Development and validation of a simultaneous HPLC method for estimation of bisoprolol fumarate and amlodipine besylate from tablets

A Sensitive Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Method for Determination of Bisoprolol in Rat Serum after Pre-Column Derivatization

Two derivatization regents were reacted with bisoprolol (BIS), followed by liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis. 3-Bromomethyl-propyphenazone (BMP) and dansyl-chloride (Dns-Cl) were reacted via the secondary amino group using a catalyst to accelerate the reaction progress and completeness with minimal reaction byproducts. The sensitivity and the ionization efficiency of both BIS-methyl-propyphenazone (BIS-MP) and BIS-Dns via electrospray ionization were studied. The sensitivity of BIS-MP was superior to BIS-Dns. The derivatization procedure, extraction procedure, and LC-MS method were optimized and validated to achieve the monitoring of BIS in rat serum at a picogram scale. The calibration curve showed a regression coefficient value of 0.999 within a concentration spanning a range of 10-500 pg/mL. The detection limit and quantitation were 4 and 10 pg/mL, respectively. The intraday and inter-day precision values (% relative standard deviation) ranged from 0.53 to 6.91%, whereas the accuracy values (expressed as % error) ranged from -4.20 to -0.77%. The pharmacokinetic parameters were: 15,280 pg/mL for a maximum concentration of BIS (Cmax) at the maximum time (Tmax) of 1 h. BIS's elimination half-life (t1/2) was determined to be 3 h. The value of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0 - t) was 34,370 pg/mL h.

The improvement of routine drug quality control analysis of some antihypertensive drugs using high-performance thin-layer chromatography densitometry method with greenness profile evaluation

The common antihypertensive drugs are B-blockers and diuretics. For the determination of beta-blocker medicines (bisoprolol fumarate and carvedilol) and diuretic drug (Furosemide), new and accurate chromatographic method has been developed. The separation was achieved using a developing system that includes chloroform:methanol:ethyl acetate:ammonia (6:2:2:0.2 by volume) as a mobile phase and the bands were detected at 240 nm. The concentration ranges were 5-25, 1-7, and 1-3.5 μg/band for bisoprolol fumarate, carvedilol, and furosemide, respectively. This chromatographic approach is the first methodology for simultaneously determining bisoprolol fumarate, carvedilol, and furosemide in their pure forms and in their pharmaceutical dosage forms. The advantages of using known analytical procedures are their simplicity, speed, cost effectiveness, lack of laboriousness, and ability to save time as the three tablets are determined in one step and can be used for routine analysis of the investigated combinations in quality control laboratories. According to International Conference of Harmonization guidelines, the established procedures have been validated, and the results were statistically compared to those obtained by the reported reversed-phase-high-performance liquid chromatography methods using Student's t-test and F-test, with no significant difference between them, indicating that the proposed methods can be used for routine drug quality control analysis.

First derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric analysis of bisoprolol fumarate and ivabradine in pharmaceutical and biological matrices. Investigation of the method greenness

A novel, facile, rapid, and precise synchronous spectrofluorimetric method was evolved for the simultaneous estimation of bisoprolol fumarate and ivabradine in dosage forms and biological fluids. The estimation is based on measuring the first derivative of the synchronous fluorescence spectra of ivabradine and bisoprolol fumarate in ethanol at Δλ = 80nm. The peak amplitudes are measured at 234.4 nm (zero-crossing point of ivabradine) and 244.0 nm (zero-crossing point of bisoprolol fumarate) to simultaneously analyse bisoprolol fumarate and ivabradine, respectively. The spectrofluorimetric method was optimized by investigating different solvent systems, pH values, and surfactants. The proposed method was linear over concentration ranges of 30.0-200.0 ng/mL and 30.0-180.0 ng/mL for ivabradine and bisoprolol fumarate, respectively with detection limits of 4.88 and 5.28 ng/ml. The developed method was employed for individual assay of the studied compounds in their pharmaceutical dosage forms with high %recoveries. Moreover, the method was applied to analyse ivabradine and bisoprolol fumarate in spiked human urine with %recoveries of 99.98±1.16 and 99.95±1.96 for ivabradine and bisoprolol fumarate, respectively. The method greenness was also investigated by Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), Analytical Eco-Scale, and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) metrics, which ensured the eco-friendship of the proposed method.

Application of MEKC and UPLC with Fluorescence Detection for Simultaneous Determination of Amlodipine Besylate and Bisoprolol Fumarate

OBJECTIVE

Two chromatographic methods were described for simultaneous determination of the antihypertensive drugs amlodipine besylate (AML) and bisoprolol fumarate (BIS).

METHODS

Method I applies micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography using a deactivated fused silica capillary (25 cm effective length × 50 μm internal diameter). The background electrolyte consisted of 0.01 M borate buffer (pH 9.2) containing 0.025 M sodium dodecyl sulphate and methanol in the ratio of 80:20 (v/v). Valsartan (VAL) was used as an internal standard. Diode array detector was set at 238, 224, and 210 nm for measuring AML, BIS, and VAL, respectively. Method II involves using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Zorbax SB-C8 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8 μm particle size) was used with isocratic elution of the mobile phase composed of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, acetonitrile, and methanol in the ratio of 55:35:10 (v/v) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. Fluorescence detection was done using excitation wavelengths 230 and 370 nm and emission wavelengths 305 and 450 nm for BIS and AML, respectively. Validation parameters were carefully studied including linearity, ranges, precision, accuracy, robustness, detection, and quantification limits.

RESULTS

Method I showed good linearity over the range 10-100 μg/mL for both dugs. Method II's linear ranges were 0.001-0.1 and 0.02-1 µg/mL for BIS and AML, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The proposed methods were successfully validated and applied for assay of the studied drugs in their fixed-dose combination tablets.

HIGHLIGHTS

To the best of our knowledge, this study suggests the first electro-chromatographic and LC with fluorescence detection methods for simultaneous determination of amlodipine and bisoprolol.

An LC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Triple Drugs Combination of Valsartan, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide in Human Plasma for Bioequivalence Study

Background:

Current guidelines for the treatment of hypertension recommend combination therapy, which intends to control blood pressure and enhance cardiovascular protection.

Materials and Methods:

A sensitive, reliable and selective tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for simultaneous quantification of amlodipine (AML), valsartan (VAL) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in human plasma. The chromatographic system was equipped with ACE 5 C8 (50 X 2.1 mm) column and utilized a mobile phase composition of 0.5 mM Ammonium Chloride & 0.04% FA-Methanol (45:55% v/v). The method used three internal standards; AML-D4, HCTZ-D2 C13 and VAL-D3 with 10% intra- and inter-day precision, and 6% bias for all the analytes.

Results:

The assay was found to be linear with R-2 > 0.998, and the limits of quantification for AML, VAL and HCTZ were 0.2, 50.0 and 2.0 ng/mL, respectively. The analytes were found to be stable in plasma samples over short and long term storage.

:

The developed method is rapid with a run time of 3.5 min and cost-effective since the simple sample preparation method is adopted. This method was successfully applied for the bioequivalence study of AML, VAL, and HCTZ in human plasma after administration of the fixed-dose combination tablet of (10/160/25 mg). Pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax and AUC0-72) for AML and (Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-∞) for VAL and HCTZ were used for bioequivalence assessment. These were determined by noncompartmental analysis of concentration data.

Conclusion:

The result showed 90% confidence intervals (obtained by ANOVA) which were within the predefined ranges. As a consequence, this method can be successfully applied for measuring and quantifying a large number of samples.

Bisoprolol: A comprehensive profile

The present study describes a comprehensive profile of Bisoprolol including detailed nomenclature; formulae, elemental analysis, appearance, its uses, applications, and methods for the preparation are outlined. The profile contains physicochemical properties of Bisoprolol including pKa value, solubility, X-ray powder diffraction, and methods of analysis (including compendial, electrochemical, spectroscopic, chromatographic and capillary electrophoresis). The study also covers thermal analysis such as differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry of Bisoprolol. Which gives a brief idea of melting point, glass transition as well as differentiation between anhydrous and hydrated forms. In addition to these functional groups and structural confirmation of bisoprolol also presented with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. The mass fragmentation pattern of bisoprolol fumarate was reported using the electrospray ionization technique. Some recently reported methods for pharmacokinetic analysis of bisoprolol using high-performance liquid chromatography as well as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were also included in the study.

Simultaneous evaluation of losartan and amlodipine besylate using second-derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric technique and liquid chromatography with time-programmed fluorimetric detection

This study is concerned with two sensitive, fast and reproducible approaches; namely, second-derivative synchronous fluorimetry (method I) and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection (method II) for synchronized evaluation of losartan (LOS) and amlodipine besylate (AML). Method I is based on measuring second-derivative synchronous fluorescence spectra of LOS and AML at Δλ = 80 nm in water. The experimental factors influencing the synchronous fluorescence of the considered compounds were sensibly adjusted. The chromatographic analysis was executed on a Nucleodur MN-C18 column of dimensions; 250 × 4.6 mm i.d. and 5 µm particle size). The fluorimetric detection was time-programmed at λem = 440 nm for AML (0.0-7.5 min) and at λem = 400 nm for LOS (7.5-10 min) after excitation at λex = 245 nm. The mobile phase is a blend of acetonitrile with 0.02 M phosphate buffer in a proportion of 45 : 55, pH 4.0, pumped using a flow rate of 1 ml min-1. The calibration plots were established to be 0.1-4.0 µg ml-1 for both drugs in method I and 0.05-4.0 µg ml-1 for both drugs in method II. The study was extended to the evaluation of the two drugs in their co-formulated tablets.

Chemometric-assisted spectrophotometric methods and high performance liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of seven β-blockers in their pharmaceutical products: a comparative study

Chemometric-assisted spectrophotometric methods and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were developed for the simultaneous determination of the seven most commonly prescribed β-blockers (atenolol, sotalol, metoprolol, bisoprolol, propranolol, carvedilol and nebivolol). Principal component regression PCR, partial least square PLS and PLS with previous wavelength selection by genetic algorithm (GA-PLS) were used for chemometric analysis of spectral data of these drugs. The compositions of the mixtures used in the calibration set were varied to cover the linearity ranges 0.7-10 μg ml(-1) for AT, 1-15 μg ml(-1) for ST, 1-15 μg ml(-1) for MT, 0.3-5 μg ml(-1) for BS, 0.1-3 μg ml(-1) for PR, 0.1-3 μg ml(-1) for CV and 0.7-5 μg ml(-1) for NB. The analytical performances of these chemometric methods were characterized by relative prediction errors and were compared with each other. GA-PLS showed superiority over the other applied multivariate methods due to the wavelength selection. A new gradient HPLC method had been developed using statistical experimental design. Optimum conditions of separation were determined with the aid of central composite design. The developed HPLC method was found to be linear in the range of 0.2-20 μg ml(-1) for AT, 0.2-20 μg ml(-1) for ST, 0.1-15 μg ml(-1) for MT, 0.1-15 μg ml(-1) for BS, 0.1-13 μg ml(-1) for PR, 0.1-13 μg ml(-1) for CV and 0.4-20 μg ml(-1) for NB. No significant difference between the results of the proposed GA-PLS and HPLC methods with respect to accuracy and precision. The proposed analytical methods did not show any interference of the excipients when applied to pharmaceutical products.

Spectrophotometric and HPLC methods for simultaneous estimation of amlodipine besilate, losartan potassium and hydrochlorothiazide in tablets

Two UV-spectrophotometric and one reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography methods have been developed for the simultaneous estimation of amlodipine besilate, losartan potassium and hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage form. The first UV spectrophotometric method was a determination using the simultaneous equation method at 236.5, 254 and 271 nm over the concentration range 5-25, 10-50 and 5-25 mug/ml for amlodipine besilate, losartan potassium and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively. The second UV method was a determination using the area under curve method at 231.5-241.5, 249-259 and 266-276 nm over the concentration range of 5-25, 5-25 and 10-50 mug/ml for amlodipine besilate, hydrochlorothiazide and losartan potassium, respectively. In reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography analysis is carried out using 0.025 M phosphate buffer (pH 3.7):acetonitrile (57:43 v/v) as the mobile phase and Kromasil C18 (4.6 mm i.dx250 mm) column as stationery phase with detection wavelength of 232 nm linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 2-14, 20-140 and 5-40 mug/ml for amlodipine besilate, losartan potassium and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively. Both UV-spectrophotometric and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography methods were statistically validated and can be used for analysis of combined dose tablet formulation containing amlodipine besilate, losartan potassium and hydrochlorothiazide.

Simultaneous estimation of amlodipine besilate and olmesartan medoxomil in pharmaceutical dosage form

Two UV Spectrophotometric and one reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography methods have been developed for the simultaneous estimation of amlodipine besilate and olmesartan medoxomil in tablet dosage form. First UV spectrophotometric method was a determination using the simultaneous equation method at 237.5 nm and 255.5 nm over the concentration range 10-50 mug/ml and 10-50 mug/ml, for amlodipine besilate and olmesartan medoxomil with accuracy 100.09%, and 100.22% respectively. Second UV spectrophotometric method was a determination using the area under curve method at 242.5-232.5 nm and 260.5-250.5 nm over the concentration range of 10-50 mug/ml and 10-50 mug/ml, for amlodipine besilate and olmesartan medoxomil with accuracy 100.10%, and 100.48%, respectively. In reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography analysis carried out using 0.05M potassuim dihydrogen phosphate buffer:acetonitrile (50:50 v/v) as the mobile phase and Kromasil C18 (4.6 mm i.d.x250 mm) column as the stationery phase with detection wavelength of 238 nm. Flow rate was 1.0 ml/min. Retention time for amlodipine besilate and olmesartan medoxomil were 3.69 and 5.36 min, respectively. Linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 4-20 mug/ml and 10-50 mug/ml for amlodipine besilate and olmesartan medoxomil, respectively. Proposed methods can be used for the estimation of amlodipine besilate and olmesartan medoxomil in tablet dosage form provided all the validation parameters are met.