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Patel N, Bavikar R, Lad YP, Singh M, Dharwadkar A, Viswanathan V. A comparison of the WHO 2004 and WHO 2017 thyroid tumor classifications. J Cancer Res Ther 2024; 20:311-314. [PMID: 38554339 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1797_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The category of borderline malignancy or unknown malignant potential was added to the WHO's 2017 classification of thyroid tumours. A new histological variety of papillary tumours and Hurthle cell tumours was given as a separate entity. The classification has also adopted the Turin criteria for histological diagnosis of poorly differentiated cancer (PDC). SETTINGS AND DESIGN Descriptive study. METHODS AND MATERIAL From July 2018 to June 2022, 200 thyroid neoplasm patients at a tertiary care facility in western Maharashtra were participated in the prospective research over a period of 4 years. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED The descriptive statistics were used to analyse the collected data. AIM This study was undertaken to compare the old (2004) and new (2016) WHO classifications and their importance in the treatment of thyroid malignancies. RESULTS Out of 200 cases, the age range of 31 to 40 years had the greatest number of cases. The ratio of females to males was 5:1. In our study, according to the WHO 2004 classification, malignant tumours comprised 57.5% of the cases, while benign tumours 42.5% of the cases. When tumours were subcategorized, the most frequent benign tumour was follicular adenoma (43.5%) and malignant tumour was papillary thyroid carcinoma (37%). Malignant tumours made up 47.5% of the cases when the tumours were reclassified using the revised WHO 2017 classification, followed by borderline tumours with 27.5% of the cases and benign tumours with 25% of the cases. The most frequent borderline tumour was NIFTP (Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features) (17.5%), the most prevalent malignant tumour was papillary carcinoma (including its variant) (32%), and the most frequent benign tumour was follicular adenoma (27%). CONCLUSION We concluded that the inclusion of the Boderline Category in the new WHO classification significantly improved thyroid cancer management. WHO 2017 classification prevents under diagnosis (in the case of benign tumors) and over diagnosis (in the case of malignant tumors).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Patel
- Department of pathology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Lv R, Wang X, Sun Y, Qin Q, Liu N, Wu T, Sun Y, Yin W, Zhao D, Cheng M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of aminopyridine derivatives as novel tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200438. [PMID: 36398500 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) is a successful target for the treatment of various cancers caused by NTRK gene fusions. Herein, based on a rational drug design strategy, we designed and synthesized 35 aminopyrimidine derivatives that were shown to be TRKA inhibitors in the enzyme assay, among which compounds C3, C4, and C6 showed potent inhibitory activities against TRKA with IC50 values of 6.5, 5.0, and 7.0 nM, respectively. In vitro antiproliferative activity study showed that compound C3 significantly inhibited the proliferation of KM-12 cells but had weak inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cells and HUVEC cells. The preliminary druggability evaluation showed that compound C3 exhibited favorable liver microsomal and plasma stabilities and had weak or no inhibitory activity against cytochrome P450 isoforms at 10 µM. Compounds C3, C4, and C6 were also selected for ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination) properties prediction and molecular docking studies. Inhibition experiments showed that compound C3 was not selective for TRK subtypes. All results indicated that compound C3 was a useful candidate for the development of TRK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yixiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiaohua Qin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianxiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenbo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Anatharamiah H, Megalamane S, B. R. Prasad CS. Appraisal of cytohistomorphology of papillary carcinoma thyroid and its variants with evaluation of discrepant cases. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF DR. D.Y. PATIL VIDYAPEETH 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu_492_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Qi T, Rong X, Feng Q, Sun H, Cao H, Yang Y, Feng H, Zhu L, Wang L, Du Q. Somatic Mutation Profiling of Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas by Whole-exome Sequencing and Its Relationship with Clinical Characteristics. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2532-2544. [PMID: 34104084 PMCID: PMC8176168 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.50916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) has increased rapidly during the past several decades. Until now, the mechanisms underlying the tumorigenesis of PTCs have remained largely unknown. Next-generation-sequencing (NGS) provides new ways to investigate the molecular pathogenesis of PTCs. To characterize the somatic alterations associated with PTCs, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) of PTCs from 23 Chinese patients. This study revealed somatic mutations in genes with relevant functions for tumorigenesis, such as BRAF, BCR, CREB3L2, DNMT1, IRS2, MSH6, and TP53. We also identified novel somatic gene alterations which may be potentially involved in PTC progression. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the cellular response to hormone stimulus, epigenetic modifications, such as protein/histone methylation and protein alkylation, as well as MAPK, PI3K-AKT, and FoxO/mTOR signaling pathways, were significantly altered in the PTCs studied here. Moreover, Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network analysis of our mutated gene selection highlighted EP300, KRAS, PTEN, and TP53 as major core genes. The correlation between gene mutations and clinicopathologic features of the PTCs defined by conventional ultrasonography (US) and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) were assessed. These analyses established significant associations between subgroups of mutations and respectively taller-than-wide, calcified, and peak time iso- or hypo-enhanced and metastatic PTCs. In conclusion, our study supplements the genomic landscape of PTCs and identifies new actionable target candidates and clinicopathology-associated mutations. Extension of this study to larger cohorts will help define comprehensive genomic aberrations in PTCs and validate target candidates. These new targets may open methods of individualized treatments adapted to the clinicopathologic specifics of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyue Qi
- Department of Ultrasound, Medical Imaging Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Xin Rong
- Department of Ultrasound, Medical Imaging Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Qingling Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Hongguang Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, Medical Imaging Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Haiyan Cao
- Department of Ultrasound, Medical Imaging Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Medical Imaging Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Ultrasound, Medical Imaging Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Linhai Zhu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Qiu Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China.,Central Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, Yangzhou University, China
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Over-expression of miR-206 decreases the Euthyrox-resistance by targeting MAP4K3 in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Sanyal P, Mukherjee T, Barui S, Das A, Gangopadhyay P. Artificial Intelligence in Cytopathology: A Neural Network to Identify Papillary Carcinoma on Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology Smears. J Pathol Inform 2018; 9:43. [PMID: 30607310 PMCID: PMC6289006 DOI: 10.4103/jpi.jpi_43_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for identification of papillary carcinoma thyroid is a moderately sensitive and specific modality. The present machine learning tools can correctly classify images into broad categories. Training software for recognition of papillary thyroid carcinoma on FNAC smears will be a decisive step toward automation of cytopathology. Aim The aim of this study is to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) for the purpose of distinguishing papillary carcinoma thyroid and nonpapillary carcinoma thyroid on microphotographs from thyroid FNAC smears. Subjects and Methods An ANN was developed in the Python programming language. In the training phase, 186 microphotographs from Romanowsky/Pap-stained smears of papillary carcinoma and 184 microphotographs from smears of other thyroid lesions (at ×10 and ×40 magnification) were used for training the ANN. After completion of training, performance was evaluated with a set of 174 microphotographs (66 - nonpapillary carcinoma and 21 - papillary carcinoma, each photographed at two magnifications ×10 and ×40). Results The performance characteristics and limitations of the neural network were assessed, assuming FNAC diagnosis as gold standard. Combined results from two magnifications showed good sensitivity (90.48%), moderate specificity (83.33%), and a very high negative predictive value (96.49%) and 85.06% diagnostic accuracy. However, vague papillary formations by benign follicular cells identified wrongly as papillary carcinoma remain a drawback. Conclusion With further training with a diverse dataset and in conjunction with automated microscopy, the ANN has the potential to develop into an accurate image classifier for thyroid FNACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parikshit Sanyal
- Department of Pathology, Military Hospital Jalandhar, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Tanushri Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, Command Hospital (WC), Chandimandir, Haryana, India
| | - Sanghita Barui
- Department of Pathology, Military Hospital Jalandhar, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Avinash Das
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Military Hospital Jalandhar, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Prabaha Gangopadhyay
- Undergraduate Department, Masters of Science Program, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Yan W, Lakkaniga NR, Carlomagno F, Santoro M, McDonald NQ, Lv F, Gunaganti N, Frett B, Li HY. Insights into Current Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase (TRK) Inhibitors: Development and Clinical Application. J Med Chem 2018; 62:1731-1760. [PMID: 30188734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of kinase-directed precision medicine has been heavily pursued since the discovery and development of imatinib. Annually, it is estimated that around ∼20 000 new cases of tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) cancers are diagnosed, with the majority of cases exhibiting a TRK genomic rearrangement. In this Perspective, we discuss current development and clinical applications for TRK precision medicine by providing the following: (1) the biological background and significance of the TRK kinase family, (2) a compilation of known TRK inhibitors and analysis of their cocrystal structures, (3) an overview of TRK clinical trials, and (4) future perspectives for drug discovery and development of TRK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas 72205 , United States
| | - Naga Rajiv Lakkaniga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas 72205 , United States
| | - Francesca Carlomagno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche , Università Federico II , Via S Pansini 5 , 80131 Naples , Italy.,Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR , Via S Pansini 5 , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche , Università Federico II , Via S Pansini 5 , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Neil Q McDonald
- Signaling and Structural Biology Laboratory , The Francis Crick Institute , London NW1 1AT , U.K.,Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences , Birkbeck College , Malet Street , London WC1E 7HX , U.K
| | - Fengping Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas 72205 , United States
| | - Naresh Gunaganti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas 72205 , United States
| | - Brendan Frett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas 72205 , United States
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas 72205 , United States
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Guo JJ, Xu HS, Wu G, Ma ZY. p63 inhibits CD44 +/CD24 - cell proliferation and chemoresistance in papillary thyroid carcinoma cells. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4693-4696. [PMID: 29201169 PMCID: PMC5704253 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer typically has a good prognosis; however, the risks of recurrence and chemoresistance associated with thyroid cancer remain a cause for concern. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) comprises 80% of all cases of thyroid carcinoma. A previous study reported that cluster of differentiation (CD) 44+/CD24− PTC cells may contribute to PTC recurrence and chemoresistance; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, CD44+/CD24− cells were isolated from the TPC-1 PTC cell line and biological function assays revealed that CD44+/CD24− cells were significantly more proliferative and chemoresistant compared with CD44−/CD24− cells. Furthermore, the expression level of p63 was demonstrated to be negatively correlated with the expression of CD44 in PTC cells. The role of p63 in CD44+/CD24− cell proliferation and chemoresistance was investigated and, the ectopic expression of p63 was observed to significantly inhibit CD44+/CD24− cell proliferation and chemoresistance in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, the present study indicated that CD44+/CD24− cells contribute to PTC proliferation and chemoresistance and that the suppression of p63 in CD44+/CD24− cells contributes to these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Shun Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Renhe Hospital, Shanghai 200043, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Yu Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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