Estimation of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 levels in gingival crevicular fluid in periodontal health, disease and after treatment

A Study of the Association between Primary Oral Pathologies (Dental Caries and Periodontal Diseases) Using Synchrotron Molecular FTIR Spectroscopy in View of the Patient's Personalized Clinical Picture (Demographics and Anamnesis)

In this exploratory study, we searched for associations between the two most common diseases of the oral cavity-dental caries and periodontal diseases-taking into account additional factors, such as personalized clinical pictures (the individual risk factors of the patient), based on the method of a multivariate data analysis of the molecular changes in the composition of human gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). For this purpose, a set of synchrotron Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of gingival crevicular fluid samples from patients with different demographics, levels of dental caries development and periodontal diseases, and the presence/absence of concomitant chronic diseases were obtained and analyzed. Using a set of techniques (v-, F-, Chi-square tests; a principal component analysis (PCA); and the hierarchical clustering of principal components (HCPCs)) implemented in the R package FactoMineR allowed us to assess the relationship between the principal components (PCs) and characteristics of the respondents. By identifying the features (vibrational modes in the FTIR spectra) that contribute most to the differentiation of the spectral dataset, and by taking into account the interrelationships between the patients' characteristics, we were able to match specific biological markers (specific molecular groups) to the two factors of interest-two types of oral pathologies. The results obtained show that the observed changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the modes in the infrared (IR) spectra of the GCF samples from patients with different dental caries developments and periodontal diseases present confirm the difficulty of identifying patient-specific spectral information. At the same time, different periodontal pathologies are more closely associated with other characteristics of the patients than the level of their caries development. The multivariate analysis performed on the spectral dataset indicates the need to take into account not only the co-occurrence of oral diseases, but also some other factors. The lack of this consideration (typical in lots of studies in this area) may lead to misinterpretations and consequently to a loss of data when searching for biological markers of certain oral diseases.

Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 but Not Matrix Metalloproteinase-9, Implicated in the Manifestation of Chronic Periodontitis

Background

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory condition affecting the tooth's supporting tissues, resulting in gradual loss of periodontal ligament (PDL), alveolar bone, and gum resorption. Neutrophil and monocyte/macrophage, destructive proteases like matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-9 play pivotal roles in such lesions in periodontitis. Therefore, this study aims to compare the level of MMP-3 and MMP-9 gene expression in patients with or without periodontitis in an Iranian population.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was carried out on 22 chronic periodontitis patients and 17 healthy control subjects referred to the department of periodontology, Mashhad Dental School. In both groups, the gingival tissue was removed during surgery and transferred to the Molecular Biology Laboratory for MMP-3 and MMP-9 gene expression evaluation. The qRT-PCR, TaqMan method was used for gene expression assessments.

Results

The average age of periodontitis patients was 33± 5 years, and in controls, 34.7± 6 with no significant differences. The mean MMP-3 expression in periodontitis patients was 146.67±38.7, and in controls, 63.4±9.1. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.04). The mean expression of MMP-9 in periodontitis patients and controls were 103.8± 21.66 and 87.57± 16.05, respectively. Although the target gene expression in patients was higher, the difference was insignificant. Furthermore, there was not any significant correlation between age or gender with the expression of MMP3 or MMP9.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated that the MMP3 seems to have a destructive impact on the gingival tissue in chronic periodontitis, but not MMP9.

Evaluation of the efficacy of lycopene gel compared with minocycline hydrochloride microspheres as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal treatment: A randomised clinical trial

Background/purpose

The prescription of antibiotics as an adjunct to mechanical periodontal therapy in patients with severe periodontitis is recommended; however, the side effects of antibiotics are a major concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of lycopene (Lyc) antioxidant gel versus minocycline hydrochloride microspheres (ARISTIN) as an adjunct to the nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis.

Materials and methods

Three identical periodontal pockets/patient received root surface debridement followed by the random application of either ARISTIN, Lyc, or placebo gel (control, Ctrl). Clinical parameters, plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss, were recorded at the baseline and after 30 days. Additionally, the levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), matrix metallopeptidase 9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1) in gingival crevicular fluid samples were assessed at the same time points.

Results

Twenty-three patients with periodontitis completed the study. Both ARISTIN and Lyc treatments showed significantly greater gains in attachment (1.94 ± 1.33 and 1.72 ± 0.88, respectively) than the Ctrl treatment (1.04 ± 0.96). Compared with those in the Ctrl, only ARISTIN showed a significant reduction in IL-8 level, whereas TIMP1 levels were significantly upregulated in the Lyc gel and ARISTIN sites. The effect size estimation indicated that Lyc gel exhibited considerably greater efficacy than the Ctrl gel.

Conclusion

Lyc gel and ARISTIN offer almost equal improvement in both clinical and biochemical parameters of periodontitis.

The correlation of age and body mass index with the level of both protease MMP3 and anti-protease TIMP-1 among Indonesian patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a preliminary findings

Objectives

Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are usually > 50 years of age and have a low body mass index (BMI). An imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP-3, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), play a role in tissue degradation of lung extracellular matrix among COPD individuals. The purpose of the present study was to correlate age and/or BMI with salivary levels of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 among Indonesian subjects with COPD.

Results

Thirty COPD patients were recruited to undergo thorough physical assessment and saliva collection for evaluating TIMP-1 and MMP-3 levels using commercially available kits enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The mean (standard deviation) participant age and BMI were 60.5 (8.13) years, and 23.1 (4.75) kg/m², respectively. Furthermore, the mean (standard deviation) of TIMP-1 and MMP3 levels were 23.99 (6.85) ng/mL and 1.81 (1.167) μM, respectively. Age was negatively correlated with MMP-3 (P < 0.05), but not with TIMP-1 levels. Age and BMI were not correlated with TIMP-1 level (P > 0.05). Collectively, this study demonstrated that age has a negative correlation with the protease marker (i.e. MMP-3), but not the anti-protease marker (TIMP-1). BMI was not correlated with either protease/anti-protease marker among Indonesian subjects with COPD.

Periodontal Diseases among the Adult Population of Georgia and the Impact of Socio-behavioral Factors on Their Prevalence

BACKGROUND

Georgia is a country with a Human Development Index (HDI) score of 0.733. Significant deterioration in socio-economic conditions in the 1990s caused serious health problems in the population including oral health. Since then, there has not been an epidemiological survey of dental diseases among the adult population in Georgia.

METHODS

The pathfinder survey- cluster- stratified method derived by WHO was used for sampling. Overall, 2370 adults including 1289 women and 1081 men in nine regions of Georgia including the residents of a city, town and village in each region and the capital, Tbilisi, were examined. Four age groups were investigated including: I- (20-34), II-(35-44), III-(45-64), IV- (65-74).

RESULTS

Unhealthy periodontal tissues were observed in 66.9% of men and in 57.5% of women. Bleeding on probing occurred in 44.9% of men and 37.2% of women, with periodontal pockets in 46.8% of men and 40.6% of women. Inflammation was seen in 61.2% of men and 54.8% of women. Healthy periodontal tissues were most common (59.2%) in the first age group (20-34); periodontal pockets (0-3mm) were least common (9.8%) at this age. Pockets of ≥4-5mm depth were observed mostly in the 3(rd) (9.4%) and 4(th) (10%) age groups.

CONCLUSION

The high prevalence of periodontal diseases in the adult population of Georgia is explained by a low socio-economic status and low medical education background with a negative attitude towards oral hygiene skills and low levels of dental service accessibility.