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Bhuyan R, Bhuyan SK, Mohanty JN, Das S, Juliana N, Abu IF. Periodontitis and Its Inflammatory Changes Linked to Various Systemic Diseases: A Review of Its Underlying Mechanisms. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102659. [PMID: 36289921 PMCID: PMC9599402 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gums. The incidence of periodontitis is increasing all over the world. In patients with periodontitis, there is gradual destruction of the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone, and later, in advanced stages, there is tooth loss. Different microorganisms, the host’s immune response, and various environmental factors interact in the progression of this chronic inflammatory disease. In the present review, we discuss the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and complications of periodontitis. We also discuss the association of chronic inflammation found in periodontitis with various other systemic diseases, which include cardiovascular, respiratory, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, cancer, adverse pregnancy, and multiple myeloma, and also highlight microbial carcinogenesis and the microRNAs involved. The latest updates on the molecular mechanism, possible biomarkers, and treatment procedures may be beneficial for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Bhuyan
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University (Deemed to be), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
- Department of Medical Research, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University (Deemed to be), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Sanat Kumar Bhuyan
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University (Deemed to be), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Jatindra Nath Mohanty
- Department of Medical Research, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University (Deemed to be), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Srijit Das
- School of Applied Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Jatni, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
- Correspondence:
| | - Norsham Juliana
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Izuddin Fahmy Abu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
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Kesharani P, Kansara P, Kansara T, Kini A, Bhat R, Shetty P, Penugonda B. Is Periodontitis a Risk Factor for Lung Cancer? A Meta-Analysis and Detailed Review of Mechanisms of Association. Contemp Clin Dent 2022; 13:297-306. [PMID: 36686995 PMCID: PMC9855255 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_117_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies have explored the correlation of periodontal disease (PD) with the risk of lung cancers, but the findings were inconsistent. Therefore, we did a meta-analysis to ascertain the correlation of PD with the risk of incident lung cancer. Methods The authors searched relevant studies in databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and MEDLINE) till November 2020. We registered the study at the International database of Prospectively Registered Systemic Reviews under the CRD42020198119. The summary relative risk (RR) along with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using fixed-effects models. Results Twelve studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. The pooled analysis revealed that PD was significantly associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (RR 1.71; 95%CI 1.61-1.81; P < 0.01). Subgroup analysis was performed based on gender distribution, geographic location, and type of studies. Conclusion From this current evidence, PD is a potential risk factor for the development of lung cancer. The risk for incidence of lung cancer is surged twice in the patients with PD, even though age and smoking are controlled in the studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Kesharani
- College of Dental Sciences & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | | | - Arjun Kini
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - Raksha Bhat
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences(ABSMIDS), Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Preethesh Shetty
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences(ABSMIDS), Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
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Jones MM, Vanyo ST, Visser MB. The C-terminal region of the major outer sheath protein of Treponema denticola inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2017; 32:375-389. [PMID: 28296262 PMCID: PMC5585023 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola is an oral spirochete strongly associated with severe periodontal disease. A prominent virulence factor, the major outer sheath protein (Msp), disorients neutrophil chemotaxis by altering the cellular phosphoinositide balance, leading to impairment of downstream chemotactic events including actin rearrangement, Rac1 activation, and Akt activation in response to chemoattractant stimulation. The specific regions of Msp responsible for interactions with neutrophils remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of truncated Msp regions on neutrophil chemotaxis and associated signaling pathways. Murine neutrophils were treated with recombinant protein truncations followed by assessment of chemotaxis and associated signal pathway activation. Chemotaxis assays indicate sequences within the C-terminal region; particularly the first 130 amino acids, have the strongest inhibitory effect on neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophils incubated with the C-terminal region protein also demonstrated the greatest inhibition of Rac1 activation, increased phosphoinositide phosphatase activity, and decreased Akt activation; orchestrating impairment of chemotaxis. Furthermore, incubation with antibodies specific to only the C-terminal region blocked the Msp-induced inhibition of chemotaxis and denaturing the protein restored Rac1 activation. Msp from the strain OTK, with numerous amino acid substitutions throughout the polypeptide, including the C-terminal region compared with strain 35405, showed increased ability to impair neutrophil chemotaxis. Collectively, these results indicate that the C-terminal region of Msp is the most potent region to modulate neutrophil chemotactic signaling and that specific sequences and structures are likely to be required. Knowledge of how spirochetes dampen the neutrophil response is limited and Msp may represent a novel therapeutic target for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Jones
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main St, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Stephen T. Vanyo
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main St, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Michelle B. Visser
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main St, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Nayar G, Gauna A, Chukkapalli S, Velsko I, Kesavalu L, Cha S. Polymicrobial infection alter inflammatory microRNA in rat salivary glands during periodontal disease. Anaerobe 2015; 38:70-75. [PMID: 26481834 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease initiated by subgingival pathogens is linked with diminished secretion of saliva, and implies pathogenic bacteria dissemination to or affects secondary sites such as the salivary glands. MicroRNAs activated in response to bacteria may modulate immune responses against pathogens. Therefore, Sprague-Dawley rats were infected by oral lavage consisting of polymicrobial inocula, namely Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola, or sham-infected for 12 weeks (n = 6). We quantified inflammatory miRNA expression levels of miRNA-132, miR-146a, and miR-155 at secondary sites to the primary infection of the gingiva, including submandibular salivary glands, lacrimal glands, and pancreas. The presence of bacteria was detected in situ at secondary sites. Infected rat gingiva showed increased relative expression of miR-155. In contrast, miRNA-155 expression was decreased in submandibular salivary glands, along with positive identification of P. gingivalis in 2/6 and T. denticola in 1/6 rat salivary glands. Furthermore, miRNA-132 and miRNA-146a were significantly decreased in the pancreas of infected rats. This study is the first to show primary periodontal infections can alter miRNA profiles in secondary sites such as the salivary gland and pancreas. Whether these alterations contribute to pathologies of salivary glands in Sjögren's syndrome or of pancreas in diabetes warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Nayar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Adrienne Gauna
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sasanka Chukkapalli
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Irina Velsko
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Lakshmyya Kesavalu
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA; Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Seunghee Cha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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Gupta B, Sawhney A, Patil N, Yadav M, Tripathi S, Sinha S, Sharma S, Gupta S. Effect of Surgical Periodontal Therapy on Serum C-reactive Protein Levels Using ELISA in Both Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis Patient. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZC01-5. [PMID: 26557605 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/14680.6558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis can be defined as a local inflammatory process which mediates destruction of periodontal tissues & is triggered by bacterial insult. In periodontal infections, the levels of C reactive proteins are elevated as compared to the levels in a periodontally healthy individual. The study was done to determine the relative levels of serum CRP in aggressive, chronic and periodontally healthy subjects and to evaluate the effect of surgical periodontal therapy on serum C-reactive protein levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum samples were collected from 150 participants (50 healthy control patients (non-periodontitis), 50 patients with chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis. Serum C- reactive protein levels were assessed by means of immunoturbidimetric assay at baseline for subjects in all the 3 groups and 3 months after completion of surgical therapy. RESULTS The mean baseline C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in the Groups I, II and III were 1.65±0.57 mg/L, 3.03±2.14 mg/L and 3.09±2.27 mg/L respectively. After treatment, the mean C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in Groups II and III reduced from 3.03±1.67 mg/L to 1.46±1.67 mg/L and from 3.09±1.21 to 1.43±1.21 mg/L respectively. Similar results were found for probing depth and all indexes in Group II and III after treatment. Also, the mean attachment loss in Groups II and III reduced, so the results were highly significant. CONCLUSION Successful periodontal treatment results in significant decrease in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in otherwise healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Gupta
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College , Mumbai, India
| | - Anshul Sawhney
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Universal College of Dental Sciences , Bhairahawa, Nepal
| | - Neha Patil
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College , Mumbai, India
| | - Manoj Yadav
- Associate Professor, Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Universal College of Dental Sciences , Bhairahawa, Nepal
| | - Shashank Tripathi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Surgery, Universal College of Dental Sciences , Bhairahawa, Nepal
| | - Saurabh Sinha
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Universal College of Dental Sciences , Bhairahawa, Nepal
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Maitri College of Dentistry and Research Centre , Anjora, Durg (Chattisgarh), India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, DAV Dental College , Yamunanagar (Haryana), India
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Joshi D, Garg T, Goyal AK, Rath G. Advanced drug delivery approaches against periodontitis. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:363-77. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.935531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Abstract
The oral cavity appears as an open ecosystem, with a dynamic balance between the entrance of microorganisms, colonization modalities, and host defenses aimed to their removal: To avoid elimination, bacteria need to adhere to either hard dental surfaces or epithelial surfaces. The oral biofilm formation and development, and the inside selection of specific microorganisms have been correlated with the most common oral pathologies, such as dental caries, periodontal disease, and peri-implantitis. The mechanical removal of the biofilm and adjunctive use of antibiotic disinfectants or various antibiotics have been the conventional methods for periodontal therapy. Ozone (O3) is a triatomic molecule, consisting of three oxygen atoms, and its application in medicine and dentistry has been indicated for the treatment of 260 different pathologies. The ozone therapy has been more beneficial than present conventional therapeutic modalities that follow a minimally invasive and conservative application to dental treatment. The exposition of molecular mechanisms of ozone further benefits practical function in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Saini
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Rural Dental College - Loni, Tehsil - Rahata, District - Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
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