Hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic activity of Triphalādi granules in mice

Metformin Hydrochloride Loaded Mucoadhesive Microspheres and Nanoparticles for Anti-Hyperglycemic and Anticancer Effects Using Factorial Experimental Design

Background

Metformin hydrochloride (HCl) microspheres and nanoparticles were formulated to enhance bioavailability and minimize side effects through sustained action and optimized drug-release characteristics. Initially, the same formulation design with different ratios of metformin HCl and Eudragit RSPO was used to formulate four batches of microspheres and nanoparticles using solvent evaporation and nanoprecipitation methods, respectively.

Methods

The produced formulations were evaluated based on particle size and shape (particle size distribution (PSD), scanning electron microscope (SEM)), incompatibility (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR)), drug release pattern, permeation behavior, in vivo hypoglycemic effects, and in vitro anticancer potential.

Results

Compatibility studies concluded that there was minimal interaction between metformin HCl and the polymer, whereas SEM images revealed smoother, more spherical nanoparticles than microspheres. Drug release from the formulations was primarily controlled by the non-Fickian diffusion process, except for A1 and A4 by Fickian, and B3 by Super case II. Korsmeyer-Peppas was the best-fit model for the maximum formulations. The best formulations of microspheres and nanoparticles, based on greater drug release, drug entrapment, and compatibility characteristics, were attributed to the study of drug permeation by non-everted intestinal sacs, in vivo anti-hyperglycemic activity, and in vitro anticancer activity.

Conclusion

This study suggests that the proposed metformin HCl formulation can dramatically reduce hyperglycemic conditions and may also have anticancer potential.

Antihyperglycemic activity of verbenone and L-arginine in nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice: in vitro and in vivo studies

Background

Natural products are utilized globally for the management of diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Carrot seeds are ethnobotanically used in the management of diabetes mellitus. This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo antihyperglycemic activities of verbenone and L-arginine, which are compounds found in carrot seed.

Results

Verbenone, L-arginine, and their ratios combination expressed significantly in vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 of 13.00, 12.69, and 13.30 µg/mL respectively compared with acarbose (IC50 = 12.64 µg/mL) and significant in vitro α-glucosidases inhibitory activity with IC50 of 29.01, 23.76 and 30.11 µg/mL respectively compared with acarbose (IC50 = 16.80 µg/mL). Furthermore, the compounds improved glucose uptake in yeast cells and inhibited haemoglobin glycation in vitro. In the in vivo study, the compounds significantly reduced the levels of blood glucose, the levels of liver total cholesterol, and liver triacylglycerol, the calculated cardiovascular indices, whereas the level of plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was significantly elevated in all diabetic treated mice.

Conclusion

The data revealed the in vitro antidiabetic activity of verbenone and L-arginine. Also, the compounds ameliorated hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and other diabetic-induced biochemical alterations in NAD-STZ-induced diabetic mice model.

Antihyperglycemic effect and phytochemical investigation of Rubia cordifolia (Indian Madder) leaves extract

Medicinal plants are used as an important source of medicines in pharmaceutical industry. Rubia cordifolia is widely used to cure diabetes mellitus. Present study was aimed to investigate the antihyperglycemic effects of different fractions of R. cordifolia leaves and to analyze its antioxidant effect and phytochemical composition. Male albino mice were randomly distributed into seven groups (n = 7). Group-I was normal control, group-II was Alloxan (100 mg/kg)-induced diabetic control, and group-III was standard drug (Glibenclamide 0.5 mg/kg)-treated group. Animals in groups IV–VII were treated with n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, n-butanol fraction and aqueous fraction of R. cordifolia, orally administered (100 mg/kg) once daily up to 28 days after Alloxan induction, respectively. Methanolic extract (ME) and fractions of R. cordifilia were analyzed for antioxidant activity and quantification of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. HPLC of ME and most active fractions were performed. The results showed that RCEF (G-V) and RCBF (G-VI) have significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the increased level of glucose as compared to toxicant control group. It was further revealed that EF and BF have higher antioxidant activity (having IC50 34.9, 36.86 (µg/mL)) owing to phenolic and flavonoid identified by HPLC.