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Porubsky S, Nientiedt M, Kriegmair MC, Siemoneit JHH, Sandhoff R, Jennemann R, Borgmann H, Gaiser T, Weis CA, Erben P, Hielscher T, Popovic ZV. The prognostic value of galactosylceramide-sulfotransferase (Gal3ST1) in human renal cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10926. [PMID: 34035403 PMCID: PMC8149814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the deadliest primary genitourinary malignancy typically associated with asymptomatic initial presentation and poorly predictable survival. Next to established risk factors, tumor microenvironment may alter metastatic capacity and immune landscape. Due to their high concentrations, sulfoglycolipids (sulfatides) were among the first well-described antigens in RCC that are associated with worse prognosis. As sulfatide detection in routine diagnostics is not possible, we aimed to test the prognostic value of its protein counterpart, sulfatide-producing enzyme Gal3ST1. We performed retrospective long-term follow up analysis of Gal3ST1 expression as prognostic risk factor in a representative RCC patient cohort. We observed differentially regulated Gal3ST1 expression in all RCC types, being significantly more associated with clear cell RCC than to chromophobe RCC (p = 0.001). Surprisingly, in contrast to published observations from in vitro models, we could not confirm an association between Gal3ST1 expression and a malignant clinical behaviour of the RCC. In our cohort, Gal3ST1 did not significantly influence progression-free survival (Hazard Ratio (HR): 1.7 95% CI (0.6–4.9), p = 0.327). Particularly after adjusting for histology, T-stage, N-status and M-status at baseline, we observed no independent prognostic effect (HR = 1.0 95% CI (0.3–3.3), p = 0.96). The analysis of Gal3ST1 mRNA expression in a TCGA dataset supported the results of our cohort. Thus, Gal3ST1 might help to differentiate between chromophobe RCC and other frequent RCC entities but—despite previously published data from cell culture models—does not qualify as a prognostic marker for RCC. Further investigation of regulatory mechanisms of sulfatide metabolism in human RCC microenvironment is necessary to understand the role of this quantitatively prominent glycosphingolipid in RCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Porubsky
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Malin Nientiedt
- Department of Urology and Urosurgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maximilian C Kriegmair
- Department of Urology and Urosurgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jörn-Helge Heinrich Siemoneit
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roger Sandhoff
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Jennemann
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Borgmann
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Timo Gaiser
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cleo-Aron Weis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philipp Erben
- Department of Urology and Urosurgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zoran V Popovic
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
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Rathore R, McCallum JE, Varghese E, Florea AM, Büsselberg D. Overcoming chemotherapy drug resistance by targeting inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). Apoptosis 2018; 22:898-919. [PMID: 28424988 PMCID: PMC5486846 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) are a family of proteins that play a significant role in the control of programmed cell death (PCD). PCD is essential to maintain healthy cell turnover within tissue but also to fight disease or infection. Uninhibited, IAPs can suppress apoptosis and promote cell cycle progression. Therefore, it is unsurprising that cancer cells demonstrate significantly elevated expression levels of IAPs, resulting in improved cell survival, enhanced tumor growth and subsequent metastasis. Therapies to target IAPs in cancer has garnered substantial scientific interest and as resistance to anti-cancer agents becomes more prevalent, targeting IAPs has become an increasingly attractive strategy to re-sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapies, antibody based-therapies and TRAIL therapy. Antagonism strategies to modulate the actions of XIAP, cIAP1/2 and survivin are the central focus of current research and this review highlights advances within this field with particular emphasis upon the development and specificity of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC) mimetics (synthetic analogs of endogenously expressed inhibitors of IAPs SMAC/DIABLO). While we highlight the potential of SMAC mimetics as effective single agent or combinatory therapies to treat cancer we also discuss the likely clinical implications of resistance to SMAC mimetic therapy, occasionally observed in cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rathore
- College of Literature, Sciences and the Arts, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Ana-Maria Florea
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Filiz G, Adim S, Aytac B, Akar E, Vuruskan H. Significance of nm23 Immunoexpression in the Prognosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Int Med Res 2010; 38:620-4. [DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-metastatic gene 23 (nm23) is a metastasis suppressor gene that is expressed in all tissues and decreased nm23 expression may be linked to poor prognosis. By immunohistochemical staining of nm23 protein antibodies this study examined the prognostic value of nm23 protein expression in 54 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients and analysed its relationship with tumour, node, metastases (TNM) surgical stage, Fuhrman nuclear grade, lymph node involvement and survival. Of the 54 RCC cases studied, 11 (20.4%) showed positive lymph node involvement while 43 (79.6%) were lymph node negative. There was no difference in nm23 protein expression between cases with and without lymph node involvement. In addition, nm23 protein expression was not related to TNM stage, Fuhrman nuclear grade or survival. More extensive studies are required to understand the effect of nm23 protein expression on the biological behaviour of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Filiz
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Uludag University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey
| | - S Adim
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Uludag University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey
| | - B Aytac
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Uludag University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey
| | - E Akar
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Uludag University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey
| | - H Vuruskan
- Department of Urology, Uludag University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey
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