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Taherian M, Bayati P, Mojtabavi N. Stem cell-based therapy for fibrotic diseases: mechanisms and pathways. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:170. [PMID: 38886859 PMCID: PMC11184790 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological process, that could result in permanent scarring and impairment of the physiological function of the affected organ; this condition which is categorized under the term organ failure could affect various organs in different situations. The involvement of the major organs, such as the lungs, liver, kidney, heart, and skin, is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality across the world. Fibrotic disorders encompass a broad range of complications and could be traced to various illnesses and impairments; these could range from simple skin scars with beauty issues to severe rheumatologic or inflammatory disorders such as systemic sclerosis as well as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Besides, the overactivation of immune responses during any inflammatory condition causing tissue damage could contribute to the pathogenic fibrotic events accompanying the healing response; for instance, the inflammation resulting from tissue engraftment could cause the formation of fibrotic scars in the grafted tissue, even in cases where the immune system deals with hard to clear infections, fibrotic scars could follow and cause severe adverse effects. A good example of such a complication is post-Covid19 lung fibrosis which could impair the life of the affected individuals with extensive lung involvement. However, effective therapies that halt or slow down the progression of fibrosis are missing in the current clinical settings. Considering the immunomodulatory and regenerative potential of distinct stem cell types, their application as an anti-fibrotic agent, capable of attenuating tissue fibrosis has been investigated by many researchers. Although the majority of the studies addressing the anti-fibrotic effects of stem cells indicated their potent capabilities, the underlying mechanisms, and pathways by which these cells could impact fibrotic processes remain poorly understood. Here, we first, review the properties of various stem cell types utilized so far as anti-fibrotic treatments and discuss the challenges and limitations associated with their applications in clinical settings; then, we will summarize the general and organ-specific mechanisms and pathways contributing to tissue fibrosis; finally, we will describe the mechanisms and pathways considered to be employed by distinct stem cell types for exerting anti-fibrotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Taherian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paria Bayati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Mojtabavi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Rajput S, Malviya R, Uniyal P. Advances in the Treatment of Kidney Disorders using Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:825-840. [PMID: 38482624 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128296105240305110312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Renal disease is a medical condition that poses a potential threat to the life of an individual and is related to substantial morbidity and mortality rates in clinical environments. The aetiology of this condition is influenced by multiple factors, and its incidence tends to increase with progressive aging. Although supportive therapy and kidney transplantation have potential advantages, they also have limitations in terms of mitigating the progression of KD. Despite significant advancements in the domain of supportive therapy, mortality rates in patients continue to increase. Due to their ability to self-renew and multidirectionally differentiate, stem cell therapy has been shown to have tremendous potential in the repair of the diseased kidney. MSCs (Mesenchymal stem cells) are a cell population that is extensively distributed and can be located in various niches throughout an individual's lifespan. The cells in question are characterised by their potential for indefinite replication and their aptitude for undergoing differentiation into fully developed cells of mesodermal origin under laboratory conditions. It is essential to emphasize that MSCs have demonstrated a favorable safety profile and efficacy as a therapeutic intervention for renal diseases in both preclinical as well as clinical investigations. MSCs have been found to slow the advancement of kidney disease, and this impact is thought to be due to their control over a number of physiological processes, including immunological response, tubular epithelial- mesenchymal transition, oxidative stress, renal tubular cell death, and angiogenesis. In addition, MSCs demonstrate recognised effectiveness in managing both acute and chronic kidney diseases via paracrine pathways. The proposal to utilise a therapy that is based on stem-cells as an effective treatment has been put forward in search of discovering novel therapies to promote renal regeneration. Preclinical researchers have demonstrated that various types of stem cells can provide advantages in acute and chronic kidney disease. Moreover, preliminary results from clinical trials have suggested that these interventions are both safe and well-tolerated. This manuscript provides a brief overview of the potential renoprotective effects of stem cell-based treatments in acute as well as chronic renal dysfunction. Furthermore, the mechanisms that govern the process of kidney regeneration induced by stem cells are investigated. This article will examine the therapeutic approaches that make use of stem cells for the treatment of kidney disorders. The analysis will cover various cellular sources that have been utilised, potential mechanisms involved, and the outcomes that have been achieved so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prerna Uniyal
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
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Syed Mohamed SMD, Welsh GI, Roy I. Renal tissue engineering for regenerative medicine using polymers and hydrogels. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:5706-5726. [PMID: 37401545 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a growing worldwide problem, leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Current treatments for ESRD include haemodialysis and kidney transplantation, but both are deemed inadequate since haemodialysis does not address all other kidney functions, and there is a shortage of suitable donor organs for transplantation. Research in kidney tissue engineering has been initiated to take a regenerative medicine approach as a potential treatment alternative, either to develop effective cell therapy for reconstruction or engineer a functioning bioartificial kidney. Currently, renal tissue engineering encompasses various materials, mainly polymers and hydrogels, which have been chosen to recreate the sophisticated kidney architecture. It is essential to address the chemical and mechanical aspects of the materials to ensure they can support cell development to restore functionality and feasibility. This paper reviews the types of polymers and hydrogels that have been used in kidney tissue engineering applications, both natural and synthetic, focusing on the processing and formulation used in creating bioactive substrates and how these biomaterials affect the cell biology of the kidney cells used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gavin I Welsh
- Renal Bristol, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S37HQ, UK.
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Mirmoghtadaei M, Khaboushan AS, Mohammadi B, Sadr M, Farmand H, Hassannejad Z, Kajbafzadeh AM. Kidney tissue engineering in preclinical models of renal failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Regen Med 2022; 17:941-955. [PMID: 36154467 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2022-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aims to compare the efficacy of tissue engineering for kidney reconstruction. Materials & methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE (May 2021), and reference lists of review articles. Results: 19 articles matched our inclusion criteria. A range of natural, synthetic and hybrid scaffolds with or without incorporating cells/growth factors was investigated in 937 animals. More favorable results were observed with a combination of two or more biomaterials, addition of bioactive moieties, and cell seeding. Creatinine concentration, PAX2, collagen type-1, α-SMA, vimentin, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α gene expressions were significantly increased compared with native control. Conclusion: Tissue engineering can improve renal function and regeneration; however, further research could benefit from using hybrid scaffolds, stem cells and large animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Mirmoghtadaei
- Pediatric Urology & Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Soltani Khaboushan
- Pediatric Urology & Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matin Sadr
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Farmand
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hassannejad
- Pediatric Urology & Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdol-Mohammad Kajbafzadeh
- Pediatric Urology & Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Al Mushafi A, Ooi JD, Odobasic D. Crescentic Glomerulonephritis: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Potential of Human Amniotic Stem Cells. Front Physiol 2021; 12:724186. [PMID: 34721059 PMCID: PMC8554237 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.724186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Glomerulonephritis (GN) is the second leading cause of CKD resulting in end stage renal failure. The most severe and rapidly progressive type of GN is characterized by glomerular crescent formation. The current therapies for crescentic GN, which consist of broad immunosuppressive drugs, are partially effective, non-specific, toxic and cause many serious side effects including infections, cancer, and cardiovascular problems. Therefore, new and safer therapies are needed. Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) are a type of stem cell which are isolated from the placenta after birth. They represent an attractive and novel therapeutic option for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions owing to their unique and selective immunosuppressive ability, as well as their excellent safety profile and clinical applicability. In this review, we will discuss the immunopathogenesis of crescentic GN, issues with currently available treatments and how hAECs offer potential to become a new and harmless treatment option for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al Mushafi
- Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Joshua D Ooi
- Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Dragana Odobasic
- Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Wiśniewska J, Sadowska A, Wójtowicz A, Słyszewska M, Szóstek-Mioduchowska A. Perspective on Stem Cell Therapy in Organ Fibrosis: Animal Models and Human Studies. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101068. [PMID: 34685439 PMCID: PMC8538998 DOI: 10.3390/life11101068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components that result from the disruption of regulatory processes responsible for ECM synthesis, deposition, and remodeling. Fibrosis develops in response to a trigger or injury and can occur in nearly all organs of the body. Thus, fibrosis leads to severe pathological conditions that disrupt organ architecture and cause loss of function. It has been estimated that severe fibrotic disorders are responsible for up to one-third of deaths worldwide. Although intensive research on the development of new strategies for fibrosis treatment has been carried out, therapeutic approaches remain limited. Since stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), show remarkable self-renewal, differentiation, and immunomodulatory capacity, they have been intensively tested in preclinical studies and clinical trials as a potential tool to slow down the progression of fibrosis and improve the quality of life of patients with fibrotic disorders. In this review, we summarize in vitro studies, preclinical studies performed on animal models of human fibrotic diseases, and recent clinical trials on the efficacy of allogeneic and autologous stem cell applications in severe types of fibrosis that develop in lungs, liver, heart, kidney, uterus, and skin. Although the results of the studies seem to be encouraging, there are many aspects of cell-based therapy, including the cell source, dose, administration route and frequency, timing of delivery, and long-term safety, that remain open areas for future investigation. We also discuss the contemporary status, challenges, and future perspectives of stem cell transplantation for therapeutic options in fibrotic diseases as well as we present recent patents for stem cell-based therapies in organ fibrosis.
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Yang Y, Geng X, Chi K, Liu C, Liu R, Chen X, Hong Q, Cai G. Ultrasound enhances the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells wrapped in greater omentum for aristolochic acid nephropathy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:261. [PMID: 33941258 PMCID: PMC8091698 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported to promote regeneration in both subjects with acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), but their efficacy remains limited, probably because most of the cells accumulate in the lungs, liver, and spleen after an intravenous infusion. Therefore, ultrasound-guided administration of MSCs represents a possible approach to solve this problem. The greater omentum is used to promote cell survival due to its rich vasculature. We hypothesized that ultrasound-guided administration of MSCs combined with greater omentum might be more curative than currently available approaches. Methods In this study, we established an aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) model by intraperitoneally administering aristolochic acid I sodium salt (AA-I) at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight on alternate days for 4 weeks. Subsequently, a laparotomy was performed, and the left kidney from which the capsule had been removed was wrapped with the greater omentum. A dose of 2 × 107 MSCs was injected into the space between the greater omentum and the left kidney. Equal amounts of MSCs were administered under ultrasound guidance every second week for a total of 4 treatments. Mice were sacrificed 4 weeks after surgery. Serum creatinine and blood urea levels were measured to assess renal function. qPCR, Western blot, and histological analyses were conducted to further investigate the therapeutic mechanism of MSCs. Results Ultrasound-guided injection of MSCs into the greater omentum that surrounds the kidney enriched cells in the kidney region for up to 5 days. Renal function tests indicated that MSCs improved renal function to a great extent, as reflected by decreased blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels. In addition, histological analyses showed that MSCs noticeably attenuated kidney injury, as evidenced by the amelioration of tubular necrosis and peritubular interstitial fibrosis. Mitigation of renal interstitial fibrosis was further confirmed by immunohistochemistry, qPCR, and western blotting after MSC treatment. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining revealed that MSCs alleviated inflammatory responses by increasing the counts of CD206+ cells and decreasing the counts of CD68+ cells. MSC migration was initiated in response to AA-I-treated renal epithelial cells in an in vitro migration assay. Conclusions These findings suggested that administration of MSCs into the cavity formed by the injured kidney and the greater omentum under ultrasound guidance improved renal function, attenuated kidney injury, and mitigated renal interstitial fibrosis and inflammatory responses. Thus, this approach might be a safe and effective therapy for CKD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02243-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiaodong Geng
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Kun Chi
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Quan Hong
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Guangyan Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Liu D, Cheng F, Pan S, Liu Z. Stem cells: a potential treatment option for kidney diseases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:249. [PMID: 32586408 PMCID: PMC7318741 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of kidney diseases is emerging as a public health problem. Stem cells (SCs), currently considered as a promising tool for therapeutic application, have aroused considerable interest and expectations. With self-renewal capabilities and great potential for proliferation and differentiation, stem cell therapy opens new avenues for the development of renal function and structural repair in kidney diseases. Mounting evidence suggests that stem cells exert a therapeutic effect mainly by replacing damaged tissues and paracrine pathways. The benefits of various types of SCs in acute kidney disease and chronic kidney disease have been demonstrated in preclinical studies, and preliminary results of clinical trials present its safety and tolerability. This review will focus on the stem cell-based therapy approaches for the treatment of kidney diseases, including various cell sources used, possible mechanisms involved, and outcomes that are generated so far, along with prospects and challenges in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaokang Pan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
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Ahmadi A, Rad NK, Ezzatizadeh V, Moghadasali R. Kidney Regeneration: Stem Cells as a New Trend. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:263-283. [DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666191218094513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Renal disease is a major worldwide public health problem that affects one in ten people.
Renal failure is caused by the irreversible loss of the structural and functional units of kidney (nephrons)
due to acute and chronic injuries. In humans, new nephrons (nephrogenesis) are generated until
the 36th week of gestation and no new nephron develops after birth. However, in rodents, nephrogenesis
persists until the immediate postnatal period. The postnatal mammalian kidney can partly repair
their nephrons. The kidney uses intrarenal and extra-renal cell sources for maintenance and repair.
Currently, it is believed that dedifferentiation of surviving tubular epithelial cells and presence of resident
stem cells have important roles in kidney repair. Many studies have shown that stem cells obtained
from extra-renal sites such as the bone marrow, adipose and skeletal muscle tissues, in addition
to umbilical cord and amniotic fluid, have potential therapeutic benefits. This review discusses the
main mechanisms of renal regeneration by stem cells after a kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ahmadi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar K. Rad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Ezzatizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Moghadasali
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Eggermont LJ, Rogers ZJ, Colombani T, Memic A, Bencherif SA. Injectable Cryogels for Biomedical Applications. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:418-431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells Loaded with Gelatin Microcryogels Attenuate Renal Fibrosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6749326. [PMID: 31781634 PMCID: PMC6875199 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6749326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background The treatment of chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) by different approaches using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has made great strides. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential mechanism of gelatin microcryogels (GMs) as a cell therapeutic vector to block the progression of CKD. Methods In vivo, the pedicled omentum valve with MSC-loaded GMs was packed onto 5/6 nephrectomized kidneys derived from rats. The therapeutic effects were evaluated. In vitro, TNF-α, TGF-β, and MSCs were added to the medium of the HK-2 cell culture system, and key genes involved in anti-inflammatory and antifibrosis effects were evaluated by qPCR. Results After 12 weeks of MSC transplantation, kidney functions, such as serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, and 24-hour urine protein, were significantly improved. The pedicled omentum valve was packed with MSC-loaded GMs onto the 5/6 nephrectomized kidney, and the expressions of collagen IV, α-SMA, and TGF-β were all evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis. MSC-loaded-GMs also showed antifibrotic effects by inducing the upregulation of HO-1, BMP-7, and HGF and the downregulation of MCP-1 at the mRNA level. Four weeks after MSC-loaded GM treatment, we found that the mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were clearly reduced. MSC-conditional medium (MSC-CM) showed that the TNF-α-induced expression of IL-8 and IL-6 mRNA was reversed; E-cadherin mRNA was upregulated; and the TGF-β-induced expression of collagen IV, α-SMA, and fibronectin (FN) mRNA in HK-2 cells was reduced. Conclusions We demonstrated that the pedicled omentum valve packed with MSC-loaded GMs had a renal protective effect on the 5/6 nephrectomized kidney by observing the anti-inflammatory and antifibrosis effects.
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Rota C, Morigi M, Imberti B. Stem Cell Therapies in Kidney Diseases: Progress and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112790. [PMID: 31181604 PMCID: PMC6600599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of renal diseases is emerging as a public health problem. Despite major progress in supportive therapy, mortality rates among patients remain high. In an attempt to find innovative treatments to stimulate kidney regeneration, stem cell-based technology has been proposed as a potentially promising strategy. Here, we summarise the renoprotective potential of pluripotent and adult stem cell therapy in experimental models of acute and chronic kidney injury and we explore the different mechanisms at the basis of stem cell-induced kidney regeneration. Specifically, cell engraftment, incorporation into renal structures, or paracrine activities of embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells as well as mesenchymal stem cells and renal precursors are analysed. We also discuss the relevance of stem cell secretome-derived bioproducts, including soluble factors and extracellular vesicles, and the option of using them as cell-free therapy to induce reparative processes. The translation of the experimental results into clinical trials is also addressed, highlighting the safety and feasibility of stem cell treatments in patients with kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Rota
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Via Stezzano 87, 24126 Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Marina Morigi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Via Stezzano 87, 24126 Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Barbara Imberti
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Via Stezzano 87, 24126 Bergamo, Italy.
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Marcheque J, Bussolati B, Csete M, Perin L. Concise Reviews: Stem Cells and Kidney Regeneration: An Update. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 8:82-92. [PMID: 30302937 PMCID: PMC6312445 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made to advance stem cell products as potential therapies for kidney diseases: various kinds of stem cells can restore renal function in preclinical models of acute and chronic kidney injury. Nonetheless this literature contains contradictory results, and for this reason, we focus this review on reasons for apparent discrepancies in the literature, because they contribute to difficulty in translating renal regenerative therapies. Differences in methodologies used to derive and culture stem cells, even those from the same source, in addition to the lack of standardized renal disease animal models (both acute and chronic), are important considerations underlying contradictory results in the literature. We propose that harmonized rigorous protocols for characterization, handling, and delivery of stem cells in vivo could significantly advance the field, and present details of some suggested approaches to foster translation in the field of renal regeneration. Our goal is to encourage coordination of methodologies (standardization) and long‐lasting collaborations to improve protocols and models to lead to reproducible, interpretable, high‐quality preclinical data. This approach will certainly increase our chance to 1 day offer stem cell therapeutic options for patients with all‐too‐common renal diseases. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2019;8:82–92
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Marcheque
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Urology, Saban Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Marie Csete
- Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Anesthesiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Laura Perin
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Urology, Saban Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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