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Raja RV, Nair S, Katchabeswaran R, Venkatakarthikeyan C. Entomophthoromycosis Presenting as a Nasal Mass. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:1207-1209. [PMID: 36452852 PMCID: PMC9702399 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-020-02211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomophthoromycosis is a rare, invasive fungal infection common in tropics. Potential sources of infection could be contaminated soil, leaf litter, insects and water. High index of suspicion is needed as entomophthoromycosis mimics the common sinonasal disease in its nascent stage. Concurrent medical and surgical management is the most effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopak Visakan Raja
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Apollo Main Hospitals, Tamil Nadu, Room No 25B, Sindoori Block, Ground Floor, 21 Greams Lane, Off Greams Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai, 600006 India
| | - Swati Nair
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Apollo Main Hospitals, Tamil Nadu, Room No 25B, Sindoori Block, Ground Floor, 21 Greams Lane, Off Greams Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai, 600006 India
| | - Ramesh Katchabeswaran
- Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Apollo Main Hospitals, Tamil Nadu, Nungambakkam, Chennai, India
| | - C. Venkatakarthikeyan
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Apollo Main Hospitals, Tamil Nadu, Room No 25B, Sindoori Block, Ground Floor, 21 Greams Lane, Off Greams Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai, 600006 India
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Varghese L, Kurien R, Diana Sahni R, Manesh A, Mary Cherian L, Peter D, Dayanand D, Sarojini Michael J, Thomas M, Rupa V, Pulimood S, Varghese GM. Rhinofacial conidiobolomycosis: Clinical and microbiological characterisation and shift in the management of a rare disease. Mycoses 2021; 64:882-889. [PMID: 33915007 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conidiobolomycosis is a rare tropical rhinofacial fungal infection which has not been well characterised. The available evidence in its management is sparse due to lack of clinical studies and the limited data on antifungal susceptibility patterns. OBJECTIVE To analyse the clinical manifestations, antifungal treatment and outcomes of patients with conidiobolomycosis and to determine antifungal susceptibility profiles of the isolates. PATIENTS/METHODS Retrospective analysis of data of all patients with a diagnosis of conidiobolomycosis confirmed by histopathology and culture at a tertiary care hospital from 2012 to 2019 was done. RESULTS There were 22 patients, 21 males and one female, with a mean age of 37.1 years. Most common presenting symptom was nasal obstruction, found in 20 (90.90%) patients. Patients who presented within 12 months had a better cure rate (85%) compared to those who presented late (67%). Among the 19 patients who had a follow-up, good outcome was seen in 15 of the 17 (88.24%) patients who were on itraconazole or potassium iodide containing regimen. Of the six patients who received additional trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole), 67% showed good outcome with two patients showing complete cure and two patients still on treatment with significant improvement. High minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were noted for azoles and amphotericin B, whereas co-trimoxazole showed lowest MIC ranges. CONCLUSION Itraconazole and potassium iodide are reasonable first-line options for the treatment of conidiobolomycosis. Good clinical response to KI and comparatively lower MIC of co-trimoxazole are promising. Further studies are required for developing clinical breakpoints that can predict therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalee Varghese
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Regi Kurien
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Rani Diana Sahni
- Department of Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Abi Manesh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Lisa Mary Cherian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Dincy Peter
- Department of Dermatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Divya Dayanand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Meera Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - V Rupa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Susanne Pulimood
- Department of Dermatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - George M Varghese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Peyam S, Thirunavukkarasu B, Gupta K, Trehan A. Entomophthoramycosis: A diagnostically challenging presentation of liver space-occupying lesion. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2020; 8:2050313X20971405. [PMID: 33224500 PMCID: PMC7656861 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x20971405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomophthoramycosis, a rare fungal infection, can mimic various clinical entities. We present a case of entomophthoramycosis affecting a 3-year-old male masquerading as liver tumour, diagnosed on stereotactic biopsy and later on resected specimen. He improved following partial hepatectomy and antifungal therapy. A high index of suspicion and heightened awareness regarding its unique morphological characteristics are required for appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Peyam
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Kirti Gupta
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amita Trehan
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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Raghavan A, Balaka B, Venkatapathy N, Rammohan R. Conidiobolus, a hitherto unidentified pathogen in microbial keratitis. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020; 68:1461-1463. [PMID: 32587198 PMCID: PMC7574109 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1436_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are a significantly increasing cause of ocular and systemic morbidity; the vast majority of cases being ascribed to a handful of species. Fungal keratitis, unlike systemic infections, usually occur in immunocompetent individuals. Rarely, systemic infections can be associated with ocular involvement (e.g., Candida, Mucor, Pythium), or a fungus that predominantly causes systemic disease can affect the eye. One such fungus is Conidiobolus which is known to cause muco-cutaneous infections. We report the identification and successful treatment of a case of Conidiobolus corneal ulcer in an immunocompetent individual, who had no co-existing muco-cutaneous disease. Identification of this particular fungus and awareness of its potential to cause systemic disease is especially relevant, given its potential for chronic indolent infection of the subcutaneous tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a Conidiobolus corneal ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Raghavan
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Aravind Eye Hospital and Post-Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balakrishna Balaka
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Sri Venkateswara Aravind Eye Hospital, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Narendran Venkatapathy
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Post-Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ram Rammohan
- Division of Laboratory Services, Aravind Eye Hospital and Post-Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
The pathogenic entomophthoralean fungi cause infection in insects and mammalian hosts. Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus species can be found in soil and insect, reptile, and amphibian droppings in tropical and subtropical areas. The life cycles of these fungi occur in these environments where infecting sticky conidia are developed. The infection is acquired by insect bite or contact with contaminated environments through open skin. Conidiobolus coronatus typically causes chronic rhinofacial disease in immunocompetent hosts, whereas some Conidiobolus species can be found in immunocompromised patients. Basidiobolus ranarum infection is restricted to subcutaneous tissues but may be involved in intestinal and disseminated infections. Its early diagnosis remains challenging due to clinical similarities to other intestinal diseases. Infected tissues characteristically display eosinophilic granulomas with the Splendore-Höeppli phenomenon. However, in immunocompromised patients, the above-mentioned inflammatory reaction is absent. Laboratory diagnosis includes wet mount, culture serological assays, and molecular methodologies. The management of entomophthoralean fungi relies on traditional antifungal therapies, such as potassium iodide (KI), amphotericin B, itraconazole, and ketoconazole, and surgery. These species are intrinsically resistant to some antifungals, prompting physicians to experiment with combinations of therapies. Research is needed to investigate the immunology of entomophthoralean fungi in infected hosts. The absence of an animal model and lack of funding severely limit research on these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Vilela
- Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leonel Mendoza
- Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Abstract
Entomopthoromycosis is a rare subcutaneous fungal infection caused by onidiobolus coronatus affecting mainly the upper respiratory mucosa in immunocompetent people.The manifestations of this disease masquerades other clinical entities.Hence, high index of suspicion is required for prompt diagnosis.Histopathological examination and culture are the gold standard diagnostic tools, however no standard treatment protocols ha been mentioned in literature.We present a case of rhinofacial entomopthoromycosis in a yearold ma with a leftsided rhinofacial swelling to highlight the presence of this unusual fungal infection and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Menon
- Head and Neck surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
| | - Kailesh Pujary
- Head and Neck surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
| | - Ranjini Kudva
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
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John D, Irodi A, Michael JS. Concurrent Infections of Conidiobolus Coronatus with Disseminated Tuberculosis Presenting as Bilateral Orbital Cellulitis. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ND01-2. [PMID: 27190852 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/16790.7535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zygomycetes species contains two orders of organisms that infect humans, namely Mucorales and Entomophthorales. Entomophthorales cause chronic infection in immunocompetent patients, invading subcutaneous tissues but are non-angioinvasive. This includes Basidiobolus ranarum, Conidiobolus incongruus and Conidiobolus coronatus. We report a case of disseminated tuberculosis with Conidiobolus coronatus infection presenting as orbital cellulitis in an adolescent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa John
- Associate Surgeon, Department of Ophthalmology, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aparna Irodi
- Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Joy Sarojini Michael
- Professor, Department of Microbiology, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Orofacial infection by Conidiobolus coronatus. BIOMEDICA 2016; 36:15-22. [PMID: 27622620 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v36i2.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Entomophtoramycosis is a type of subcutaneous mycosis which includes both basidiobolomycosis and conidiobolomycosis; the latter is caused by Conidiobolus coronatus, a saprophytic fungus which lives in tropical soils. This mycosis characteristically affects the paranasal sinuses and oropharynx, with the potential to deform the face in patients without apparent immunodeficiency. It has a chronic course of infection with a tendency to form granulomas visible using histology. We present the case of a 28 year-old male agricultural worker, with a clinical profile of 6 months' evolution of rhinofacial tumefaction, nasal obstruction and post-nasal drip who was diagnosed with conidiobolomycosis by means of tissue culture after multiple biopsies of the facial area. The patient received antifungal treatment with amphotericin B and subsequently with itraconazol, resulting in a dramatic improvement without the need for surgical treatment; itraconazol was administered for one year and there was no evidence of relapse at the end of this period. Due to the low frequency of this disease there is no established treatment strategy; however, the use of azoles such as itraconazol with or without adjuvant surgical treatment is increasingly seen in case reports. The present report adds to the clinical experience in Colombia of this rare mycosis and also describes the long-term clinical and therapeutic response.
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Bhat RM, Monteiro RC, Bala N, Dandakeri S, Martis J, Kamath GH, Kambil SM, Asha Vadakayil R. Subcutaneous mycoses in coastal Karnataka in south India. Int J Dermatol 2015; 55:70-8. [PMID: 26267755 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subcutaneous mycoses are chronic, localized infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue which occur following traumatic implantation of the etiological agent. The causative organisms are soil saprophytes of regional epidemiology with varying ability to adapt to the tissue environment and elicit disease. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to evaluate the various types of subcutaneous mycoses, including actinomycotic mycetomas, in south coastal Karnataka, India. METHODS Between January 2005 and January 2013, a total of 25 patients were diagnosed with subcutaneous mycoses based on a detailed clinical history and presentation, histopathology, and culture of organisms. RESULTS Chromoblastomycosis was the infection most commonly seen (n = 16 patients, 64%), followed by mycetoma (n = 4, 16%), sporotrichosis (n = 4, 16%), and rhinoentomophthoromycosis (n = 1, 4%). The extremities were the most common site of involvement, with the lower limb being most affected (64%). Males were more commonly afflicted (64%) than females (36%). Most patients were agricultural workers, although preceding trauma was noted in only three patients. The majority of patients responded well to therapy and were disease-free on follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Subcutaneous mycoses are a rare group of disorders. Chromoblastomycosis is the most frequent subcutaneous fungal infection in south India. Morphologically, chromomoblastomycoses present as verrucous, ulcerative, nodular, or eczematous lesions. Clinical diagnosis is important as culture is often negative. The incidence of infection is higher among rubber tappers. It is important to clinically differentiate chromoblastomycosis from tuberculosis verrucosa cutis. Most of the subcutaneous mycoses respond well to treatment, with the exception of rhinoentomophthoromycosis, which is a rare form of deep mycosis with associated mutilation. Eumycetomas are not observed in this part of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh M Bhat
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rochelle C Monteiro
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Nandakishore Bala
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sukumar Dandakeri
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jacintha Martis
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesh H Kamath
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinath M Kambil
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramay Asha Vadakayil
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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El-Shabrawi MHF, Arnaout H, Madkour L, Kamal NM. Entomophthoromycosis: a challenging emerging disease. Mycoses 2014; 57 Suppl 3:132-7. [PMID: 25319641 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Entomophthoromycosis is a rare fungal infection that may affect immunocompetent hosts; predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions. Recently, the importance of this emerging mycosis has increased and the scope of its manifestations has been expanded. These manifestations; however, may masquerade as other clinical entities. Prompt diagnosis of this infection requires a high index of suspicion. Although histopathological examination and cultures are the gold standard diagnostic tools; molecular diagnosis is now available and started to play an important role. The cornerstone treatment is prolonged anti-fungal therapy along with surgical debridement. More awareness of this mycosis is warranted for definitive diagnosis and implementation of early proper therapeutic strategies.
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Miguita e Souza J, Sproesser Junior AJ, Felippu Neto A, Fuks FB, Oliveira CACD. Rhino facial zygomycosis: case report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 12:347-50. [PMID: 25167339 PMCID: PMC4872948 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082014rc2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zygomycosis is an invasive disease that affects both immunocompetent and immunocompromised, depending on the type of strain. This disease diagnosis is clinical and histopathological, and its treatment is based on antifungal therapy and surgical cleaning. This paper reports a case of a boy with invasive zygomycosis rinofacial who final treatment was successful after underwent antifungal and surgical therapies.
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12
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Unusual Facial Mutilation Due to Rhinoentomophthoromycosis. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0b013e318245d3a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chowdhary A, Randhawa HS, Khan ZU, Ahmad S, Khanna G, Gupta R, Chakravarti A, Roy P. Rhinoentomophthoromycosis due to Conidiobolus coronatus. A case report and an overview of the disease in India. Med Mycol 2010; 48:870-9. [PMID: 20482451 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.486010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinoentomophthoromycosis due to Conidiobolus coronatus is a rare, chronic, granulomatous disease, occurring mainly in tropical Africa, South and Central America and south-east Asia, including India. We report a case of rhinoentomophthoromycosis in a 30-year-old male farmer, a resident of Gorakhpur city in Uttar Pradesh, which was diagnosed by histopathology and isolation C. coronatus in culture. The patient presented with a swollen nose with obstruction that had progressed slowly over one year. His nasal swelling was bilateral, diffuse, mildly tender, erythematous, non-pitting, with mucosal crusting and hypertrophy of inferior turbinates but no regional lympha-denopathy. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) scan revealed bilateral pan-sinusitis with nasoethmoid polyposis. Culture of tissue from the nasal biopsy on Sabouraud glucose agar yielded multiple colonies of a mold with satellite smaller colonies at periphery. The isolate demonstrated the macroscopic and microscopic morphologic characteristics of C. coronatus. Its identity was further confirmed by direct DNA sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and D1/D2 regions of rDNA. Haemotoxylin and eosin stained tissue sections of the skin biopsy revealed irregular epidermal acanthosis, marked inflammatory and granulomatous reaction with sparse, non-septate hyphae. The patient was treated successfully with a combination therapy of oral saturated potassium iodide solution, itraconazole, and intravenous infusion of amphotericin B. An overview of rhinoentomophthoromycosis cases reported to-date in India is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Chowdhary
- Department of Medical Mycology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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de Paula DAJ, de Oliveira Filho JX, da Silva MC, Colodel EM, Broetto L, Pinto PM, Schrank A, Nakazato L, Dutra V. Molecular Characterization of Ovine Zygomycosis in Central Western Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:274-7. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zygomycosis is an important granulomatous disease that affects humans and animals, particularly sheep in tropical regions. Rhinofacial and nasopharyngeal zygomycosis were described in sheep in association with Conidiobolus spp. The present study characterized 5 samples of Conidiobolus isolated from 3 herds with clinical disease in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The clinical and pathological findings were similar to nasopharyngeal zygomycosis. Based on morphological features, isolates were classified as Conidiobolus spp., and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 18S ribosomal DNA grouped all isolates in a Conidiobolus lamprauges cluster. The current report describes the molecular characterization of ovine nasopharyngeal zygomycosis associated with C. lamprauges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphine Ariadne Jesus de Paula
- Postgraduate Course in Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil, and the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - João Xavier de Oliveira Filho
- Postgraduate Course in Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil, and the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina da Silva
- Postgraduate Course in Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil, and the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Edson Moleta Colodel
- Postgraduate Course in Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil, and the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Broetto
- Postgraduate Course in Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil, and the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcos Pinto
- Postgraduate Course in Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil, and the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schrank
- Postgraduate Course in Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil, and the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciano Nakazato
- Postgraduate Course in Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil, and the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Valéria Dutra
- Postgraduate Course in Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil, and the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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