Analysis of matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels in gingival crevicular fluid and whole mouth fluid among smokers and nonsmokers using enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay and a novel chair-side test

The influence of smoking on oral neutrophils and matrix metalloproteinase-8 in periodontitis patients before and after nonsurgical treatment

Objective

To evaluate and compare the oral neutrophil numbers (ONN) in saliva, the level of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and the periodontal parameters in smokers versus non-smokers with periodontitis, before and after nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NSPT).

Materials and method

40 chronic periodontitis patients including 20 smokers and 20 non-smokers were enrolled in this quasi-experimental study. All patients were received the NSPT included instructing oral hygiene, scaling and root planing. At baseline (T0) and after NSPT 1 month (T1) and 3 months (T3), all patients were assessed for salivary ONN, GCF MMP-8, and clinical parameters like plaque index (PlI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). The differences between the two groups were analyzed using the independent sample t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test; and the differences between T0, T1 and T3 of each group were analyzed with paired-samples t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The level of significance was set at 0.05.

Results

The ONN was significantly less in smokers than in non-smokers although there was no significant difference in other parameters between the two groups at baseline (p > 0.05). All clinical periodontal parameters reduced significantly after 1 month and 3 months of NSPT in both groups (p < 0.01). PPD of non-smokers was significantly lower than those of smokers at T1 and T3. ONN and MMP-8 level showed a significant decrease in non-smoking subjects, while there was no significant difference in smoking ones after NSPT (T1 and T3). At 1 month after treatment, ONN tended to reduce in non-smokers whereas to increase in smokers significantly.

Conclusion

Smoking reduced ONN, impaired treatment effect in reducing PPD, and changed the MMP-8 level in gingival crevicular fluid to NSPT.

Trial registration

Identifier NCT04974502 in CLinicalTrials.gov.

Is the progression rate of periodontitis related to subgingival biofilm composition or gingival crevicular fluid IL-1β and MMP-8 concentrations?

Aim of the study

To analyze the composition of subgingival biofilm and to assess the concentration of IL-1 and MMP-8 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from deep periodontal pockets in patients with severe periodontitis to determine whether the presence of specific microbial species or the severity of the host’s immune response can be helpful in assessing the dynamics of disease.

Material and methods

The study included 30 individuals with periodontitis Grade B and 19 subjects with periodontitis Grade C. Quantitative and qualitative microbiological analysis of flora in pockets ≥ 7 mm was performed for the presence of selected periopathogens of the orange, red complex and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans using real-time PCR. The concentrations of IL-1 and MMP-8 in GCF were evaluated with the ELISA method.

Results

There were no differences in the composition of the subgingival biofilm depending on the diagnosis. The concentration of MMP-8 in GCF was significantly higher in periodontitis Grade C than in periodontitis Grade B (61 ng/µl and 37 ng/µl respectively, p = 0.039). The concentration of IL-1β was similar in both groups. No significant correlations were observed between the occurrence of individual periopathogens and concentrations of MMP-8 and IL-1β depending on the diagnosis.

Conclusions

Periodontitis grade may not be distinguished according to microbial analysis of subgingival biofilm or to concentration of IL-1β in GCF. On the other hand, higher concentrations of MMP-9 in GCF from deep pockets may be helpful in detecting subjects particularly prone to occurrence and rapid progress of periodontitis.

Concentration of MMP-8 and IL-1β in gingival crevicular fluid in patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis

Modern research confirms the role of inflammatory mediators in the pathomechanism of periodontal tissue destruction. The aim of the study was to determine concentrations of MMP-8 and IL-1β in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with advanced chronic and aggressive periodontitis. The authors measured the concentrations of the above inflammatory mediators in gingival crevicular fluid of deep pockets (PD ≥ 6 mm) and shallow pockets (PD 4-5 mm) in 33 patients with advanced chronic periodontitis and in 16 patients with aggressive periodontitis. The control group consisted of 16 individuals with healthy periodontium. In all patients levels of MMP-8 and IL-1β in GCF were determined with the ELISA method. The study showed significantly higher concentrations of MMP-8 and IL-1β in GCF of both deep and shallow pockets in patients with periodontitis compared to healthy subjects. No difference in concentrations of the tested mediators was observed with reference to diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis (AP) or chronic periodontitis (CP).

Local application of statins in the treatment of experimental periodontal disease in rats

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the local effects of statins as adjuvants for treatment by scaling and root planing (SRP) of periodontal disease induced in rats.

Material and Methods

Ninety rats were used in the present experiment. Periodontal disease was induced in all animals using a cotton thread placed in the left first mandibular molar. After 7 days of induction, the bandage was removed and the animals were divided into three groups: 1) NT group (n=30), no treatment; 2) SRP group (n=30): SRP and irrigation with control gel; 3) S group (n=30) - SRP and irrigation with Simvastatin. Ten animals from each group were euthanized at 7, 15 and 30 days after treatment. Gingival biopsy specimens were processed to analyze the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8). The mandibles were removed and submitted to radiographic and laboratory processing for histometric analysis.

Results

The S group showed a significantly lower expression of MMP-8 compared to NT and SRP groups in all experimental periods. In the radiographic and histometric analyses between the groups, S group showed a significantly lower bone loss (BL) compared to NT and SRP groups in all experimental periods.

Conclusions

Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that locally applied statin was effective as an adjuvant treatment for SRP in rats with induced periodontal disease.