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Nehela Y, Mazrou YSA, Taha NA, Elzaawely AA, Xuan TD, Makhlouf AH, El-Nagar A. Hydroxylated Cinnamates Enhance Tomato Resilience to Alternaria alternata, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease, and Stimulate Growth and Yield Traits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091775. [PMID: 37176833 PMCID: PMC10181299 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The important vegetable crop, tomato, is challenged with numerous abiotic and biotic stressors, particularly the newly emerged fungicide-resistant strains of phytopathogenic fungi such as Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of early blight disease. The current study investigated the potential antifungal activity of four cinnamate derivatives including cinnamic acid, ρ-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid against A. alternata. Our in vitro findings showed that all tested compounds exhibited dose-dependent fungistatic action against A. alternata when their concentrations were increased from 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7, to 0.9 mM, respectively. The high concentration of ferulic acid (0.9 mM) completely inhibited the radial mycelial growth of A. alternata and it was comparable to the positive control (difenoconazole fungicide). Additionally, under greenhouse conditions, foliar application of the four tested cinnamates significantly reduced the severity of early blight disease without any phytotoxicity on treated tomato plants. Moreover, it significantly improved the growth traits (plant height, total leaf area, number of leaves per plant, and shoot fresh weight), total chlorophyll, and yield components (number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, and fruit yield) of treated A. alternata-infected plants. Collectively, our findings suggest that cinnamate derivatives could be good candidates as eco-friendly alternatives to reduce the use of chemical fungicides against A. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Yasser S A Mazrou
- Business Administration Department, Community College, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agriculture Economic, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Naglaa A Taha
- Vegetable Diseases Research Department, Agricultural Research Center, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Abdelnaser A Elzaawely
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Tran Dang Xuan
- Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan
- Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan
| | - Abeer H Makhlouf
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Minufiya University, Shibin El-Kom 32511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa El-Nagar
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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Abstract
Candida albicans has remained the main etiological agent of candidiasis, challenges clinicians with high mortality and morbidity. The emergence of resistance to antifungal drugs, toxicity and lower efficacy have all contributed to an urgent need to develop alternative drugs aiming at novel targets in C. albicans. Targeting the production of virulence factors, which are essential processes for infectious agents, represents an attractive substitute for the development of newer anti-infectives. The present review highlights the recent developments made in the understanding of the pathogenicity of C. albicans. Production of hydrolytic enzymes, morphogenesis and biofilm formation, along with their molecular and metabolic regulation in Candida are discussed with regard to the development of novel antipathogenic drugs against candidiasis. Over the last decade, candidiasis has remained a major problematic disease worldwide. In spite of the existence of many antifungal drugs, the treatment of such diseases has still remained unsuccessful due to drug inefficacy. Therefore, there is a need to discover antifungals with different modes of action, such as antipathogenic drugs against Candida albicans. Here, we describe how various types of virulence factors such as proteinase, phospholipase, hemolysin, adhesion, morphogenesis and biofilm formation, could be targeted to develop novel therapeutics. We can inhibit production of these virulence factors by controlling their molecular/metabolic regulation.
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Silva P, Fernandes C, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR, Pereira L, Gonçalves T. The antifungal activity of extracts of Osmundea pinnatifida, an edible seaweed, indicates its usage as a safe environmental fungicide or as a food additive preventing post-harvest fungal food contamination. Food Funct 2019; 9:6187-6195. [PMID: 30457140 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01797b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we explored the antifungal activity of the wild edible seaweed Osmundea pinnatifida (Rhodophyta) collected from the Portuguese coast, which is used as a food seasoning in Scotland, Ireland and Portugal. We performed a sequential extraction of the seaweed components with methanol, dichloromethane and n-hexane. These extracts showed an antifungal activity against Alternaria infectoria and Aspergillus fumigatus. The n-hexane fraction of the seaweed inhibited the sporulation of Alternaria infectoria at 30 μg mL-1 and induced a statistically significant (P < 0.001) decrease in β-glucan content. Furthermore, liquid cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus supplemented with 10 μg mL-1 of the n-hexane fraction showed abnormal conidiophores, completely devoid of phialides and conidia associated with a decrease of 18.3% in the chitin content (P < 0.01). The n-hexane fraction analysis by GC-MS revealed that it includes palmitic acid (29.6%), phytol isomer 1 (12.8%), oleic acid (9.6%), stearic acid (6.2%) and d-(-)-tagatofuranose (4.1%), among other compounds present at lower concentrations. The present study reveals Osmundea pinnatifida as a promising source of biologically active compounds inhibiting fungal growth and conidiation, the main dispersal mechanism of filamentous fungi as Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria alternata, revealing its utility both as an environmental fungicide against fungal diseases and as a food preservative against fungal post-harvest food contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Silva
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/IMAR - Institute of Marine Research, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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Insights into the interaction and binding mode of a set of antifungal azoles as inhibitors of potential fungal enzyme-based targets. Mol Divers 2018; 22:929-942. [PMID: 29959628 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-018-9854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Azole-containing compounds are a kind of chemical entities of natural and synthetic origin having a wide-range of activities. They are therefore considered as important moieties for fungicide development, mostly due to the possible action on several enzyme-based targets. As part of our research on fungicidal agents, the relationship between the ligand-enzyme affinities of several synthetic azole-containing compounds against a set of fungal enzyme-based targets was in silico evaluated through molecular docking. The affinity values of the test compounds were mostly higher than those of the respective test controls. Binding modes between enzymes and test compounds were firstly investigated through Vina scores and ligand-residue interactions. Furthermore, statistically relationships among docking scores were successfully found by multivariate analysis. They were mostly correlated with reported MIC80 values, so it denoted an evident discrimination of the test compounds. Strong electron withdrawing groups on phenylacrylamide moiety were responsible for establishing stronger complexes with the enzyme targets, being trichodiene synthase and α-L-fucosidase the most important ones. Moreover, stability of a set of representative protein/ligand complexes was also analyzed by 10 ns molecular dynamics simulations (MD). Significant differences into the MD runs were detected and directly correlated to docking performances. Finally, docking affinity scores and HOMO-LUMO energy gaps resulted well predicted by comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) models, demonstrating the structure type is particularly associated with those calculated properties and these results were thus consistent with the respective validation parameters.
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Zehrbach AMD, Rogers AR, Tarr DEK. An Investigation of the Potential Antifungal Properties of CNC-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Nematol 2017; 49:472-476. [PMID: 29353937 PMCID: PMC5770296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans responds to infections by upregulating specific antimicrobial peptides. The caenacin-2 (cnc-2) gene is consistently upregulated in C. elegans by infection with the filamentous fungus Drechmeria coniospora, but there have been no direct studies of the CNC-2 peptide's in vivo or in vitro role in defending the nematode against this pathogen. We compared infection of wild-type and cnc-2 knockout nematode strains with four potential pathogens: D. coniospora, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. There was no significant difference in survival between strains for any of the pathogens or on the maintenance strain of Escherichia coli. While we were unable to demonstrate definitively that CNC-2 is integral to fungal defenses in C. elegans, we identified possible explanations for these results as well as future work that is needed to investigate CNC-2's potential as a new antifungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina M D Zehrbach
- Master of Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308
| | - Alexandra R Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308
| | - D Ellen K Tarr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308
- Current address: Division of Math and Sciences, Rock Valley College, Rockford, IL 61108
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Shah JJ, Khedkar V, Coutinho EC, Mohanraj K. Design, synthesis and evaluation of benzotriazole derivatives as novel antifungal agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3730-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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In Vivo Anti-Candida Activity of Phenolic Extracts and Compounds: Future Perspectives Focusing on Effective Clinical Interventions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:247382. [PMID: 26380266 PMCID: PMC4561301 DOI: 10.1155/2015/247382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Candida species have increasingly deserved a special attention among the medical community. In spite of the presence of Candida species as a human commensal, alarming rates of local and systemic infections have been observed, varying from moderate to severe impact. Currently available antifungal drugs have progressively lost their effectiveness, pointing urgently the problem of the microorganisms with acquired-resistance. Natural matrices are secularly used for numerous purposes, being inclusive and highly effective as antimicrobials. Increasing evidence gives a particular emphasis to the contribution of phenolic extracts and related individual compounds. In vitro studies clearly confirm their prominent effects, but the confirmation through in vivo studies, including the involved mechanisms of action, is not so much deepened. Therefore, the present report aims to provide extensive knowledge about all these aspects, highlighting the most efficient phytochemical formulations, including therapeutic doses. Further studies need to be incited to deepen knowledge on this area, namely, focused on clinical trials to provide safer and more effective antimicrobials than the current ones.
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Bahare RS, Ganguly S, Choowongkomon K, Seetaha S. Synthesis, HIV-1 RT inhibitory, antibacterial, antifungal and binding mode studies of some novel N-substituted 5-benzylidine-2,4-thiazolidinediones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 23:6. [PMID: 25617150 PMCID: PMC4308940 DOI: 10.1186/s40199-014-0086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Structural modifications of thiazolidinediones at 3rd and 5th position have exhibited significant biological activities. In view of the facts, and based on in silico studies carried out on thiazolidine-2,4-diones as HIV-1- RT inhibitors, a novel series of 2,4-thiazolidinedione analogs have been designed and synthesized. Methods Title compounds were prepared by the reported method. Conformations of the structures were assigned on the basis of results of different spectral data. The assay of HIV-1 RT was done as reported by Silprasit et al. Antimicrobial activity was determined by two fold serial dilution method. Docking study was performed for the highest active compounds by using Glide 5.0. Results The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their HIV-1 RT inhibitory activity. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 24 showed significant HIV-1 RT inhibitory activity with 73% of inhibition with an IC50 value of 1.31 μM. Compound 10 showed highest activity against all the bacterial strains. A molecular modeling study was carried out in order to investigate the possible interactions of the highest active compounds 24, 10 and 4 with the non nucleoside inhibitory binding pocket(NNIBP) of RT, active site of GlcN-6-P synthase and cytochrome P450 14-α-sterol demethylase from Candida albicans (Candida P450DM) as the target receptors respectively using the Extra Precision (XP) mode of Glide software. Conclusion A series of novel substituted 2-(5-benzylidene-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)-N-(phenyl)propanamides (4–31) have been synthesized and evaluated for their HIV-1 RT inhibitory activity, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Some of the compounds have shown significant activity. Molecular docking studies showed very good interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhe Shyam Bahare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India.
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Antimicrobial and Biocatalytic Potential of Haloalkaliphilic Actinobacteria. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND BIODIVERSITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-14595-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Jawallapersand P, Mashele SS, Kovačič L, Stojan J, Komel R, Pakala SB, Kraševec N, Syed K. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP53 family in fungi: comparative structural and evolutionary analysis and its role as a common alternative anti-fungal drug target. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107209. [PMID: 25222113 PMCID: PMC4164535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs/P450s) are heme-thiolate proteins whose role as a drug target against pathogenic microbes has been explored because of their stereo- and regio-specific oxidation activity. We aimed to assess the CYP53 family's role as a common alternative drug target against animal (including human) and plant pathogenic fungi and its role in fungal-mediated wood degradation. Genome-wide analysis of fungal species revealed the presence of CYP53 members in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. Basidiomycetes had a higher number of CYP53 members in their genomes than ascomycetes. Only two CYP53 subfamilies were found in ascomycetes and six subfamilies in basidiomycetes, suggesting that during the divergence of phyla ascomycetes lost CYP53 P450s. According to phylogenetic and gene-structure analysis, enrichment of CYP53 P450s in basidiomycetes occurred due to the extensive duplication of CYP53 P450s in their genomes. Numerous amino acids (103) were found to be conserved in the ascomycetes CYP53 P450s, against only seven in basidiomycetes CYP53 P450s. 3D-modelling and active-site cavity mapping data revealed that the ascomycetes CYP53 P450s have a highly conserved protein structure whereby 78% amino acids in the active-site cavity were found to be conserved. Because of this rigid nature of ascomycetes CYP53 P450s' active site cavity, any inhibitor directed against this P450 family can serve as a common anti-fungal drug target, particularly toward pathogenic ascomycetes. The dynamic nature of basidiomycetes CYP53 P450s at a gene and protein level indicates that these P450s are destined to acquire novel functions. Functional analysis of CYP53 P450s strongly supported our hypothesis that the ascomycetes CYP53 P450s ability is limited for detoxification of toxic molecules, whereas basidiomycetes CYP53 P450s play an additional role, i.e. involvement in degradation of wood and its derived components. This study is the first report on genome-wide comparative structural (gene and protein structure-level) and evolutionary analysis of a fungal P450 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poojah Jawallapersand
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| | - Samson Sitheni Mashele
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| | - Lidija Kovačič
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jure Stojan
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Radovan Komel
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Suresh Babu Pakala
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nada Kraševec
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (KS); (NK)
| | - Khajamohiddin Syed
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
- * E-mail: (KS); (NK)
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Korošec B, Sova M, Turk S, Kraševec N, Novak M, Lah L, Stojan J, Podobnik B, Berne S, Zupanec N, Bunc M, Gobec S, Komel R. Antifungal activity of cinnamic acid derivatives involves inhibition of benzoate 4-hydroxylase (CYP53). J Appl Microbiol 2014; 116:955-66. [PMID: 24314266 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS CYP53A15, from the sorghum pathogen Cochliobolus lunatus, is involved in detoxification of benzoate, a key intermediate in aromatic compound metabolism in fungi. Because this enzyme is unique to fungi, it is a promising drug target in fungal pathogens of other eukaryotes. METHODS AND RESULTS In our work, we showed high antifungal activity of seven cinnamic acid derivatives against C. lunatus and two other fungi, Aspergillus niger and Pleurotus ostreatus. To elucidate the mechanism of action of cinnamic acid derivatives with the most potent antifungal properties, we studied the interactions between these compounds and the active site of C. lunatus cytochrome P450, CYP53A15. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that cinnamic acid and at least four of the 42 tested derivatives inhibit CYP53A15 enzymatic activity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY By identifying selected derivatives of cinnamic acid as possible antifungal drugs, and CYP53 family enzymes as their targets, we revealed a potential inhibitor-target system for antifungal drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Korošec
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Pushpanathan M, Gunasekaran P, Rajendhran J. Mechanisms of the antifungal action of marine metagenome-derived peptide, MMGP1, against Candida albicans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69316. [PMID: 23844258 PMCID: PMC3699656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of resistant variants to existing antifungal drugs continues to be the serious problem in Candida albicans-induced fungal pathogenesis, which has a considerable impact on animal and human health. Identification and characterization of newer drugs against C. albicans is, therefore, essential. MMGP1 is a direct cell-penetrating peptide recently identified from marine metagenome, which was found to possess potent antifungal activity against C. albicans. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we investigated the mechanism of antifungal action of MMGP1 against C. albicans. Agarose gel shift assay found the peptide to be having a remarkable DNA-binding ability. The modification of the absorption spectra and fluorescence quenching of the tryptophyl residue correspond to the stacking between indole ring and nucleotide bases. The formation of peptide-DNA complexes was confirmed by fluorescence quenching of SYTO 9 probe. The interaction of peptide with plasmid DNA afforded protection of DNA from enzymatic degradation by DNase I. In vitro transcription of mouse β-actin gene in the presence of peptide led to a decrease in the level of mRNA synthesis. The C. albicans treated with MMGP1 showed strong inhibition of biosynthetic incorporation of uridine analog 5-ethynyluridine (EU) into nascent RNA, suggesting the peptide's role in the inhibition of macromolecular synthesis. Furthermore, the peptide also induces endogenous accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C. albicans. MMGP1 supplemented with glutathione showed an increased viability of C. albicans cells. The hyper-produced ROS by MMGP1 leads to increased levels of protein carbonyls and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and it also causes dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA fragmentation in C. albicans cells. CONCLUSION And Significance: Therefore, the antifungal activity of MMGP1 could be attributed to its binding with DNA, causing inhibition of transcription followed by endogenous production of ROS, which triggers cascade of events that leads to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthuirulan Pushpanathan
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Paramasamy Gunasekaran
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeyaprakash Rajendhran
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
- * E-mail:
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Pushpanathan M, Rajendhran J, Gunasekaran P. Proteolytic Activity of the MMGP1 Antifungal Peptide Derived from Marine Metagenome. Int J Pept Res Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-013-9351-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rodrigues GB, Dias-Baruffi M, Holman N, Wainwright M, Braga GUL. In vitro photodynamic inactivation of Candida species and mouse fibroblasts with phenothiazinium photosensitisers and red light. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012; 10:141-9. [PMID: 23769280 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the in vitro susceptibilities of five Candida spp. to photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) with four phenothiazinium derivatives, methylene blue (MB), new methylene blue N (NMBN), toluidine blue O (TBO) and the novel pentacyclic phenothiazinium photosensitiser S137, in combination with red light were investigated. The efficacy of each PS was determined, initially, based on its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Additionally, we evaluated the effect of the photodynamic treatment with NMBN and S137 on Candida survival and on the mouse fibroblast cell line L929. MICs varied both among PS and species and decreased with light dose increase. For most treatments (species and fluences) NMBN and S137 showed the lowest MICs. MICs for NMBN and S137 were <2.5 μM for all the Candida species when a fluence of 25 J cm⁻² was used. PACT with NMBN (fluence of 15 J cm⁻²) resulted in reductions in survival from 0.3 log (Candida krusei) to 3 logs (C. parapsilosis). PACT with S137 was more effective than with NMBN. Fluence of 15 J cm⁻² resulted in reductions in survival from 1 log (C. krusei) to 3 logs (C. parapsilosis) and fluence of 25 J cm⁻² resulted in a reduction of approximately 2 logs (C. krusei) and between 3 and 4 logs in survival of the other 4 species of Candida. In vitro relative toxicities of the phenothiazinium PS to mammalian cells exhibited a similar trend to the antifungal data, i.e. greater toxicity and phototoxicity with NMBN and S137 compared to the established PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela B Rodrigues
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Simm C, Luan CH, Weiss E, O'Halloran T. High-throughput screen for identifying small molecules that target fungal zinc homeostasis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25136. [PMID: 21980385 PMCID: PMC3182986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to traditional antifungal drugs has increased significantly over the past three decades, making identification of novel antifungal agents and new targets an emerging priority. Based on the extraordinary zinc requirement of several fungal pathogens and their well-established sensitivity to zinc deprivation, we developed an efficient cell-based screen to identify new antifungal drugs that target the zinc homeostasis machinery. The screen is based on the zinc-regulated transcription factor Zap1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which regulates transcription of genes like the high-affinity zinc transporter ZRT1. We generated a genetically modified strain of S. cerevisae that reports intracellular zinc deficiency by placing the coding sequence of green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the Zap1-regulated ZRT1 promoter. After showing that the GFP fluorescence signal correlates with low intracellular zinc concentrations in this strain, a protocol was developed for screening small-molecule libraries for compounds that induce Zap1-dependent GFP expression. Comparison of control compounds and known modulators of metal metabolism from the library reveals a robust screen (Z′ = 0.74) and validates this approach to the discovery of new classes of antifungal compounds that interfere with the intracellular zinc homeostasis. Given that growth of many pathogenic organisms is significantly impaired by zinc limitation; these results identify new types of antifungal drugs that target critical nutrient acquisition pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Simm
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chi-Hao Luan
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eric Weiss
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Thomas O'Halloran
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
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Hegedus N, Leiter E, Kovács B, Tomori V, Kwon NJ, Emri T, Marx F, Batta G, Csernoch L, Haas H, Yu JH, Pócsi I. The small molecular mass antifungal protein of Penicillium chrysogenum--a mechanism of action oriented review. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 51:561-71. [PMID: 21780144 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The β-lactam producing filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum secretes a 6.25 kDa small molecular mass antifungal protein, PAF, which has a highly stable, compact 3D structure and is effective against a wide spectrum of plant and zoo pathogenic fungi. Its precise physiological functions and mode of action need to be elucidated before considering possible biomedical, agricultural or food technological applications. According to some more recent experimental data, PAF plays an important role in the fine-tuning of conidiogenesis in Penicillium chrysogenum. PAF triggers apoptotic cell death in sensitive fungi, and cell death signaling may be transmitted through two-component systems, heterotrimeric G protein coupled signal transduction and regulatory networks as well as via alteration of the Ca(2+) -homeostasis of the cells. Possible biotechnological applications of PAF are also outlined in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Hegedus
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Centre of Arts, Humanities and Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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