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Brown PDS, Ketter N, Vis-Dunbar M, Sakakibara BM. Clinical effects of Emblica officinalis fruit consumption on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:190. [PMID: 37296402 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emblica officinalis (EO) fruit consumption has been found to have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD) physiological risk factors in preliminary clinical intervention trials; however, questions remain regarding the overall effectiveness of EO on CVD risk. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to: 1) systematically describe the clinical research examining EO; and 2) quantitatively assess the effects of EO on CVD physiological risk factors. METHODS The Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar electronic platforms were searched for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published until April 7, 2021. Studies were included if they involved adults (age ≥ 18 years) ingesting a form of EO fruit; included blood lipids, blood pressure, and/or inflammatory biomarkers as outcomes; had clearly defined intervention and control treatments with pre- and post-intervention data; were peer-reviewed; and were written in English. Studies were excluded if they compared EO with another risk reduction intervention without a usual care control group. RCTs were assessed for methodological quality using the Cochrane risk-of-bias version 2 (ROB2) tool, qualitatively described, and quantitatively evaluated using random and fixed effect meta-analysis models. RESULTS A total of nine RCTs (n = 535 participants) were included for review. Included studies followed parallel-group (n = 6) and crossover (n = 3) designs, with EO dosage ranging from 500 mg/day to 1500 mg/day, and treatment duration ranging from 14 to 84 days. Meta-analyses revealed EO to have a significant composite effect at lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; Mean difference (MD) = -15.08 mg/dL [95% Confidence interval (CI) = -25.43 to -4.73], I2 = 77%, prediction interval = -48.29 to 18.13), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C; MD = -5.43 mg/dL [95% CI = -8.37 to -2.49], I2 = 44%), triglycerides (TG; MD = -22.35 mg/dL [95% CI = -39.71 to -4.99], I2 = 62%, prediction interval = -73.47 to 28.77), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP; MD = -1.70 mg/L [95% CI = -2.06 to -1.33], I2 = 0%) compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Due to statistical and clinical heterogeneity in the limited number of clinical trials to date, the promising effects of EO on physiologic CVD risk factors in this review should be interpreted with caution. Further research is needed to determine if EO offers an efficacious option for primary or secondary prevention of CVD as either monotherapy or adjunct to evidence-based dietary patterns and/or standard pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D S Brown
- Southern Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 1088 Discovery Avenue, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Nicole Ketter
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, ASC 413, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 1088 Discovery Avenue, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mathew Vis-Dunbar
- Southern Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 1088 Discovery Avenue, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Brodie M Sakakibara
- Southern Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 1088 Discovery Avenue, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 1088 Discovery Avenue, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, T325 - 2211 , Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada.
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Clifford T, Acton JP, Cocksedge SP, Davies KAB, Bailey SJ. The effect of dietary phytochemicals on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation: a systematic review of human intervention trials. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1745-1761. [PMID: 33515348 PMCID: PMC7925463 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review of human trials examining the effects of dietary phytochemicals on Nrf2 activation. In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, Medline, Embase and CAB abstracts were searched for articles from inception until March 2020. Studies in adult humans that measured Nrf2 activation (gene or protein expression changes) following ingestion of a phytochemical, either alone or in combination were included. The study was pre-registered on the Prospero database (Registration Number: CRD42020176121). Twenty-nine full-texts were retrieved and reviewed for analysis; of these, eighteen were included in the systematic review. Most of the included participants were healthy, obese or type 2 diabetics. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Assessment tool. Twelve different compounds were examined in the included studies: curcumin, resveratrol and sulforaphane were the most common (n = 3 each). Approximately half of the studies reported increases in Nrf2 activation (n = 10); however, many were of poor quality and had an unclear or high risk of bias. There is currently limited evidence that phytochemicals activate Nrf2 in humans. Well controlled human intervention trials are needed to corroborate the findings from in vitro and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Jarred P Acton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Stuart P Cocksedge
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Kelly A Bowden Davies
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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Jabbari A, Jafari A, Hadian M, Ghasemi M. Model-based Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Atorvastatin Drugs for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases in Iran. Int J Prev Med 2020; 11:57. [PMID: 32577187 PMCID: PMC7297424 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_578_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Today, cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of mortality and disability in most developed and developing countries. The prediction of the major causes of deaths all over the world at all ages shows that 61% of deaths are due to chronic diseases, of which 30% is due to cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to assess the cost-utility analysis of atorvastatin for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases using the Markov model. Methods: Markov model with a lifetime horizon was developed to evaluate economic and health outcomes for atorvastatin drugs for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases for a cohort of 1,000 patients. The effectiveness indicator in this study was quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs); robustness of results was examined by one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Results: The results showed that the use of atorvastatin compared to no drug intervention was highly cost-effective with USD173 per additional QALY. The results of one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis confirmed the results of this study. The findings of this study also showed that the highest cost items were hospitalization costs in the cardiac care unit (CCU). Also, the highest cost items in para-clinical services were related to echocardiography costs, and troponin constituted the largest cost of laboratory tests. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that cardiologists use atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jabbari
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abdosaleh Jafari
- Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marziye Hadian
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghasemi
- Member of Social Determinant of Health Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Teimouri E, Rainey-Smith SR, Bharadwaj P, Verdile G, Martins RN. Amla Therapy as a Potential Modulator of Alzheimer’s Disease Risk Factors and Physiological Change. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 74:713-733. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-191033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Teimouri
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Prashant Bharadwaj
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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Kapoor MP, Suzuki K, Derek T, Ozeki M, Okubo T. Clinical evaluation of Emblica Officinalis Gatertn (Amla) in healthy human subjects: Health benefits and safety results from a randomized, double-blind, crossover placebo-controlled study. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2019; 17:100499. [PMID: 31890983 PMCID: PMC6926135 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The preventive efficacies and safety of Emblica Officinalis Gatertn (Amla), a most important and extensively studied plant in the traditional Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine, are presented. Eligible healthy adult subjects (n = 15) were randomized to receive either amla or placebo (500 mg per day) during an 18-week study. The efficacy parameters evaluated were the vascular function, blood hematology, oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers, glucose and lipid profiles, urinalysis, and liver hepatotoxicity. The amla intake showed significant improvements in the primary efficacy parameter of blood fluidity. There were also improvements in the secondary endpoints including lowering of von Willebrand factor (vWF), reduced 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as well as thrombin (TM) biomarkers of oxidative stress along with a significant improvement in HDL-cholesterol and lowering the LDL-cholesterol levels. No substantial changes were observed in liver hepatotoxicity, urinalysis, and hematology after consumption of amla compared to baseline or placebo. In addition, no adverse events, changes safety parameters or tolerance issues were observed after consumption of amla. In conclusion, amla supplementation showed acceptable palatability, improved endothelial functions and reduced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie, 514 8507, Japan.,Suzuka University of Medical Sciences, Suzuka City, Mie, 510-0221, Japan
| | - Timm Derek
- Taiyo International Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55416, USA
| | - Makoto Ozeki
- Taiyo Kagaku Co. Ltd., Nutrition Division, 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi, Mie, 510-0844, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Okubo
- Taiyo Kagaku Co. Ltd., Nutrition Division, 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi, Mie, 510-0844, Japan
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Upadya H, Prabhu S, Prasad A, Subramanian D, Gupta S, Goel A. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, multicenter clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of Emblica officinalis extract in patients with dyslipidemia. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:27. [PMID: 30670010 PMCID: PMC6341673 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2430-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia is one of the most frequently implicated risk factors for development of atherosclerosis. This study evaluated the efficacy of amla (Emblica officinalis) extract (composed of polyphenols, triterpenoids, oils etc. as found in the fresh wild amla fruit) in patients with dyslipidemia. METHODS A total of 98 dyslipidemic patients were enrolled and divided into amla and placebo groups. Amla extract (500 mg) or a matching placebo capsule was administered twice daily for 12 weeks to the respective group of patients. The patients were followed up for 12 weeks and efficacy of study medication was assessed by analyzing lipid profile. Other parameters evaluated were apolipoprotein B (Apo B), apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1), Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), homocysteine and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). RESULTS In 12 weeks, the major lipids such as total cholesterol (TC) (p = 0.0003), triglyceride (TG) (p = 0.0003), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p = 0.0064) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) (p = 0.0001) were significantly lower in amla group as compared to placebo group. Additionally, a 39% reduction in atherogenic index of the plasma (AIP) (p = 0.0177) was also noted in amla group. The ratio of Apo B to Apo A1 was reduced more (p = 0.0866) in the amla group as compared to the placebo. There was no significant change in CoQ10 level of amla (p = 0.2942) or placebo groups (p = 0.6744). Although there was a general trend of FBS reduction, the numbers of participants who may be classified as pre-diabetes and diabetes groups (FBS > 100 mg/dl) in the amla group were only 8. These results show that the amla extract used in the study is potentially a hypoglycaemic as well. However, this needs reconfirmation in a larger study. CONCLUSIONS The Amla extract has shown significant potential in reducing TC and TG levels as well as lipid ratios, AIP and apoB/apo A-I in dyslipidemic persons and thus has scope to treat general as well as diabetic dyslipidemia. A single agent to reduce cholesterol as well as TG is rare. Cholesterol reduction is achieved without concomitant reduction of Co Q10, in contrast to what is observed with statins. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered with Clinical Trials Registry- India at www.ctri.nic.in (Registration number: CTRI/2015/04/005682 ) on 8 April 2015 (retrospectively registered).
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Emblica officinalis (Amla): A review for its phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal uses and medicinal potentials with respect to molecular mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:180-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Amla (Emblica officinalis) extract is effective in preventing high fructose diet–induced insulin resistance and atherogenic dyslipidemic profile in ovariectomized female albino rats. Menopause 2012; 19:1146-55. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31824e5bf7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Larrosa M, García-Conesa MT, Espín JC, Tomás-Barberán FA. Ellagitannins, ellagic acid and vascular health. Mol Aspects Med 2010; 31:513-39. [PMID: 20837052 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolysable tannins are phenolic phytochemicals that show high antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities. For this reason their potential effects preventing oxidative related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, have been largely studied. In vitro studies show that ellagitannins, at concentrations in the range 10-100 μM, show some relevant anti-atherogenic, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects, supporting the molecular mechanisms for the vascular health benefits. While there is good evidence supporting the vascular effects in vitro, the evidence on animal models or humans is much scarcer. The in vitro results often do not match the findings in the in vivo studies. This could be explained by the low bioavailability of the antioxidant ellagitannins and ellagic acid. The main ellagitannin metabolites circulating in plasma are ellagic acid microbiota metabolites known as urolithins, and they have lost their free-radical scavenging activity. They are present in plasma as glucuronide or sulphate conjugates, at concentrations in the nM range. Future studies should focus in the bioavailable metabolites, urolithins, and in the form (conjugated with glucuronic acid or sulphate) and concentrations (nM range) in which they are found in plasma. In this review we critically discuss the role of ellagitannins and ellagic acid on vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Larrosa
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, Murcia 30100, Spain
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