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Palanisamy R, Anirudhan S, Roja RJS, Koshy M. Comparison of ultrasonic versus side-vented needle irrigation for reductions in bacterial growth and postoperative pain: A randomized controlled trial. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2023; 26:616-620. [PMID: 38292745 PMCID: PMC10823969 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_61_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Background Postoperative pain affects 16%-25% of root canal therapy patients. The irrigating system and irrigants used should reduce bacterial load without irrigant extrusion beyond the root canal apex, potentially reducing postoperative pain and discomfort. Aim This study aims to compare the effects of passive ultrasonic irrigation and side-vented needle irrigation on postoperative pain and bacterial load in single-rooted teeth with pulp necrosis. Materials and Methods Eighty patients with pulpal necrosis in single-rooted teeth were randomly categorized into two groups (n = 40 each): Group A (side-vented needle irrigation) and Group B (passive ultrasonic irrigation). Bacterial samples were collected using sterile paper points after initial access cavity preparation (S1) and standard endodontic instrumentation + irrigation (S2). Bacterial growth was assessed on MacConkey and blood agar. Pain was recorded 30 min preoperatively and 6, 12, 24, and 48 h postoperatively. Statistical Analysis Used Chi-square test, independent t-test and paired t-test. Results Irrigation with Irrisafe tips showed increased number of bacteria-free samples and a significant reduction in postoperative pain (at the 6 and 12 h time-points) when compared to side-vented needle. Conclusions Passive ultrasonic irrigation with Irrisafe tips may be more effective than side-vented needle irrigation in reducing postoperative pain and intracanal bacterial load in patients undergoing endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Palanisamy
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Dr. TNMGRM University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subha Anirudhan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Dr. TNMGRM University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Jaya Shree Roja
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Dr. TNMGRM University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Minu Koshy
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Dr. TNMGRM University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Hepsenoglu YE, Ersahan S. Is XP-endo Finisher a better treatment option for its efficacy against intracanal bacteria for post-treatment apical periodontitis cases than EndoActivator? AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49 Suppl 1:399-412. [PMID: 37026533 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the efficacy of the supplementary use of a rotary agitation method [XP-endo Finisher (XPF)] and sonically-activated irrigation [EndoActivator (EA)], using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) on reducing the bacterial load in previously root canal treated teeth with apical periodontitis. Twenty patients with post-treatment apical periodontitis were allocated into two groups according to the irrigation activation method used: XPF and EA group. Total bacterial loads, as well as the amount of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) were determined before (S1) and after (S2) chemomechanical preparation, and after final irrigation activation (S3) by means of ddPCR. The bacterial copy numbers were compared between groups using the Friedman test (Nonparametric Repeated Measures ANOVA). When the groups were examined in terms of gender, age, number of root canals, periapical index score, sterility control total bacteria (SCTB), S1- and S2-total bacteria copy number, it was found that there was no statistical difference between the XPF group and the EA group (p > 0.05). Subsequent activation (S3) resulted in a significant microbial reduction in both XPF and EA groups, both of which reduced significantly more bacteria than chemomechanical instrumentation (S2) (p < 0.0001). On the contrary, S3-total bacteria copy number of the EA group was lower than the XPF group (p < 0.0147). There was no statistical difference between the XPF group and the EA group in terms of E. faecalis copy number (p > 0.05). Although both the XPF and the EA optimised the antibacterial efficiency of chemomechanical preparation in previously root canal-treated teeth with apical periodontitis, a lower total bacterial copy number was achieved with the EA application than the XPF application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelda Erdem Hepsenoglu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyda Ersahan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Garg A, Mala K, Kamath PM. Biofilm models in endodontics-A narrative review. J Conserv Dent 2021; 24:2-9. [PMID: 34475672 PMCID: PMC8378488 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_621_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of biofilm and its eradication from the root canal system are of utmost importance in the clinical practice of an endodontist. Various treatment strategies and protocols have been demonstrated and discussed by numerous clinicians and researchers, on these models, that play an important role in the treatment outcome . Once a biofilm model is developed by considering various factors, several methods can be used to assess the biofilms formed on these models. This review discusses the importance of biofilm models in endodontics, types of biofilm models and factors associated with developing and the methods to evaluate these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Garg
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences,Mangalore, Affiliated to Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kundabala Mala
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences,Mangalore, Affiliated to Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Priyanka Madhav Kamath
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences,Mangalore, Affiliated to Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Mancini M, Cerroni L, Palopoli P, Olivi G, Olivi M, Buoni C, Cianconi L. FESEM evaluation of smear layer removal from conservatively shaped canals: laser activated irrigation (PIPS and SWEEPS) compared to sonic and passive ultrasonic activation-an ex vivo study. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:81. [PMID: 33618701 PMCID: PMC7901090 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Irrigation of the pulp space is a mandatory step to get rid of all its organic and inorganic content. Activation of the irrigants play a key role in the era of minimally invasive endodontics. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of different irrigants activation methods in removing the smear layer at 1, 3, 5 and 8 mm from the apex from conservatively shaped canals.
Methods Eighty-five human mandibular premolars were selected. Specimens were shaped to TruShape 25/.06 and divided into 5 groups (1 control and 4 test groups) according to the final activation technique (EndoActivator, EA), Ultrasonic (EndoUltra, PUI) and Laser (PIPS and SWEEPS). EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) followed by NaOCl (Sodium Hypochlorite) and again EDTA were activated for each test group. Specimens were then split longitudinally and observed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Blinded evaluation of the presence of smear layer was performed at 1000X magnification, according to a 5-score index system. Comparison between groups were analysed statistically using the Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric analysis of variance. Bonferroni multiple comparison tests were used.
Results At 1 mm only PIPS and SWEEPS performed better than the control group. At 3, 5 and 8 mm from the apex, every activation technique showed statistically significant reduction of smear layer when compared to the control group. PIPS and SWEEPS obtained better cleanliness result compared to EA, while only PIPS was superior to PUI in terms of cleanliness. Conclusions PIPS and SWEEPS showed the best results in conservative canal preparations. Nowadays, contemporary rotary instruments allow fast and minimally invasive shaping of the endodontic space. In this scenario irrigants’ activation may be regarded as a mandatory step to a favourable clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuele Mancini
- Department of Translational Medicine and Clinical Science, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Loredana Cerroni
- Department of Translational Medicine and Clinical Science, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Palopoli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, Endodontics, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Olivi
- Catholic University of the Sacred Hearth of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Luigi Cianconi
- Department of Translational Medicine and Clinical Science, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
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5
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Ghoddusi J, Arian E, Golmohammadi M, Gharechahi M, Moushekhian S. Intratubular Enterococcus faecalis viability assessment following root canal instrumentation with rotary and reciprocating systems via fluorescence microscopy. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2021; 14:214-217. [PMID: 33575009 PMCID: PMC7867686 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2020.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The present in vitro study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the WaveOne and ProTaper Gold systems in removing the Enterococcus faecalis biofilm.
Methods. Thirty-eight mandibular premolars were selected. The root canals were assigned to standard control (canals serially enlarged with ProTaper Gold S1-S2-F1-F2, n=15) and experimental (canals enlarged with Primary WaveOne file, n=15) groups. Following the instrumentation procedure, the root canals underwent a sampling procedure, and the colonyforming unit (CFU) counts were determined. The samples were also evaluated under a fluorescent microscope to evaluate viable bacteria. The data were analyzed using independent samples t test and paired samples t test.
Results. The results showed that, compared with the ProTaper group, the WaveOne group exhibited the least viable bacteria (P =0.004).
Conclusion. It was concluded that comparison with the ProTaper Gold rotary system, the WaveOne reciprocating file is more successful in reducing intratubular viable bacteria counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamileh Ghoddusi
- Dental Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arian
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Golmohammadi
- Department of Endodontics, Khorasan Shomali University of Medical Sciences, Bojnord, Iran
| | - Maryam Gharechahi
- Dental Materials Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Siavash Moushekhian
- Dental Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
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Nangia D, Nawal RR, Talwar S. Evaluation of apical extrusion and cone-beam computed tomography assessment of irrigant penetration in oval-shaped canals, using XP Endo Finisher and EndoActivator. J Conserv Dent 2021; 23:185-189. [PMID: 33384493 PMCID: PMC7720767 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_390_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Thorough cleaning of the pulp space is a challenging task. The mechanical instrumentation alone is usually not sufficient to completely debride the canals, and therefore, it requires the chemical action of irrigants also to disinfect the difficult to reach areas. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine apical extrusion and assess irrigant penetration through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for EndoActivator (EA) and XP Endo Finisher (XP). Materials and Methods: Sixty single-rooted mandibular premolars with oval-shaped canals were equally divided into three groups after instrumentation, based on the final irrigation: Group-1 syringe needle (30G Max-I-probe), Group-2 EA, and Group-3 XP. After the final irrigation, the weight of the extruded sodium hypochlorite was calculated. The prepared canals were then irrigated with a radiopaque contrast medium, which was activated according to the group of the sample (Group-1, 2, or 3). The volume of irrigant filled in the canal, especially in the apical third was determined through special tools in CBCT imaging. Statistics: One-way ANOVA test was used to compare the different groups. Results and Conclusion: Significantly more apical extrusion was seen in XP (P < 0.001). Both XP and EA have shown complete penetration of irrigant in the canal (100%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Nangia
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchika Roongta Nawal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sangeeta Talwar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
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7
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Do QL, Gaudin A. The Efficiency of the Er: YAG Laser and PhotonInduced Photoacoustic Streaming (PIPS) as an Activation Method in Endodontic Irrigation: A Literature Review. J Lasers Med Sci 2020; 11:316-334. [PMID: 32802294 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2020.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the field of endodontics, lasers have been used for a long time for the optimization of Endodontic irrigation in particular. The laser-activated irrigation (LAI) technique is based on the photomechanical effects of the lasers at low settings. They create specific cavitation phenomena and acoustic streaming in intracanal fluids. More recently, a new technique with a Er:YAG laser has been used with sub-ablative energy (20 mJ, 15 Hz) and ultra-short pulses (50 µs). This leads to intracanal cavitation and shockwaves as a result of photoacoustic and photomechanical effects. This phenomenon is called photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS). PIPS and Laser activated irrigation are described in the literature as a revolutionary and powerful method to activate the irrigant; however, systematic literature on this topic is missing. This review compares the literature on Er:YAG LAI and PIPS on endodontic irrigation with other irrigation methods. An article search was performed on the PubMed database using a series of keywords related to endodontic irrigation, including Er:YAG LAI and PIPS; 59 articles were selected for the review according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. No in vivo study was found. The Er:YAG LAI and PIPS outperformed other methods in 33 of the 59 articles. There was a great variety in the study designs including bacterial incubation time, laser parameters, irrigation protocols, and irrigating solution used. The evidence suggests that the Er:YAG LAI and PIPS are promising in canal disinfection as well as debris and smear layer removal. However, the large variety in the study methods makes the results less significant. Further studies are needed to better evaluate the efficiency of these techniques, especially in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quy Linh Do
- Clinical Investigation Unit 11 Odontology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Alexis Gaudin
- Clinical Investigation Unit 11 Odontology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and skeleton, University of Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
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8
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Comparison of bacterial removal from dentinal tubules with different irrigant agitation techniques: An in vitro study. Saudi Dent J 2019; 31:431-436. [PMID: 31695293 PMCID: PMC6823731 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This investigation was conducted to assess the ability of various irrigant agitation devices to eradicate Enterococcus faecalis from the dentinal tubules of extracted teeth. Methodology Fifty roots of extracted human teeth were instrumented to size 30 k with a 0.04 taper. The roots were autoclaved and then injected with E. faecalis. The canals were assigned to one of four intervention groups and disinfected using (A) standard needle irrigation, (B) EndoUltra® Ultrasonic Activator, (C) the EndoActivator system, or (D) EDDY sonic activation and to two control groups that were (E) treated with saline and (F) not inoculated with any bacteria. The roots were split in half, dyed with a LIVE/DEAD Back Light Bacterial Viability Kit, and then scanned with a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) to identify live/dead bacteria in the dentinal tubules. Results CLSM images revealed differences among the groups. Both the EndoUltra® Ultrasonic Activator group and the EDDY group had a combination of dead and live bacteria, while the EndoActivator group had mostly dead bacteria, in contrast to single needle irrigation which had mostly live bacteria. Activation of the irrigating solution resulted in more dead bacteria than standard needle irrigation at the coronal, middle, and apical parts of the roots. Overall, the EndoActivator system was superior to all other techniques in reducing live bacteria within the root canal. Conclusion Activation of sodium hypochlorite with sonic and ultrasonic systems dramatically reduced live bacteria contamination in the dentinal tubules of infected root canals.
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Ghoddusi J, Moushekhian S, Arian E, Ghiasi J, Forghani M. The Effectiveness of Sonic-Activated Irrigation in Reducing Intratubular Enterococcus faecalis. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2019; 14:63-67. [PMID: 36879604 PMCID: PMC9984808 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v14i1.22436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the effectiveness of sonic activation and syringe irrigation of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in removing the Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilm. Methods and Materials Root canals of 54 extracted human single-rooted central incisors were prepared with ProTaper S1-S2-F1-F2 and Gates Gliden burs size 1, and 2 at the working length. After sterilization, the root canals were contaminated with E. faecalis suspension and randomly assigned to three groups: G1, conventional syringe irrigation; G2, sonic agitation of NaOCl with Endo Activator system; and G3, no subjected to the mentioned irrigation techniques (negative control). Canals were sampled after the disinfection procedure. The colony forming units (CFU) count was evaluated. Samples were also visualized under fluorescent microscope to count viable bacteria. Data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (P<0.05). Results There was a significant reduction in the CFU count after both irrigation techniques. There was no significant difference between two techniques (P=0.874). Using bacterial viability kit, Endo Activator displayed the least viable bacteria than the other groups (P<0.001) and control group showed the greatest one (P<0.001). Conclusion In this in vitro study, the Endo Activator system was more successful in reducing intratubular viable bacteria compared with NaOCl syringe irrigation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamileh Ghoddusi
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Siavash Moushekhian
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arian
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Forghani
- Dental Materials Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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10
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Korkut E, Torlak E, Gezgin O, Özer H, Şener Y. Antibacterial and Smear Layer Removal Efficacy of Er:YAG Laser Irradiation by Photon-Induced Photoacoustic Streaming in Primary Molar Root Canals: A Preliminary Study. Photomed Laser Surg 2018; 36:480-486. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2017.4369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emre Korkut
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Emrah Torlak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Onur Gezgin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hazal Özer
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Yağmur Şener
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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11
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Dai S, Xiao G, Dong N, Liu F, He S, Guo Q. Bactericidal effect of a diode laser on Enterococcus faecalis in human primary teeth-an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:154. [PMID: 30165840 PMCID: PMC6117880 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, the diode laser (810 nm) has been used for root canal disinfection, which plays an important role in endodontic therapy. This study was undertaken to evaluate the disinfecting ability of a diode laser in experimentally infected root canals of primary teeth. Methods Human retained mandibular primary anterior teeth without apical foramen resorption were selected and contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis for 21 days. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups: the negative group (no treatment), positive group (5.25% NaOCl), diode laser group (diode laser), and diode-NaOCl group (diode laser combined with NaOCl). The disinfecting abilities of the treatments were measured by the numbers of bacteria, scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser microscopy (live-dead staining). Results Eighty teeth were selected. After irradiation and irrigation, the elimination of bacteria and the smear layer in the laser groups and positive group were significantly superior, compared with the negative group (p < 0.01). In the diode-NaOCl group, bacterial reduction reached nearly 100% on the surfaces of root canals; live bacteria were rarely observed, even in deeper dentinal tubules. Conclusion Use of a diode laser, especially in combination with NaOCl, was effective for disinfecting infected root canals of primary teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an, 710004, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an, 710004, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Dong
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an, 710004, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an, 710004, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuyang He
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an, 710004, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an, 710004, China. .,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China.
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12
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Sigurdsson A, Garland RW, Le KT, Rassoulian SA. Healing of Periapical Lesions after Endodontic Treatment with the GentleWave Procedure: A Prospective Multicenter Clinical Study. J Endod 2018; 44:510-517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Forghani M, Afshari E, Parisay I, Garajian R. Effect of a passive sonic irrigation system on elimination of Enterococcus faecalis from root canal systems of primary teeth, using different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite: An in vitro evaluation. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2017; 11:177-182. [PMID: 29184634 PMCID: PMC5666218 DOI: 10.15171/joddd.2017.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. This in vitro study aimed to compare the antibacterial effect of
different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on elimination of Enterococcus faecalis
from root canal systems of primary teeth with or without a passive sonic
irrigation system (EndoActivator).
Methods. The root canals of 120
extracted single-rooted primary incisors were prepared using the crown-down
technique. The teeth were autoclaved and inoculated with E. faecalis.
The infected samples were then randomly divided into 6 experimental groups of
15 and positive and negative control groups as follows: group 1: 0.5% sodium
hypochlorite solution; group 2: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution; group 3:
5% sodium hypochlorite solution; group 4: 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution +
sonic activation; group 5: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution + sonic
activation; and group 6: 5% sodium hypochlorite solution + sonic activation.
Microbiological samples were collected before and after disinfection
procedures and the colony-forming units were counted. Statistical analyses
were performed using the two-way ANOVA and post hoc Duncan's tests in cases
of significant difference.
Results.
There were no significant differences between the
groups in any of the variables (concentration of antiseptic or use of
sonic irrigation system).
Conclusion.
Use of passive sonic irrigation systems in
endodontic treatment of single-rooted primary teeth is of no benefit compared
to regular needle irrigation. The results of this study also recommends use
of lower concentrations of sodium hypochlorite solution (0.5%) for irrigation
of the root canal system rather than higher concentrations given
approximately equal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Forghani
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Endodontic, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Afshari
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Iman Parisay
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Dental Materials Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Garajian
- Food Quality and Safety Research Center, Jahad Daneshgahi of Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
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Maden M, Ertuğrul İF, Orhan EO, Erik CE, Yetiş CÇ, Tuncer Y, Kahriman M. Enhancing antibacterial effect of sodium hypochlorite by low electric current-assisted sonic agitation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183895. [PMID: 28854274 PMCID: PMC5576683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This research focused on the effects of low electric current (μE)-assisted sonic agitation of sodium hypochlorite on Enterococcus faecalis infected human root dentin. Methods Extracted human canine roots were instrumented, sterilized, and experimentally contaminated with E. faecalis. After incubation for 21 days, the presence of the biofilm was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (n = 3). Roots were randomly divided into seven groups according to decontamination procedures: G1: no treatment; G2: sterile saline; G3: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite; G4: passive ultrasonic irrigation; G5: EndoActivator (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK) agitation (EA); G6: μE agitation; and G7: μE-assisted sonic agitation. Fixed μE amperage and intensities were applied in G6 and G7. Following microbial sampling, bacterial colonies were counted using the direct plating method. Results Biofilm was not eradicated in any sample. The μE-assisted sonic agitation of sodium hypochlorite revealed the lowest cfu values (p<0.05), whereas there were no significant differences among the passive ultrasonic irrigation, EndoActivator and μE agitation alone (p>0.05). Conclusions Based on available evidence, the following conclusions were drawn: The μE-assisted sonic agitation increased the antibiofilm efficiency of sodium hypochlorite than passive ultrasonic irrigation and EndoActivator. The μE-assisted sonic agitation on 5.25% sodium hypochlorite is not capable to eradicate biofilms at 10mA energy level in 60s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Maden
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - İhsan Furkan Ertuğrul
- Department of Endodontics Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ekim Onur Orhan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
- * E-mail:
| | - Cevat Emre Erik
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ceylan Çağıl Yetiş
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Yasin Tuncer
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architect, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mesud Kahriman
- Department of Electronics and Communication, Faculty of Engineering & Architect, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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Azim AA, Aksel H, Margaret Jefferson M, Huang GTJ. Comparison of sodium hypochlorite extrusion by five irrigation systems using an artificial root socket model and a quantitative chemical method. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:1055-1061. [PMID: 28748298 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This is to compare the volumes of irrigant apically extruded by five irrigation systems in an artificial socket model simulating clinical conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty extracted human single-rooted teeth were enlarged to size 40/04 and then embedded in silicone impression material. The root canal space was irrigated with nominal 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) using standard needle irrigation (SNI) with a 30-gauge notched needle, EndoActivator (EA), XP Endo Finisher (XP Endo), EndoVac (EV), and photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS). Extruded NaOCl was collected, reacted with taurine to form taurine-monochloramine, and absorbance of taurine-monochloramine was measured at 252 nm using a spectrophotometer. The five irrigation systems were compared with repeated measures ANOVA and pairwise comparisons. RESULTS The EV group had very low extrusion (mean ± SD = 0.12 ± 0.2 μL) and differed significantly from the other four groups (P ≤ 0.001). Larger volumes of irrigant were extruded in the other irrigation groups. There were no significant differences in the extruded volumes among the SNI (7.4 ± 3.4 μL), EA (7.0 ± 6.1 μL), and XP Endo (7.8 ± 4.1 μL) groups (P = 1). The PIPS group had the highest mean extruded volume (12.9 ± 6.8 μL) and differed significantly from SNI (P = 0.030), EV (P < 0.0005), and EA (P = 0.02), but not XP Endo (P = 0.154). CONCLUSION Under the in vitro conditions of this study, irrigant extrusion appears unavoidable unless negative pressure irrigation such as EV is used. PIPS extrudes more irrigant than other systems, while SNI, EA, and XP Endo extrude similar volumes of irrigant. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings help clinicians select the optimal irrigation system to avoid irrigant extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adham A Azim
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 875 Union Avenue, Laboratory, Cancer Research Building, 19 S. Manassas St. Lab Rm 255, office 256, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.,Department of Periodontics & Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hacer Aksel
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 875 Union Avenue, Laboratory, Cancer Research Building, 19 S. Manassas St. Lab Rm 255, office 256, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.,Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Margaret Jefferson
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 875 Union Avenue, Laboratory, Cancer Research Building, 19 S. Manassas St. Lab Rm 255, office 256, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - George T-J Huang
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 875 Union Avenue, Laboratory, Cancer Research Building, 19 S. Manassas St. Lab Rm 255, office 256, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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Effects of Diode Laser, Gaseous Ozone, and Medical Dressings on Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms in the Root Canal Ex Vivo. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6321850. [PMID: 28567421 PMCID: PMC5439256 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6321850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to compare the antibacterial effects of adjunctive disinfection using diode laser and gaseous ozone compared to the medical dressings calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and chlorhexidine gel (CHX-Gel) on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in human root canals ex vivo. Root canals of 180 human extracted teeth were infected by E. faecalis and divided into 3 main groups (G): G1, control; G2, instrumentation and irrigation using 0.9% NaCl; G3, instrumentation and irrigation using 1% NaOCl. In each main group, the following treatments were applied: gaseous ozone, diode laser, and medical dressings of Ca(OH)2 or CHX-Gel for 7 days (n = 15). Reduction of colony forming units (CFUs) inside the root canal of planktons and frequencies of adherent bacteria after treatment were calculated. Bacterial reduction was significantly affected by the irrigation protocol (p < 0.0005) and the disinfection method (p < 0.0005), and a significant interaction between both factors could be observed (p < 0.0005; ANOVA). In G3 (instrumentation using 1% NaOCl), no significant effect of disinfection methods could be demonstrated on planktonic bacteria (p = 0.062; ANOVA) and frequencies of adherent bacteria (p > 0.05; chi-square test). Instrumentation and irrigation using NaOCl combined with ozone or laser application resulted in comparable bacterial reduction on E. faecalis to the application of medical dressings.
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Kim SW, Shin DH. Antibacterial effect of urushiol on E. faecalis as a root canal irrigant. Restor Dent Endod 2017; 42:54-59. [PMID: 28194365 PMCID: PMC5299756 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2017.42.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the antibacterial activity of urushiol against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) to that of NaOCl. Materials and Methods The canals of thirty two single rooted human teeth were instrumented with Ni-Ti files (ProTaper Next X1, X2, X3, Dentsply). A pure culture of E. faecalis ATCC 19433 was prepared in sterile brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. The teeth were submerged in the suspension of E. faecalis and were incubated at 37℃ for 7 days to allow biofilm formation. The teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups according to the irrigant used, and a negative control group where no irrigant was used (n = 8). Group 1 used physiologic normal saline, group 2 used 6% NaOCl, and group 3 used 10 wt% urushiol solution. After canal irrigation, each sample was collected by the sequential placement of 2 sterile paper points (ProTaper NEXT paper points, size X3, Dentsply). Ten-fold serial dilutions on each vials, and 100 µL were cultured on a BHI agar plate for 8 hours, and colony forming unit (CFU) analysis was done. The data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-whitney U tests. Results Saline group exhibited no difference in the CFU counts with control group, while NaOCl and urushiol groups showed significantly less CFU counts than saline and control groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions The result of this study suggests 10% urushiol and 6% NaOCl solution had powerful antibacterial activity against E. faecalis when they were used as root canal irrigants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Wan Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dankook University College of Dentistry and Institute of Dental Science, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Shin
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dankook University College of Dentistry and Institute of Dental Science, Cheonan, Korea
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Azim AA, Aksel H, Zhuang T, Mashtare T, Babu JP, Huang GTJ. Efficacy of 4 Irrigation Protocols in Killing Bacteria Colonized in Dentinal Tubules Examined by a Novel Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope Analysis. J Endod 2016; 42:928-34. [PMID: 27130334 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of 4 irrigation systems in eliminating bacteria in root canals, particularly in dentinal tubules. METHODS Roots of human teeth were prepared to 25/04, autoclaved, and inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 3 weeks. Canals were then disinfected by (1) standard needle irrigation, (2) sonically agitating with EndoActivator, (3) XP Endo finisher, or (4) erbium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser (PIPS) (15 roots/group). The bacterial reduction in the canal was determined by MTT assays. For measuring live versus dead bacteria in the dentinal tubules (4 teeth/group), teeth were split open and stained with LIVE/DEAD BackLight. Coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the canal dentin were scanned by using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) to determine the ratio of dead/total bacteria in the dentinal tubules at various depths. RESULTS All 4 irrigation protocols significantly eliminated bacteria in the canal, ranging from 89.6% to 98.2% reduction (P < .001). XP Endo had the greatest bacterial reduction compared with other 3 techniques (P < .05). CLSM analysis showed that XP Endo had the highest level of dead bacteria in the coronal, middle, and apical segments at 50-μm depth. On the other hand, PIPS had the greatest bacterial killing efficiency at the 150-μm depth in all 3 root segments. CONCLUSIONS XP Endo appears to be more efficient than other 3 techniques in disinfecting the main canal space and up to 50 μm deep into the dentinal tubules. PIPS appears to be most effective in killing the bacteria deep in the dentinal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adham A Azim
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hacer Aksel
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Tingting Zhuang
- Department of Biostatistics, University at Buffalo School of Public Health and Health Professions, Buffalo, New York
| | - Terry Mashtare
- Department of Biostatistics, University at Buffalo School of Public Health and Health Professions, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jegdish P Babu
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - George T-J Huang
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
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Kumar VR, Bahuguna N, Manan R. Comparison of efficacy of various root canal irrigation systems in removal of smear layer generated at apical third: An SEM study. J Conserv Dent 2015; 18:252-6. [PMID: 26069415 PMCID: PMC4450535 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.157267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of different irrigation systems comparing irrigation with syringe and needle (Dispo Van), Max-I-Probe needle (Dentsply Maillefer), EndoActivator (Dentsply Maillefer), and EndoVac (Sybron Endo) in removing the smear layer generated at apical third. Materials and Methods: Instrumentation was done in 40 extracted premolars using different irrigation regimes (Group 1, saline and syringe; Group 2, Max-I-Probe needles with NaOCl and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); Group 3, irrigant activation with EndoActivator using needlesNaOCl and EDTA; and Group 4, irrigation with EndoVac using needles NaOCl and EDTA). Statistical Analysis Used: The percentage of debris was seen with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Mann-Whitney test for significance. Results: The mean score ± standard deviation for the conventional group was 2.8 ± 0.42 with median value of 3.00 (2-3). The results for the Max-I-Probe needle group were 2.3 ± 0.48 with median value of 2.00 (2-3) The mean debris score for EndoActivator group were 0.8 ± 0.42 with median value of 1 (0-1). The mean debris score for EndoVac group were 0.4 ± 0.52 with median value of 1 (0-1). Conclusion: EndoVac and EndoActivator performed much better than other available systems in removing the smear layer from apical third. So they should be incorporated as a regular part of the irrigation regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Raj Kumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Studies And Technologies, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nikhil Bahuguna
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Studies And Technologies, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishi Manan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Studies And Technologies, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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