic extract presented in this communication may serve the purpose of standard parameters to establish the authenticity of commercialized varieties and can possibly help to differentiate the drug from the other species. All the parameters were studied according to the WHO and pharmacopoeial guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj K Sethiya
- Department of Pharmacy, Herbal Drug Technology Laboratory, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, GH Patel Pharmacy Building, Donor's Plaza, Fatehgunj, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Identification, synthesis and quantification of process-related impurities in auraptene. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:191-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|