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Malik MMUD, Alqahtani M, Hadadi I, AlQhtani AGM, Alqarni A. An Analysis of Computed Tomography Diagnostic Reference Levels in India Compared to Other Countries. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1585. [PMID: 39125460 PMCID: PMC11311628 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14151585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Computed Tomography (CT) is vital for diagnosing and monitoring medical conditions. However, increased usage raises concerns about patient radiation exposure. Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) aim to minimize radiation doses in CT imaging. This study examines CT DRLs in India compared to other countries to identify optimization opportunities. A literature review was conducted to gather data from published studies, guidelines, and regulatory authorities. Findings show significant international variations in CT DRLs, with differences up to 50%. In India, DRLs also vary significantly across states. For head CT exams, Indian DRLs are generally 20-30% lower than international standards (27-47 mGy vs. 60 mGy). Conversely, for abdominal CT scans, Indian DRLs are 10-15% higher (12-16 mGy vs. 13 mGy). Factors influencing DRL variations include equipment differences, imaging protocols, patient demographics, and regulatory conditions. Dose-optimization techniques like automatic exposure control and iterative reconstruction can reduce radiation exposure by 25-60% while maintaining image quality. Comparative data highlight best practices, such as the United Kingdom's 30% reduction in CT doses from 1984 to 1995 via DRL implementation. This study suggests that adopting similar practices in India could reduce radiation doses by 20-40% for common CT procedures, promoting responsible CT usage and minimizing patient exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maajid Mohi Ud Din Malik
- Dr. D.Y. Patil School of Allied Health Sciences, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune 411018, MH, India;
| | - Mansour Alqahtani
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ibrahim Hadadi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G. M. AlQhtani
- Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Abdullah Alqarni
- Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.M.A.); (A.A.)
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Establishing diagnostic reference levels for CT examinations in the south region of Saudi Arabia. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Jose A, Kumar AS, Govindarajan KN, Sharma SD. Assessment of Regional Diagnostic Reference Levels in Dental Radiography in Tamil Nadu. J Med Phys 2022; 47:86-92. [PMID: 35548027 PMCID: PMC9084574 DOI: 10.4103/jmp.jmp_119_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this article is to assess Tamil Nadu adult diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) by collecting radiation dose data from the four different dental modalities. Materials and Methods The study was carried out using routine adult exposure settings in 131 intraoral, 75 panoramic, 35 cephalometric, and 10 dental cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) X-ray devices. DRLs were assessed for intraoral and extraoral (panoramic, cephalometric, and CBCT) examinations in terms of incident air kerma (Ka, i) and kerma area product (PKA), respectively. Air kerma measurements, for all dental units, were made using calibrated RTI black Piranha 557 dosimeter (RTI Electronics AB, Sweden). The dosimeter was kept at the exit cone of the X-ray tube and on the detector side of the X-ray unit for intraoral and extraoral air kerma measurements, respectively. The obtained air kerma in extraoral modalities is multiplied with the beam area to evaluate PKA. Results The third quartile values calculated from the median for adult intraoral (mandibular molar), panoramic, cephalometric, and CBCT were 1.5 mGy, 116 mGycm2, 40 mGycm2, and 532 mGycm2, respectively. The proposed DRL in the present study was comparable to those reported in Germany, Greece, the UK, Japan, and Korea. Conclusion This study revealed the need for dose management and radiation dose optimization, in various dental facilities in the state. It was also found that dental facilities employed with the digital type of detector are not always related to lower exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Jose
- Department of Medical Physics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A. Saravana Kumar
- Department of Medical Physics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. A. Saravana Kumar, Department of Medical Physics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore - 641 004, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail:
| | - K. N. Govindarajan
- Department of Medical Physics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sunil Dutt Sharma
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Diagnostic reference level for computed tomography abdominal examinations: A multicentre study. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Roslee MAAM, Shuaib IL, Napi AFM, Razali MASM, Osman ND. Cumulative organ dose and effective dose in adult population underwent repeated or multiple head CT examination. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Zhou DD, Sun P, Jia Z, Zhu W, Shi G, Kong B, Wang H, Zhang H. Multisection computed tomography: Results from a Chinese survey on radiation dose metrics. J Chin Med Assoc 2019; 82:155-160. [PMID: 30839508 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As multisection spiral computed tomography (MSCT) have been extensively used, it is important to consider the amounts of doses the patients are exposed during a computed tomography (CT) examination. The aim of the current study was to summarize MSCT doses in Chinese patients to establish the diagnostic reference levels (DRLs). METHODS Radiation dose metrics were retrospectively collected from 164,073 CT examinations via the Radimetrics Enterprise Platform. Radiation dose metrics (volume CT dose index [CTDIvol], dose-length product [DLP], effective dose [ED], and organ dose) and size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) were calculated for adults and children based on anatomic area and scanner type. RESULTS The median CTDIvol and DLP values were highest in the head at 51.7 mGy (interquartile range [IQR], 33.2-51.7 mGy) and 906.5 mGy·cm (IQR, 582.4-1068.2 mGy·cm) and lowest in the chest at 7.9 mGy (IQR, 7.9-10.3 mGy) and 284.8 mGy·cm (IQR, 249.0-412.6 mGy·cm), respectively. The median SSDE values of chest and pelvis were 12.1 mGy (IQR, 10.8-14.1 mGy) and 36.3 mGy (IQR, 34.0-38.9 mGy), respectively. EDs for children were similar to adults except for an increased 1.5-, 0.77-, and 1.7-fold in the chest, neck, and pelvis, respectively (p < 0.001). Furthermore, radiation doses tended to increase with increasing slice number and decrease when exposure reduction techniques were used. CONCLUSION Our findings provide a basis for the evaluation of CT radiation doses and evidence for establishment of DRLs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhifang Jia
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanan Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guang Shi
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Boyu Kong
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huimao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Ekpo EU, Adejoh T, Akwo JD, Emeka OC, Modu AA, Abba M, Adesina KA, Omiyi DO, Chiegwu UH. Diagnostic reference levels for common computed tomography (CT) examinations: results from the first Nigerian nationwide dose survey. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2018; 38:525-535. [PMID: 29376504 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/aaaaf8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore doses from common adult computed tomography (CT) examinations and propose national diagnostic reference levels (nDRLs) for Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study was approved by the Nnamdi Azikiwe University and University Teaching Hospital Institutional Review Boards (IRB: NAUTH/CS/66/Vol8/84) and involved dose surveys of adult CT examinations across the six geographical regions of Nigeria and Abuja from January 2016 to August 2017. Dose data of adult head, chest and abdomen/pelvis CT examinations were extracted from patient folders. The median, 75th and 25th percentile CT dose index volume (CTDIvol) and dose-length-product (DLP) were computed for each of these procedures. Effective doses (E) for these examinations were estimated using the k conversion factor as described in the ICRP publication 103 (EDLP = k × DLP). RESULTS The proposed 75th percentile CTDIvol for head, chest, and abdomen/pelvis are 61 mGy, 17 mGy, and 20 mGy, respectively. The corresponding DLPs are 1310 mGy.cm, 735 mGy.cm, and 1486 mGy.cm respectively. The effective doses were 2.75 mSv (head), 10.29 mSv (chest), and 22.29 mSv (abdomen/pelvis). CONCLUSION Findings demonstrate wide dose variations within and across centres in Nigeria. The results also show CTDIvol comparable to international standards, but considerably higher DLP and effective doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest U Ekpo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, Cumberland Campus, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia
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Varghese B, Kandanga I, Puthussery P, Vijayan D, Babu SPH, Aneesh MK, Noufal M, Binu EV, Babu AC, James SM, Kumar S. Radiation dose metrics in multidetector computed tomography examinations: A multicentre retrospective study from seven tertiary care hospitals in Kerala, South India. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2018; 28:250-257. [PMID: 30050252 PMCID: PMC6038221 DOI: 10.4103/ijri.ijri_394_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presently, computed tomography (CT) is the most important source of medical radiation exposure. CT radiation doses vary considerably across institutions depending on the protocol and make of equipment. India does not yet have national or region-specific CT diagnostic reference levels. AIM To evaluate radiation doses of consecutive multidetector CT (MDCT) examinations based on anatomic region, performed in 1 month, collected simultaneously from seven tertiary care hospitals in Kerala. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Descriptive study. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected the CT radiation dose data of examinations from the seven collaborating tertiary care hospitals in Kerala, performed with MDCT scanners of five different makes. The data included anatomic region, number of phases, CT dose index (CTDIvol), dose-length product (DLP), and effective dose (ED) of each examinations and patient demographic data. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS We calculated the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of the CTDIvol, DLP, and ED according to anatomic region. We made descriptive comparisons of these results with corresponding data from other countries. RESULTS Of 3553 patients, head was the most frequently performed examination (60%), followed by abdomen (19%). For single-phase head examinations, 75th percentile of CTDIvol was 68.1 mGy, DLP 1120 mGy-cm, and ED 2.1 mSv. The 75th percentiles of CTDIvol, DLP, and ED for single-phase abdomen examinations were 10.6, 509.3, and 7.7, and multiphase examinations were 14.6, 2666.9, and 40.8; single-phase chest examinations were 23.4, 916.7, and 13.38, and multiphase examinations were 19.9, 1737.6, and 25.36; single-phase neck were 24.9, 733.6, and 3.814, and multiphase neck were 24.9, 2076, and 10.79, respectively. CONCLUSION This summary CT radiation dose data of most frequently performed anatomical regions could provide a starting point for institutional analysis of CT radiation doses, which in turn leads to meaningful optimization of CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoj Varghese
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Indu Kandanga
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur and University Hospital of North Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Puthussery
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Govt Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Dhanesh Vijayan
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Travancore Medical College Hospital, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - S P Harish Babu
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Baby Memorial Hospital, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - M K Aneesh
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | | | - E V Binu
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Daya Hospital, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Arun C Babu
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Sheen M James
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Siva Kumar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
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Saravanakumar A, Vaideki K, Govindarajan KN, Jayakumar S, Devanand B. Assessment of Regional Pediatric Computed Tomography Dose Indices in Tamil Nadu. J Med Phys 2017; 42:48-54. [PMID: 28405108 PMCID: PMC5370338 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6203.202425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to assess Tamil Nadu pediatric computed tomography (CT) diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) by collecting radiation dose data for the most commonly performed CT examinations. This work was performed for thirty CT scanners installed in various parts of the Tamil Nadu region. The patient cohort was divided into two age groups: <1 year, and 1-5 years. CT dose indices were measured using a 10 cm3 pencil ion chamber with pediatric head and body polymethyl methacrylate phantoms. Dose data such as volumetric CT dose index (CTDIv) and dose length product (DLP) on a minimum of twenty average-sized pediatric patients in each category were recorded to calculate a mean site CTDIv and DLP value. The rounded 75th percentile was used to calculate a pediatric DRL for each hospital, and then region by compiling all results. Data were collected for 3600 pediatric patients. Pediatric CT DRL for two age groups: <1 year (CTDIv and DLP of head [20 mGy, 352 mGy.cm], chest [7 mGy, 120 mGy.cm] and abdomen [12 mGy, 252 mGy.cm]), and 1-5 years (CTDIv and DLP of head [38 mGy, 505 mGy.cm], chest [8 mGy, 132 mGy.cm] and abdomen [14 mGy, 270 mGy.cm]) for select procedures have been calculated. Proposed pediatric DRLs of CTDIv and DLP for head procedure were lower, and for chest and abdomen procedures were higher than European pediatric DRLs for both age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Saravanakumar
- Department of Radiology, PSG Hospitals, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Vaideki
- Department of Applied Science, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. N. Govindarajan
- Department of Medical Physics, PSG Hospitals, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Jayakumar
- Department of Physics, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B. Devanand
- Department of Radiology, PSG Hospitals, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Nassiri MA, Rouleau M, Després P. CT dose reduction: approaches, strategies and results from a province-wide program in Quebec. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2016; 36:346-362. [PMID: 27270762 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/36/2/346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown a statistically significant increase of life-time risk of radiation-induced cancer from CT examinations. In this context, in Canada, the Quebec's provincial clinical center of expertise in radiation safety (CECR) has led a province-wide tour of 180 CT installations in order to: (i) evaluate the technical and functional performance of CT scanners, (ii) evaluate and improve radiation safety practices and (iii) initiate, with local teams, a CT dose optimization process. The CT tour consisted of a two day visit of CT installations by a CECR multidisciplinary team of medical physicists, engineers and medical imaging technologists (MITs) carried out in close collaboration with local teams composed of MITs, radiologists, physicists, engineers and managers. The CECR has evaluated 112 CT scanners since 2011. Optimization of CT protocols was performed in all centers visited. The average dose reduction obtained from optimization was [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for adult head, thorax and abdomen-pelvis, respectively. The main recommendations often made by the CECR experts were: (1) the implementation of low-dose protocols for the follow-up of pulmonary nodules and for renal calculi, (2) the compliance to the prescribed scan range as defined by local guidelines, (3) the correct positioning of patients and (4) the use of bismuth shielding to reduce the dose to radiosensitive organs. The CECR approach to optimize CT doses to patients is based on the active participation of local stakeholders and takes into account the performance of CT scanners. The clinical requirements as expressed by radiologists remain at the core of the optimization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moulay Ali Nassiri
- Centre d'expertise clinique en radioprotection (CECR), Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada. Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada
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Saravanakumar A, Vaideki K, Govindarajan KN, Jayakumar S, Devanand B. Cost-effective pediatric head and body phantoms for computed tomography dosimetry and its evaluation using pencil ion chamber and CT dose profiler. J Med Phys 2015; 40:170-5. [PMID: 26500404 PMCID: PMC4594387 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6203.165073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, a pediatric head and body phantom was fabricated using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) at a low cost when compared to commercially available phantoms for the purpose of computed tomography (CT) dosimetry. The dimensions of head and body phantoms were 10 cm diameter, 15 cm length and 16 cm diameter, 15 cm length, respectively. The dose from a 128-slice CT machine received by the head and body phantom at the center and periphery were measured using a 100 mm pencil ion chamber and 150 mm CT dose profiler (CTDP). Using these values, the weighted computed tomography dose index (CTDIw) and in turn the volumetric CTDI (CTDIv) were calculated for various combinations of tube voltage and current-time product. A similar study was carried out using standard calibrated phantom and the results have been compared with the fabricated ones to ascertain that the performance of the latter is equivalent to that of the former. Finally, CTDIv measured using fabricated and standard phantoms were compared with respective values displayed on the console. The difference between the values was well within the limits specified by Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), India. These results indicate that the cost-effective pediatric phantom can be employed for CT dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saravanakumar
- Department of Applied Science, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - K Vaideki
- Department of Applied Science, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - S Jayakumar
- Department of Physics, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Devanand
- Department of Radiology, PSG Hospitals, Coimbatore, India
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Najafi M, Deevband MR, Ahmadi M, Kardan MR. Establishment of diagnostic reference levels for common multi-detector computed tomography examinations in Iran. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2015; 38:603-9. [PMID: 26507898 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-015-0388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Najafi
- Department of Bioengineering and Medical Physics, Shahid-Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Deevband
- Department of Bioengineering and Medical Physics, Shahid-Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Ahmadi
- Department of Bioengineering and Medical Physics, Shahid-Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Kardan
- Nuclear Sciences Research School, Nuclear Sciences and Technology Research Institute, P. O. Box 81745-313, Tehran, Iran
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Saravanakumar A, Vaideki K, Govindarajan KN, Jayakumar S, Devanand B. Estimation of dose reference levels in computed tomography for select procedures in Kerala, India. J Med Phys 2015; 40:115-9. [PMID: 26170559 PMCID: PMC4478645 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6203.158701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Saravanakumar
- Department of Applied Science, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Vaideki
- Department of Applied Science, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K N Govindarajan
- Department of Medical Physics, PSG Hospitals, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Jayakumar
- Department of Physics, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Devanand
- Department of Radiology, PSG Hospitals, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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