Quantitative analysis of propranolol hydrochloride by high performance thin layer chromatography

Supramolecular Interaction of Atenolol and Propranolol with β-Cyclodextrin Spectroscopic Characterization and Analytical Application

Atenolol (ATE) and propranolol (PRO) inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin have been investigated in aqueous solution. The aqueous solution was examined and characterized using UV-vis, fluorescence spectroscopy, and 1H NMR. The physical mixture was characterized using FTIR. The existence of inclusion complexes is confirmed by observing changes in spectroscopic properties. The ATE complex with β-CD exhibited an interaction as host and (β-CD) as a guest in a 1:1 ratio, with an inclusion constant K of 2.09 × 10-3 µM-1, as determined by the typical double-reciprocal graphs. Similarly, the PRO complex with β-CD exhibited an interaction as host and (β-CD) guest in 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometry at the same time; the inclusion constants were K1 = 5.80 × 10-5 µM-1 and K2 = 4.67 × 10-8 µM-1, as determined by typical double-reciprocal graphs. The variables influencing the formation of the inclusion complexes were investigated and optimized. Based on the enhancement in fluorescence intensity due to the formation of inclusion complexes, spectrofluorometric methods were developed and validated for determination of each drug's pharmaceutical formulation. The quantification of the fluorescence intensity for ATE and PRO was conducted at λex/λem 226/302 nm and λex/λem 231/338 nm, respectively. Under the optimal reaction circumstances, linear relationships with good correlation coefficients of 0.9918 and 0.99 were found in the concentration ranges of 0.3-1.7 μM, and 0.1-1.1 μM for ATE and PRO, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) were found to be 0.13 and 0.01 μM for ATE and PRO, respectively. The suggested approach was effectively applied to the analysis of both drugs' pharmaceutical formulations.

Comparative study and multiple linear regression analysis for assessment of chromatographic behavior of structurally related β-blockers on different stationary phases

A quantitative structure-retention relationship study was performed by thin layer chromatography on a number of β-blockers using 315 molecular descriptors of which nine were selected to be having the most important physicochemical properties. These descriptors provide good correlations with chromatographic behavior of the studied structurally related drugs. This research was completed on three pretreated silica gel plates via impregnation in urea, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and dimethylformamide, hence it possesses varying interplay mechanisms and polarities. The retention parameters were obtained by utilizing four solvent systems of two additives of variable ratios, consequently specific polarities in addition to imparted different pH values using either glacial acetic acid or liquid ammonia. Calculated theoretical approaches prove good correlations between investigated descriptors and retention factors. Some correlations show excellent predicting models, which might be critical for toning better know-how relationships between chemical structures and retention of β-blockers.

Propranolol

Propranolol is a noncardioselective β-blocker. It is reported to have membrane-stabilizing properties, but it does not own intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Propranolol hydrochloride is used to control hypertension, pheochromocytoma, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It is also used to control symptoms of sympathetic overactivity in the management of hyperthyroidism, anxiety disorders, and tremor. Other indications cover the prophylaxis of migraine and of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with portal hypertension. This study provides a detailed, comprehensive profile of propranolol, including formulas, elemental analysis, and the appearance of the drug. In addition, the synthesis of the drug is described. The chapter covers the physicochemical properties, including X-ray powder diffraction, pK, solubility, melting point, and procedures of analysis (spectroscopic, electrochemical, and chromatographic). In-depth pharmacology is also presented (pharmacological actions, therapeutic dosing, uses, Interactions, and adverse effects and precautions). More than 60 references are given as a proof of the abovementioned studies.

Development and Validation of a HPTLC Method for Simultaneous Quantitation of Flunarizine Dihydrochloride and Propranolol Hydrochloride in Capsule Dosage Form

A simple, precise, accurate, and rapid high-performance thin layer chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitation of flunarizine dihydrochloride and propranolol hydrochloride in a combined capsule dosage form. The method was carried out on precoated silica gel 60 F254 TLC aluminum plate, (20×10 cm(2)). The solvent system was ethyl acetate:methanol:glacial acetic acid in the proportion of 8:1:1, (v/v/v). R f value for flunarizine dihydrochloride and propranolol hydrochloride was found to be 0.62±0.02 and 0.18±0.02, respectively. The linearity regression analysis for calibration showed 0.999 and 0.999 for flunarizine dihydrochloride and propranolol hydrochloride with respect to peak area and height in the concentration range of 50-350 ng/spot and 500-3500 ng/spot, respectively. Accuracy of recovery studies was found to be 98-100.28 and 99.11-99.45% for flunarizine dihydrochloride and propranolol hydrochloride, respectively. The amounts of drug in marketed formulation were 100.5 and 101.25% of flunarizine dihydrochloride and propranolol hydrochloride, respectively. The method developed can be used for routine analysis in bulk drug and capsule dosage form.