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Krylov D, Rodimova S, Karabut M, Kuznetsova D. Experimental Models for Studying Structural and Functional State of the Pathological Liver (Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2023; 15:65-82. [PMID: 38434194 PMCID: PMC10902899 DOI: 10.17691/stm2023.15.4.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver pathologies remain one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Despite a high prevalence of liver diseases, the possibilities of diagnosing, prognosing, and treating non-alcoholic and alcoholic liver diseases still have a number of limitations and require the development of new methods and approaches. In laboratory studies, various models are used to reconstitute the pathological conditions of the liver, including cell cultures, spheroids, organoids, microfluidic systems, tissue slices. We reviewed the most commonly used in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo models for studying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease, toxic liver injury, and fibrosis, described their advantages, limitations, and prospects for use. Great emphasis was placed on the mechanisms of development of pathological conditions in each model, as well as the assessment of the possibility of reconstructing various key aspects of pathogenesis for all these pathologies. There is currently no consensus on the choice of the most adequate model for studying liver pathology. The choice of a certain effective research model is determined by the specific purpose and objectives of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.P. Krylov
- Laboratory Assistant, Scientific Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia; Student, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine; National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Prospekt Gagarina, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia
| | - S.A. Rodimova
- Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Scientific Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - M.M. Karabut
- Researcher, Laboratory of Genomics of Adaptive Antitumor Immunity, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - D.S. Kuznetsova
- Head of Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia; Head of the Research Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Researches, Institute of Clinical Medicine; National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Prospekt Gagarina, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia
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Khajepour F, Mahmoodpoor F, Jafari E, Kakaei F, Bahraminia F, Aghajani S, Vahed SZ, Bagheri Y. Prazosin Protects the Liver Against Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2023. [PMID: 36940722 DOI: 10.1055/a-2015-7976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common subsequent problem after many medical conditions. AKI is associated with distant organ dysfunction where systemic inflammation and oxidative stress play major roles. In this study, the effect of Prazosin, an α1-Adrenergic receptor antagonist, was investigated on the liver injury induced by kidney ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats. Male adult Wistar rats (n=21) were divided into three groups: sham, kidney I/R, and kidney I/R pre-treated with Prazosin (1 mg/kg). Kidney I/R was induced by vascular clamping of the left kidney for 45 min to reduce the blood flow. Oxidative and antioxidant factors along with apoptotic (Bax, Bcl-2, caspase3), and inflammatory (NF-κβ, IL-1β, and IL-6) factors were measured in the liver at protein levels. Prazosin could reserve liver function (p<0.01) and increase glutathione level (p<0.05) after kidney I/R significantly. Malonil dialdehyde (MDA), a lipid peroxidation marker, was diminished more significantly in Prazosin-treated rats compared to the kidney I/R group (p<0.001). Inflammatory and apoptotic factors were diminished by Prazosin pre-treatment in the liver tissue (p<0.05). Pre-administration of Prazosin could preserve liver function and decrease its inflammatory and apoptotic factors under kidney I/R conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khajepour
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Mahmoodpoor
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Elmira Jafari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzad Kakaei
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farina Bahraminia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shadi Aghajani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Yasin Bagheri
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Teng H, Zhou L, Wang C, Yuan Z, Cao Q, Wu X, Li M. Novel carvedilol-loaded pro-phytomicelles: formulation, characterization and enhanced protective efficacy against acetaminophen-inducedliverinjury in mice. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122127. [PMID: 35995319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The work describes a novel, small-molecule phytochemicals as nanomaterials based pro-micelles (pro-phytomicelles) drug delivery system, for oral delivery of carvedilol (CAR). This novel nanoformulation of CAR, named CAR pro-phytomicelles, was prepared with rebaudioside A (RA) and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (DG) as mixed nanomaterials. The formulation was optimized, leading to a 502-fold increase in solubility of CAR in water as a result of encapsulation within mixed phytomicelles based on DG and RA. CAR pro-phytomicelles samples could be instantly dissolved into aqueous media to formulate clear phytomicelle solutions with CAR encapsulation efficiency of 99.67 ± 0.02 %, and small micelle size of 15.62 ± 0.27 nm. CAR pro-phytomicelles exhibited good storage stability, rapid in vitro release in simulated intestinal fluid, and improved in vitro antioxidant activity. CAR pro-phytomicelles had good biocompatibility. Protective efficacy evaluation revealed that acetaminophen overdose could induce high mortality and severe liver injury in mice, while CAR pro-phytomicelle treatment exhibited significant protective effect against acetaminophen overdose. This protective efficacy was due to a mechanism that involved the regulation of high-mobility group box 1 and its signaling-related proinflammatory cytokines. These results show that pro-phytomicelles could provide a new concept and promising therapeutics as nanomedicines for improving the activities of CAR against acetaminophen-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhang Teng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao 266034, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhixin Yuan
- Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Qilong Cao
- Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianggen Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Mengshuang Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao 266034, China.
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Ahmad S, Zeb A, Khan S. Effects of aqueous extract of Medicago denticulata against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rabbits. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13985. [PMID: 34713456 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Medicago denticulata is commonly used as a leafy vegetable, salad, and food ingredient. In this study, different doses of leaves aqueous extract of M. denticulata (MD) were fed to intoxicated rabbits with paracetamol (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) for regular 21 days. The aqueous extract was evaluated for phenolic composition using HPLC-DAD. Serum biochemical and hematological parameters were studied to check its activity. The liver was examined histologically and for antioxidant status. Results revealed that paracetamol led to a significant alteration in all the hematological (RBC, WBC, Hb, PLT, and HCT), and serum lipid parameters (TC, HDL, LDL, and TG) while MD at the dose rate of 300 mg/kg had a curative effect on the stabilization of the affected parameters. The high dose of MD ameliorated different antioxidant parameters such as reduced glutathione (GSH), DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of the liver on day 21st of the treatment. Histological studies revealed significant paracetamol-induced toxicity of the liver, whereas the MD had positive effects on induced toxicity. Improvement in all these alterations confirms the curative potential of Medicago denticulata extract. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Paracetamol is a well-known antipyretic and analgesic medicine. However, it has been found to cause toxicity including hepatotoxicity. Synthetic drugs such as statins, antibiotics, and anti-viral are used for curing hepatic diseases also cause severe side effects. Thus, nutraceuticals from plant foods are used to reduce the side effects of different hepatotoxic medicine are continuously researched. This study reported for the first time that aqueous extract of the plant leaves was protective against the hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Alam Zeb
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Sanaullah Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Al-Jawad FH, Al-Attar Z, Abbood MS. The Protective Effect of Nitroglycerin, N-Acetyl Cysteine and Metoprolol in CCL4 Induced Animal Model of Acute Liver Injury. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:1739-1743. [PMID: 31316651 PMCID: PMC6614250 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The current study was designed to determine the hepatoprotective effect of well-known drugs. Nitroglycerin, N-acetyl cysteine and Metoprolol in acute liver injury induced by CCL4. The antioxidant effects of b-blockers, especially carvedilol, have been described by several investigators. However, for metoprolol, the effect is a bit query as there is only one in-vitro study showing a little hepatoprotective effect. Thus, it is worthy to re-study the hepatoprotective effect of metoprolol. AIM: To explore the possible hepatoprotective effect of Nitroglycerin, N-acetyl cysteine and Metoprolol Tartrate MATERIAL AND METHODS: The normal serum values of ALP, AST, ALT, TSB and TSP were determined in 35 healthy rabbits allocated to 5 groups before CCL4 induction and at three occasions 24, 72, 120 hrs after induction by CCL4 and treatment with the tested drugs: Nitroglycerin, N-acetyl cysteine and Metoprolol for five successive days. RESULTS: Showed significant decrease in serum levels of ALP, AST, ALT and TSB with a significant increase in TSP level of all the tested drugs measured at 120 hrs compared with the control and their levels measured at 24, 72 hrs. CONCLUSION: All the tested drugs proved in having a hepatoprotective effect when they are given orally to animals. The histopathological sections of the liver tissue supported the real effect of these drugs in the management of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk H Al-Jawad
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Al-Nahrain College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Zaid Al-Attar
- Department of Pharmacology, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Muayyad S Abbood
- The High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
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De Araújo RF, Pessoa JB, Cruz LJ, Chan AB, De Castro Miguel E, Cavalcante RS, Brito GAC, Silva HFO, Gasparotto LHS, Guedes PMM, Araújo AA. Apoptosis in human liver carcinoma caused by gold nanoparticles in combination with carvedilol is mediated via modulation of MAPK/Akt/mTOR pathway and EGFR/FAAD proteins. Int J Oncol 2017; 52:189-200. [PMID: 29115423 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancers, apoptosis signaling pathways and cell survival and growth pathways responsible for resistance to conventional treatments, such as Pi3K/Akt/mTOR and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) become dysregulated. Recently, alternative treatments to promote tumor cell death have become important. The present study reports on the antitumor and cytoprotective action of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and carvedilol in combination and in isolated application. Apoptosis was analyzed by FITC/propidium iodide staining flow cytometry; caspase-3, caspase-8, Bcl-2 and MAPK/ERK activity by immunofluorescence microscopy; gene expression of proteins related to cell death as Akt, mTOR, EGFR, MDR1, survivin, FADD and Apaf, by the real-time PCR; and western blot analysis for MAPK/ERK, Akt and mTOR. Oxidative stress evaluation was performed by reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Intracellular GNPs targets were identified by transmission electron microscopy. After exposure to a combination of GNPs (6.25 µg/ml) and carvedilol (3 µM), death as promoted by apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry, for expression of pro-apoptotic proteins FADD, caspase-3, caspase-8 and sub-regulation of anti-apoptotic MAPK/ERK, Akt, mTOR, EGFR and MDR1 resistance. Non-tumor cell cytoprotection with GSH elevation and MDA reduction levels was detected. GNPs were identified within the cell near to the nucleus when combined with carvedilol. The combination of GNP and carvedilol promoted downregulation of anti-apoptotic and drug resistance genes, over-regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins in tumor cells, as well as cytoprotection of non-tumor cells with reduction of apoptosis and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimundo F De Araújo
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Jonas B Pessoa
- Post Graduation Programme in Structural and Functional Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Luis J Cruz
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alan B Chan
- Percuros B.V., 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rômulo S Cavalcante
- Post Graduation Programme in Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Gerly Anne C Brito
- Department of Morphology/Postgraduate Program in Morphology/UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Heloiza Fernada O Silva
- Group of Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Luiz H S Gasparotto
- Group of Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Paulo M M Guedes
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology and Post Graduation Program in Parasitary Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Aurigena A Araújo
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Post Graduation Programme in Public Health, Post Graduation Programme in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, RN, Brazil
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Wang X, Wu Q, Liu A, Anadón A, Rodríguez JL, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Yuan Z, Martínez MA. Paracetamol: overdose-induced oxidative stress toxicity, metabolism, and protective effects of various compounds in vivo and in vitro. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:395-437. [PMID: 28766385 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1354014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol (APAP) is one of the most widely used and popular over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic drugs in the world when used at therapeutic doses. APAP overdose can cause severe liver injury, liver necrosis and kidney damage in human beings and animals. Many studies indicate that oxidative stress is involved in the various toxicities associated with APAP, and various antioxidants were evaluated to investigate their protective roles against APAP-induced liver and kidney toxicities. To date, almost no review has addressed the APAP toxicity in relation to oxidative stress. This review updates the research conducted over the past decades into the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and oxidative stress as a result of APAP treatments, and ultimately their correlation with the toxicity and metabolism of APAP. The metabolism of APAP involves various CYP450 enzymes, through which oxidative stress might occur, and such metabolic factors are reviewed within. The therapeutics of a variety of compounds against APAP-induced organ damage based on their anti-oxidative effects is also discussed, in order to further understand the role of oxidative stress in APAP-induced toxicity. This review will throw new light on the critical roles of oxidative stress in APAP-induced toxicity, as well as on the contradictions and blind spots that still exist in the understanding of APAP toxicity, the cellular effects in terms of organ injury and cell signaling pathways, and finally strategies to help remedy such against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,b National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- c College of Life Science , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , China.,d Faculty of Informatics and Management , Center for Basic and Applied Research, University of Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Aimei Liu
- b National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Arturo Anadón
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - José-Luis Rodríguez
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- b National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China.,e MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China.,f Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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Rofaeil RR, Kamel MY, Abdelzaher WY. Different effects of selective β1-adrenoceptor antagonists, nebivolol or atenolol in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity of rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 31:165-173. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Remon R. Rofaeil
- Faculty of Medicine; Minia University; Minia El Minia 61111 Egypt
| | - Maha Y. Kamel
- Faculty of Medicine; Minia University; Minia El Minia 61111 Egypt
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Ahmed YM, Messiha BAS, Abo-Saif AA. Granisetron and carvedilol can protect experimental rats againstadjuvant-induced arthritis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2017; 39:97-104. [PMID: 28211304 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2017.1286502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a disabling autoimmune disorder of the joints as well as other organs, affects about 1% of population. Unfortunately, all current treatments of RA cause severe gastrointestinal, renal and other complications. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the possible antiarthritic effects of a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor blocker, granisetron, and a nonselective adrenergic receptor blocker, carvedilol, on complete Freund's adjuvant-induced RA in adult female albino rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were allocated into a normal control group, an arthritis control group, two reference treatment groups receiving dexamethasone (1.5 mg/kg/day) and methotrexate (1 mg/kg/day), and two treatment groups receiving granisetron (2.5 mg/kg/day) and carvedilol (10 mg/kg/day). Serum-specific rheumatoid, immunological, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were assessed. A confirmatory histopathological study on joints and spleens was performed. RESULTS Granisetron administration significantly improved all the measured biomarkers, with the values of rheumatoid factor, matrix metalloproteinase-3, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, immunoglobulin G, antinuclear antibody and myeloperoxidase being restored back to normal levels. Carvedilol administration significantly improved all biomarkers, with serum MPO value restored back to normal levels. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor blockers and adrenergic receptor blockers, represented by granisetron and carvedilol, may represent new promising protective strategies against RA, at least owing to immune-modulator, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Moustafa Ahmed
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Nahda University , Beni-Suef , Egypt
| | | | - Ali Ahmed Abo-Saif
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Nahda University , Beni-Suef , Egypt
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Mahmoud HM, Abo-Yousse AM, Abo-Saif AA. Protective Effect of Carvedilol on Paracetamol-induced Hepatotoxicity; Role of Modulation Inflammation and Lipid Peroxidation. INT J PHARMACOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.33.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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