Transthoracic fine-needle aspiration cytology of non-invasive, low-grade urothelial carcinoma with lung metastasis: A case report with review of the literature

Pulmonary and hepatic metastases of low-grade urothelial cell carcinoma; A case report

Bladder cancer is a commonly encountered malignancy of the genitourinary tract. Bladder cancer is categorized as high or low grade depending on histological analysis. Low grade urothelial cell carcinoma has an indolent clinical course as compared to high grade, with low rates of progression of disease. We present a case where a patient was identified to have low grade bladder cancer and subsequently found to have low grade bladder cancer metastases to the lung and liver. Although uncommon, low grade urothelial cell carcinoma has the potential for progression and metastasis, highlighting the importance of regular follow-up and surveillance.

Lung and Mediastinum

Fine needle aspiration and small tissue biopsies have become a primary modality to achieve a definitive diagnosis of a mass-like lesion of the lung and mediastinum. This chapter delineated cytologic and histologic features of common and rare neoplastic and nonneoplastic mass-like lesions of the lung and mediastinum. The utilities and pitfalls of commonly used diagnostic immunohistochemical (IHC) stains, such as TTF1, Napsin A, p40 and CK5/6, and small diagnostic IHC panels, were described. Multiple challenging and yet practical cases at the end of the chapter were used to reemphasize important points illustrated throughout the chapter.